EOC - Unit 2 Review - Ecology Part A: Benchmark Standard SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. Also Assesses SC.912.L.17.2 Explain the general distribution of life in aquatic systems as a function of chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and temperature. SC.912.L.17.4 Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession. SC.912.L.17.8 Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, nonnative species. SC.912.N.1.4 Identify sources of information, and assess their reliability according to the strict standards of scientific investigation. Benchmark Clarifications Students will - use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem. - explain that different types of organisms exist within aquatic systems due to chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and/or temperature. - describe the potential changes to an ecosystem resulting from seasonal changes, climate changes, and/or succession. - identify positive and/or negative consequences that result from a reduction in biodiversity. - assess the reliability of sources of information according to scientific standards. Content Limits Items referring to chemical factors in aquatic systems are limited to pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, phosphorous, and salinity. Items referring to geography in aquatic systems are limited to water depth, latitude, temperature, underwater topography, and proximity to land. Items will not require the identification of oceanic zones. Items must focus on changes to the ecosystem and not on how a single population changes/responds to seasonal changes, climate changes, and/or succession. Items referring to reduction in biodiversity may include examples of catastrophic events, climate changes, human activities, and the introduction of invasive and nonnative species, but they will not assess specific knowledge of these. Items referring to reduction in biodiversity will focus on the consequence and not require knowledge of the specific event that led to the reduction. Items addressing climate change are limited to biodiversity, population dynamics, and ecosystem contexts. Items addressing sources of information and reliability of information are limited to population dynamics, distribution Part A: Sample Questions 1) As forested areas are cut down, habitats are often permanently changed to agriculture or other land use. How does the conversion of natural forest to human land uses affect an ecosystem? A. There will be a decrease in biodiversity in the ecosystem. B. There will be an increase in animal populations in the ecosystem. C. There will be less space to plant crops and build houses in the ecosystem. D. There will be more nutrients in the ecosystem's soil after the forests are cut down FIGURE 1:

2) The diagram (Figure 1 - above) shows the flow of energy in a forest ecosystem. One year, a disease affecting lizards caused a widespread decline in their population. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this event? A. a decrease in the bird population B. a decrease in the acorn population C. an increase in the snake population D. an increase in the insect population

3) In a marsh ecosystem, alligators, woodstorks, muskrats, cattails, ferns, and grasses make up a food web. If a disease eliminates the fern population, which of the following is the most likely consequence? A. The herbivores would consume the decomposers. B. The carnivores would adapt to become herbivores. C. The animals relying solely on ferns for food would die out. D. All trophic levels would be affected except the top consumers. 4) In the 1930s, the Red Imported Fire Ant was accidentally introduced into the United States. This species is native to South America, but has thrived in the United States because of a lack of natural enemies here. Which of the following best explains how the Red Imported Fire Ant has affected native ant species in the U.S. that do have predators? A. Native ant species preyed on the Red Imported Fire Ant and increased in population. B. Native ant species interbred with the Red Imported Fire Ant, creating new ant species. C. The Red Imported Fire Ant caused native ant species to become more susceptible to predators. D. The Red Imported Fire Ant caused a decline in native ant species by competing for their resources. 5) Scientists that study the effects of global warming predict that a change in Earth's average temperature of even a few degrees will have dramatic effects. One consequence of global warming is the melting of the polar ice caps, which will in turn affect polar bears that use sea ice as a platform for hunting seals. What will most likely happen to the population of polar bears as a result of global warming? A. It will increase as polar bears adapt to other habitats. B. It will increase because polar bears will have fewer predators. C. It will decrease as the habitat suitable for polar bears decreases. D. It will decrease because polar bears will become easier to hunt. 6) The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that can be supported on a longterm basis in a given amount of land. For example, the carrying capacity of the Florida Panther may be 50 panthers per 10,000 square kilometers of habitat in the Everglades ecosystem. Which of the following determines the carrying capacity of an ecosystem? A. the average daily temperature of the ecosystem B. the most limited resources required for survival C. the number of predators found in the ecosystem D. the amount of disease affecting organisms in the ecosystem 7) During the summer of 1988, fires burned much of Yellowstone National Park, leaving a patchwork of burned and unburned areas. In the year following the fires, wildflowers sprouted in all the burned areas, closely followed in subsequent years by seedlings of the trees that normally grow in the area, such as aspens and lodgepole pines. What changes in the ecosystem will take place during the course of succession? A. The flowers will shade out the small trees creating a permanent meadow. B. The flowers will eventually be shaded out by the trees and will not be able to grow. C. The trees will not grow well because of the toxic chemicals produced by the flowers. D. The trees will take the nutrients that the flowers need, and the flowers will be stunted. 8) In New England forests, birch trees are most often found growing in areas that have been opened up by fire or high winds. Their seeds rarely sprout in established beech-maple forests. Birch trees are an example of a pioneer species. Which of the following is a characteristic of pioneer species in general? A. Their seeds tend to need full sunlight to sprout. B. Their seeds generally rot in damp, shady forests. C. They cannot grow tall enough to compete with other trees. D. They can only grow when there are no other trees around. 9) Housefly populations tend to grow exponentially until they reach the carrying capacity of their environment. Which of the following determines an environment's carrying capacity? A. the stage of succession of the community B. the needed resource that begins to run out first C. the number of carnivores occupying the food web D. the number of organisms that share an environmental niche 10) The number of pythons found throughout Everglades National Park has increased in recent years. These huge snakes are not native to Florida and are believed to have been released into the wild by pet owners. Wildlife biologists have initiated attempts to capture and remove these pythons. Which statement best explains the biologists’ reason for removing these pythons from the Everglades? A. The pythons could upset the territorial boundaries of native organisms. B. The pythons could adapt to overcome diseases common to native snakes. C. The pythons could prey on native organisms and cause native populations to decline. D. The pythons could begin to interbreed with native snakes and produce a more successful species.

