NOTE/STUDY GUIDE: Unit 2-1, Ecology X Biology II, Mr. Doc Miller, M.Ed. North Central High School Name: ______________________________ ID#: ____________________
NORTH CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL NOTE & STUDY GUIDE X Biology II Unit 2-1: Ecology Additional resources available at www.mrdocsonlinelab.com
Grade Chart: (For Teacher Use Only) Section Assignment NOTES: Introduction to Ecology 1
Score (ü or x)
Points (Out of) 10
2
Study Guide, Part I: Introduction to Ecology
10
3
NOTES: Environmental Factors
10
4
Study Guide, Part II: Environmental Factors
10
5
NOTE GUIDE, Nutrient Cycles
20
5
NOTES: Population Dynamics
10
6
Study Guide, Part III: Population Dynamics
10
7
NOTES: Species Interactions
10
8
Study Guide, Part IV: Species Interactions
10 TOTAL
100
NOTES: Introduction to Ecology
2
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Study Guide, Part I: Introduction to Ecology ____ 1. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? a. Communities make up species, which make up populations. b. Populations make up species, which make up communities. c. Species make up communities, which make up populations. d. Species are grouped in populations, which make up communities. ____ 2. The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is a(an) a. population. c. ecosystem. b. community. d. species. ____ 3. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an) a. heterotroph. c. detritivore. b. consumer. d. autotroph. ____ 4. Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live? a. chemosynthetic bacteria c. trees b. algae d. photosynthetic bacteria ____ 5. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the a. organic mass. c. energy mass. b. trophic mass. d. biomass.
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____ 6. What animals eat both producers and consumers? a. herbivores c. chemotrophs b. omnivores d. autotrophs ____ 7. A snake that eats a frog that has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a a. first-level producer. c. second-level producer. b. first-level consumer. d. third-level consumer. ____ 8. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is a. used in reproduction. c. stored as fat. b. stored as body tissue. d. eliminated as heat. ____ 9. The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is called a. economy. c. recycling. b. modeling. d. ecology. ____ 10. What is the combined portions of Earth called in which all living things exist? a. Biome c. ecosystem b. community d. biosphere ____ 11. All of the members of a particular species that live in the same area are called a(an) a. Biome. c. community. b. population. d. ecosystem. ____ 12. Green plants are a. producers. c. herbivores. b. consumers. d. omnivores. ____ 13. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems? a. carbohydrates c. water b. sunlight d. carbon ____ 14. An organism that cannot make its own food is called a(an) a. heterotroph. c. autotroph. b. chemotroph. d. producer. ____ 15. What is an organism that feeds only on plants called? a. carnivore c. omnivore b. herbivore d. detritivore ____ 16. All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food a. interaction. c. network. b. chain. d. web. ____ 17. The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem is called a. a limiting nutrient. c. an algal bloom. b. fertilization. d. primary productivity. ____ 18. Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem? a. average temperature of the ecosystem b. type of soil in the ecosystem c. number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem d. concentration of oxygen in the ecosystem ____ 19. Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT a. plant life. c. rainfall. b. soil type. d. temperature. ____ 20. An organism’s niche is a. the way the organism uses the range of physical and biological conditions in which it lives. b. all the physical factors in the organism’s environment. c. the range of temperatures that the organism needs to survive. d. a full description of the place an organism lives.
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____ 21. The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because a. energy flows in one direction and nutrients recycle. b. energy is limited in the biosphere and nutrients are always available. c. nutrients flow in one direction and energy recycles. d. energy forms chemical compounds and nutrients are lost as heat. 22. Living organisms require nitrogen to make ____________________, which are used to build proteins. 23.
A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities is called a(an) ____________________.
24.
Plant-eating animals such as cows are called ____________________.
25.
Only about 10 percent of the ____________________ in a trophic level is available to organisms at the next level.
26.
The chemical substances that an organism requires to live are called ____________________.
27.
Describe the flow of energy among the following members of an ecosystem: decomposers, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and the sun.
28.
Compare the movement of energy in the biosphere with the movement of matter through the biosphere.
29.
Explain why the food that a bullfrog eats is part of its niche.
30.
How does a food web differ from a food chain?
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NOTES: Environmental Factors
10
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Study Guide, Part II: Environmental Factors ____ 1. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 2. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT a. photosynthesis. c. respiration. b. transpiration. d. decomposition. ____ 3. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called a. decomposers. c. autotrophs. b. omnivores. d. producers. ____ 4. The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called a. the water cycle. c. precipitation. b. the condensation cycle. d. evaporation. ____ 5. Organisms need nutrients in order to a. utilize hydrogen and oxygen. c. recycle chemical compounds. b. Carry out essential life functions. d. carry out nitrogen fixation.
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____ 6. Climate is a global factor that produces a. Earth’s unique ocean and atmosphere. b. the shape and elevation of landmasses. c. a wide range of environmental conditions that shapes communities. d. Solar energy within the atmosphere. ____ 7. The unequal heating of Earth’s surface a. drives wind and ocean currents. b. causes winds that transport heat throughout the biosphere. c. has important effects on Earth’s climate regions. d. all of the above ____ 8. What is one difference between primary and secondary succession? a. Primary succession is slow, and secondary succession is rapid. b. Secondary succession begins on soil, and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces. c. Primary succession modifies the environment, and secondary succession does not. d. Secondary succession begins with lichens, and primary succession begins with trees. ____ 9. The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region is the region’s a. weather. c. ecosystem. b. latitude. d. climate. ____ 10. The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called a. population growth. c