FIGURE 2

11) Ariel is studying ecosystems. She learns that there is a limit to the number of organisms an ecosystem can support. This limit is demonstrated by the example of a rabbit population, shown in the graph above (Figure 2). What does the dotted line on the graph represent in an ecosystem? A. carrying capacity B. population density C. predation rate D. reproduction rate Part B: Benchmark Standard SC.912.L.17.9 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels. Also Assesses: SC.912.E.7.1 Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the different biogeochemical cycles, including water and carbon. Benchmark Clarifications: Students will: - describe the energy pathways through the different trophic levels of a food web or energy pyramid. - analyze the movement of matter through different biogeochemical cycles. Content Limits Items addressing food webs will require application of the knowledge of roles of organisms in a food web to describe energy pathways rather than the identification of producers, consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), and decomposers in isolation. Items referring to organisms in food webs are limited to the impact of changes in energy within different trophic levels. Items will not require knowledge of specific organisms or their feeding habits. Items assessing biogeochemical cycles are limited to the water cycle and the carbon cycle. Items referring to the biogeochemical cycles may address but will not assess photosynthesis and cellular respiration in isolation. Part B: Sample Questions 1) Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in a food web that contains the following organisms: fish, zooplankton, bacteria, and phytoplankton? A. fish → zooplankton → phytoplankton → bacteria B. phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish → bacteria C. bacteria → phytoplankton → zooplankton → fish D. phytoplankton → zooplankton → bacteria → fish 2) Energy flows through the trophic levels of a food web. Which of the following statements regarding this flow of energy is true? A. Generally, only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. B. Energy is neither created nor destroyed; therefore, it is fully transferred to each trophic level. C. Ecological pyramids diagram the flow of energy with producers at the top and consumers at the bottom. D. Energy flows down from the top consumers to other carnivores, then herbivores, and finally down to the producers. 3) In the carbon cycle, what purpose do the bacteria serve? A. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert the carbon into glucose for organisms to consume. B. They act as a reservoir for carbon by storing it in the form of dissolved organic carbon. C. They break down carbon from decaying organisms and release the carbon as carbon dioxide. D. They convert glucose from living organisms into energy and release the carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. 4) Energy within an ecosystem flows from the producers to the consumers. However, a very important group of heterotrophs are decomposers. What role do decomposers serve in an ecosystem? A. They break down organic matter into nutrients for other organisms. B. The make their own food and provide energy for the rest of the system. C. They consume the producers and provide energy for the higher consumers. D. They change electromagnetic energy from the Sun into usable energy forms.

FIGURE 3: A Forest Food Web:

5) Figure 3 (above) Shows a Forest Food Web. How can producers be identified in this food web? A. Producers are any organism below the top consumers. B. Producers always have arrows pointing toward them, but no arrows coming from them. C. Producers are any organism on the food web, since they all undergo metabolic reactions. D. Producers are the autotrophs that make their own food and have no arrows pointing toward them. 6) Figure 3 (above) Shows a Forest Food Web How can herbivores be identified in this food web? A. Herbivores break down organic matter. B. Herbivores capture the energy from sunlight. C. Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants. D. Herbivores are consumers that eat both plants and animals. FIGURE 4

7) Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem (Figure 4)? A. There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels. B. There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels. C. There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels. D. There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.

8). Food webs are used to depict the flow of energy through an ecosystem, as well as the relationships that exist between organisms in an ecosystem. These food webs do not, however, provide detailed information on the relative size of each population. Despite this fact, which generalization can be made about a functioning ecosystem? A. There will always be more producers than consumers. B. There will always be fewer decomposers than predators. C. There will always be more predators than consumers. D. There will always be fewer primary consumers than secondary consumers

FIGURE 5:

9) Which of the following correctly explains why the distribution of available energy decreases as the food web, Figure 5 shown above, moves from primary consumers to secondary and tertiary consumers? A. The lower trophic levels have more biomass than the upper trophic levels. B. The lowest trophic levels receive their energy directly from the Sun. C. Storage of available energy is easier for animals in the lower trophic levels than those at the top. D. Metabolism and other processes at each trophic level are not 100% efficient. 10) Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of available energy among the different trophic levels in the food web shown above (Figure 5) ? A. The amount of available energy increases as the food web moves from primary consumers to secondary and tertiary consumers. B. The amount of available energy decreases as the food web approaches the tertiary consumers. C. The amount of available energy is evenly distributed among the consumers in the food web. D. The amount of available energy is the highest among the primary and tertiary consumers of the food web.

FIGURE 6:

11) Jamie has created this food web. (Figure 6 – above). Which of the following are at the same trophic level? A. deer and red fox B. birds and bees C. wolf and insects D. nuts and leaves

Part C: Benchmark Standard SC.912.L.17.20 Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems, and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability. Also Assesses: SC.912.L.17.11 Evaluate the costs and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such as water, energy, fossil fuels, wildlife, and forests. SC.912.L.17.13 Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policy decisions. SC.912.N.1.3 Recognize that the strength or usefulness of a scientific claim is evaluated through scientific argumentation, which depends on critical and logical thinking, and the active consideration of alternative scientific explanations to explain the data presented. Benchmark Clarifications: Students will - predict how the actions of humans may impact environmental systems and/or affect sustainability. - evaluate possible environmental impacts resulting from the use of renewable and/or nonrenewable resources. - ways in which a scientific claim is evaluated (e.g., through scientific argumentation, critical and logical thinking, and/or consideration of alternative explanations). Content Limits Items referring to renewable and nonrenewable resources will focus on the environmental costs and benefits of using those resources and not on identifying examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources. Items will not require knowledge of specific energy technologies, environmental regulations, pollution prevention technologies or devices, or other mechanisms used to prevent pollution. Items assessing a scientific claim are limited to impacts on the environment and renewable and nonrenewable resources. Items referring to monitoring of environmental parameters will focus on why monitoring is needed and not on how the monitoring is used. Part C: Sample Questions 1) Most deforestation occurs for agricultural purposes as farmers cut and burn forests to grow crops. On a local scale, animals living in the forested area will either die or be forced from their habitat. On a larger scale, many plant and animal species may become extinct. What is another global effect of deforestation? A. Production of fossil fuels will decrease as foliage is destroyed. B. Soil erosion will decrease as ash covers and protects the topsoil. C. Herbivore populations will increase as more plants become available for food. D. Greenhouse gases will increase as carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. 2) The Marianas flying fox is a species of bat found in the Pacific islands that plays an important role in pollination and seed dispersal. Hunting and habitat destruction have contributed to a drastic decline in their population. If this continues, what would be a consequence of the extinction of the Marianas flying fox? A. Organisms dependent on the flying fox would adapt to other organisms. B. Plant populations would flourish due to lack of competition for resources. C. The region would experience more extreme climatic conditions due to instability of plant and animal species. D. Other animal and plant populations dependent on the flying fox would also decrease and may become extinct. 3) A lake that has been affected by acid rain may have an altered pH level. Although the pH may be lower than normal, the lake may still appear blue and clear. Which of the following best explains why this may occur? A. Acid rain may promote the growth of organisms that consume lake algae. B. Acid rain may introduce invasive species that compete with algae for resources. C. Acid rain may neutralize the lake's natural alkalinity which would decrease any cloudiness. D. Acid rain may affect the whole lake ecosystem by first killing algae that cause cloudiness. 4) Human activities affect the quality and supply of natural resources for future generations. Since the Industrial Revolution, the use of fossil fuels has greatly increased industrial productivity, but it has also caused environmental issues. Which of the following is least likely to be caused by the burning of fossil fuels? A. acid rain B. global warming C. an increase in smog D. holes in the ozone layer 5) Some farmers have begun using biological pest controls to manage their crops. Which of the following is an example of using biological pest controls to contribute to sustainability? A. adding ladybugs to the fields of crops B. cutting down only selected trees in a field C. spraying pesticides that target only some insect species D. using modern machinery that is more environmentally friendly 6) When an island or coastline is deforested, what happens to the coral reefs in the ocean surrounding the island or coastline? A. There will be an increase in production by the coral reef, adding to stability. B. Increased erosion will lead to an increase in sediment, damaging the coral reefs. C. With fewer trees, the coral reefs will receive more sunlight, increasing biodiversity. D. Plant and animal populations on land will decrease, leading to an increase in predators in the coral reefs. 7) Which of the following best describes the main focus of sustainability in the modern world? A. using Earth's natural resources without depleting them B. providing for the food demands of the world's population C. ensuring that endangered species are protected to prevent extinction D. developing ways to use natural resources in the most efficient manner

8) If a scientist discovers a new synthetic chemical that appears to have many potential uses, why must society be extremely cautious after the new chemical is manufactured? A. The scientist's work may be flawed, and his work must be verified. B. The chemical may be too expensive to manufacture for the general population. C. Harmful problems for individuals and the environment may not be initially known. D. The best use may not be immediately obvious, and the chemical may be wasted. 9) Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas supply much of the world's energy. However, these fuels have a tremendous negative effect on the environment. Which of the following would be the best strategy to alleviate this problem? A. Impose fines on individuals that overuse fossil fuels and use the money for environmental cleanup. B. Educate society on the harmful effects and gradually replace fossil fuels with alternative renewable resources. C. Fund scientific research for discovering new energy sources and use the remaining supply of fossil fuels until then. D. Create an environmental policy that would ban the use of all fossil fuels due to the negative environmental effects. 10) Monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing a single crop over a large area. In the 1980s, scientists discovered and produced a monoculture of cotton that was eventually planted throughout the southern states. What could be one possible side effect of the monoculture cotton? A. The farmers could destroy the land due to lack of crop rotation. B. Supply could not meet demand because of the single cotton crop. C. The price of cotton could escalate because of lack of competition. D. Disease could spread throughout the crop due to lack of genetic variation. 11) Salt water is an abundant resource but is unusable for irrigation and drinking. As demands on freshwater sources increase, the use of desalination processes to remove salt from ocean water is increasing. A concern of desalinating water is the large amounts of recovered salts that are returned to the ocean. Which of the following describes the most likely impact of desalination on the surrounding ocean environment? A. Methane gas would pollute the ocean environment as shoreline organisms begin to die and decay. B. Alteration in ocean salt levels would cause loss of species and unbalanced populations in marine food webs. C. Nonrenewable resources in the ocean environment would become depleted and upset the ecosystem’s balance. D. Increased levels of salts and minerals in the ocean Part D: Additional Sample Questions 1. The algae at the beginning of a food chain are: A. primary producers B. primary consumers C. herbivores D. omnivores 2. A bird stalks, kills, and eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which pair of ecological terms describes the bird? A. herbivore, decomposer B. producer, heterotrophy C. carnivore, consumer D. autotroph, herbivore 3. Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live? A. chemosynthetic bacteria B. algae C. trees D. photosynthetic bacteria 4. Which animals eat both producers and consumers? A. herbivores B. omnivores C. chemotrophs D. autotrophs 5. What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web? A. energy path B. food chain C. trophic level D. food pyramid 6. How do most primary producers make their own food? A. by using light energy to make carbohydrates B. by using chemical energy to make carbohydrates C. by changing water into carbon dioxide D. by breaking down remains to make carbon dioxide 7. A model of the interconnected complex feeding interactions in a community from producers to decomposers is: A. food web B. population C. ecosystem D. food chain 8. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession? A. Primary succession is rapid and secondary succession is slow. B. Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces. C. Primary succession modifies the environment and secondary succession does not. D. Secondary succession begins with lichens and primary succession begins with trees. 9. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is: A. used in reproduction. B. stored as body tissue. C. stored as fat. D. eliminated as heat. 10. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession? A. Primary succession is slow and secondary succession is rapid. B. Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces. C. Primary succession modifies the environment and secondary succession does not. D. Secondary succession begins with lichens and primary succession begins with trees 11. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time: A. because of the interactions that shape the ecosystem. B. unless the species require different abiotic factors. C. because of the competitive exclusion principle D. unless the species require different biotic factors.

12. A major factor that negatively affects biodiversity is: A. sustainable development. B. habitat loss. C. contour plowing. D. nonrenewable resources. 13. Which of the following is true about nonrenewable resources? A. They can be replaced through sustainable development. B. There are plenty for people to use for a very long time. C. Using them up will help keep the environment healthy. D. They cannot be replaced after they are used up. 14. Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, overgrazing and forest fires all contribute to A. climate change. B. population. C. sustainability. D. transpiration. 15. If lake receives a large input of limiting nutrient, which of these would happen first? A. the concentration of oxygen drops below the necessary level B. an algal bloom occurs C. algae begin to die and decomposers take over D. nitrogen compounds are recycled 16. The benefit to a society using renewable resources is: A. renewable resources can be replaced. B. renewable resources cannot be replaced. C. non-renewable resources take more space. D. non-renewable resources can be replaced. 17. Which of the following is a factor that makes estuaries unique? A. They contain a mixture of saltwater and freshwater. B. They are very deep and dark with a lot of producers. C. They are found in mountain ranges and are formed by melting snow. D. They have a lot of biomass. 18. During primary succession in an ecosystem, which organisms are considered “pioneer species” for the ecosystem? A. lichens and moss B. trees and shrubs C. ferns and grasses D. volcanoes and soil 19. Water lilies, an aquatic plant, do not grow in dry desert sand because water availability to these plants in a desert is: A. limiting factor B. the carrying capacity C. competition factor D. the logistic growth curve 20. What is the base of all ecological pyramids? A. Consumers B. Producers C. Decomposers D. Detritivores 21. Which are two ways a population can decrease in size? A. immigration and emigration B. increased death rate and immigration C. decreased birthrate and emigration D. emigration and increased birthrate 22. Suppose that a species of toads is introduced into a new environment in an attempt to reduce the population of insects. The toad has no natural predators in the new environment. The toad population would most likely: A. increase exponentially B. increase logistically C. decrease rapidly and dies out D. remain the same 23. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? A. Communities make up species, which make up populations. B. Populations make up species, which make up communities. C. Species make up communities, which make up populations. D. Species make up populations, which make up communities 24. All of the following are threats to biodiversity EXCEPT: A. climate change B. building homes C. introduced species D. habitat protection 25. What would likely happen if the number of grasshoppers suddenly decreased in the food chain shown: Grass  grasshopper  snake  fox A. the snake population would decrease B. the fox population would increase C. the snake population would increase D. the amount of grass would decrease 26. An endangered species is most vulnerable to extinction when it has which of the following characteristics? A. high birthrate B. large variety in its diet C. small amount of competition D. little genetic diversity 27. Which substance is considered to be a factor affecting Earth’s ozone layer? A. chlorofluorocarbons B. ethyl alcohol C. nitrogen gas D. Water vapor 28. Which is the most likely reason for an increase in the producer population if there is an increase in the carnivore population? A. fewer Herbivores B. higher temperatures C. less food D. more oxygen 29. An invasive species of green algae has become established along the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico. Which of the following statements best explains why this species of algae has been so successful in the Gulf of Mexico? A. It is not a good competitor. B. It is not eaten by many animals C. It reproduces slowly in warm waters. D. It requires more nutrients than most other algae. 30. Which sequence shows increasing ecological levels of organization? A .organism, population, community, ecosystem B. ecosystem, population, organism, community C .community, ecosystem, population, organism D population, organism, ecosystem, community 31. In a terrestrial ecosystem, the trophic level that would contain the largest biomass would be the A. producers. B. primary consumers. C. secondary consumers. D. highest order consumers 32. A researcher sprays a new pesticide on thousands of insects of the same species that live in a large field. A few of the insects survive. What can be concluded by the researcher? A. The species of insects will likely become resistant to the pesticide. B. The ideal interval between the first and second applications of the pesticide should be increased. C. The pesticide has no effect on the species. D .The concentration of the pesticide was too weak. 33. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead + decaying plants and animals are called: A. decomposers. B. omnivores. C. autotrophs. D. producers

34. A plant species lives in an area with limited sunlight. Which physical adaptation would be most useful to the plant? A. colorful flowers B. large leaves C. deep roots D. waxy cuticle 35. In the carbon cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted into organic material by which process? A. cellular respiration B. decomposition C . photosynthesis D. transpiration 36. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems? A. carbohydrates B. sunlight C. water D. carbon 37. Recent climate data suggests global warming trend, The likely cause could be an increase in gas? A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. nitrogen D. hydrogen sulfide 38. According to this simplified water cycle, the process of transpiration is the process that A. causes photosynthesis in plants B. increases the rate of the water cycle C. releases water vapor from plants D. speeds the evaporation of water 39. The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms + between organisms + their environment: A. economy B. modeling C. recycling D. ecology 40. All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an): A. biome. B. population. C. community. D. ecosystem 41. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called: A. heterotroph. B. consumer. C. detritivore. D. autotroph 42. The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because: A. energy flows in one direction +nutrients recycle. B. energy is limited in the biosphere + nutrients are always available. C. nutrients flow in one direction +energy recycles. D. energy forms chemical compounds + nutrients are lost as heat 43. Silt and nutrients from eroding farmland flow into a lake. As a result, which will most likely increase first? A. fish population B. shore vegetation C. algae growth D. dissolved oxygen 44. Which situation would result in the greatest increase in the human population? A . decreased birth rate and increased death rate B. increased infant mortality and decreased death rate C. decreased death rate and increased birth rate D. increased birth rate and increased infant mortality 45. Water is returned to the earth’s atmosphere by which water cycle processes? A. evaporation +precipitation B. condensation + precipitation C. transpiration +precipitation D. transpiration +evaporation 46. New fuels are being produced by converting corn and grasses into compounds containing alcohols that can be broken down for energy in various engines. The purpose of this research is to: A. reduce the use of nonrenewable resources. B. increase the rate of air pollution. C. reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms. D. cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests 47. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the: A. death rate may rise. B. birthrate may rise. C. death rate must fall. D. birthrate must fall. 48. Which disease most likely occurs after excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation? A. malaria B. asthma C. skin cancer D. polio 49. The greenhouse effect is: A. the result of an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. B. a natural phenomenon that maintains Earth’s temperature range. C. the result of the differences in the angle of the sun’s rays. D. an unnatural phenomenon that causes heat energy to be radiated back into the atmosphere 50. In a logistic growth curve, exponential growth is the phase in which the population: A. reaches carrying capacity. B. grows quickly and few animals are dying. C. growth begins to slow down D. growth stops 51. A biotic or an abiotic resource in the environment that causes population size to decrease is a: A. carrying capacity. B. limiting nutrient. C. limiting factor. D. growth factor. 52. Each of the following is a density-dependent limiting factor EXCEPT: A. competition. B. predation. C. crowding. D. disease. 53. As resources in a population become less available, population growth: A. declines rapidly. B. increases slowly. C. reaches carrying capacity. D. enters a phase of exponential growth 54. The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called: A. population growth. B. ecological succession. C. climax community. D. climate change 55. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT: A. photosynthesis. B. transpiration. C. burning of fossil fuels. D. decomposition of plants and animals 56. One of the main characteristics of a population is its: A. change over time. B. geographic distribution. C. dynamics. D. habitat 57. Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor? A. earthquake B. disease C. emigration D. parasitism

58. All of the following are limiting factors EXCEPT: A. immigration. B. competition. C. predation. D. human disturbances. 59.The presence of wastes, like plastic bags + motor oil, in lakes + streams miles away from developed areas suggests that: A. ecosystems are interconnected and human action can alter ecosystem equilibrium. B. recycling programs have failed to conserve biotic resources. C. natural processes can alter ecosystem stability. D. direct harvesting practices have led to irreversible destruction of ecosystems 60. DDT and other pesticides used over 50 years ago are still affecting the environment today. Scientists have found these substances in recent glacier runoff. Glacier runoff occurs during the summer, when precipitation that has fallen on glaciers during the winter is released. Ice layers from existing glaciers have been analyzed. The results of this analysis show that the concentrations of DDT and other pesticides were highest about 10 years after the use of these substances was banned. This information shows that: A. DDT + other pesticides cause glacier runoff during the summer. B. it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a glacier. C. precipitation helps to break down pesticides. D. Decisions of one human generation can impact future generations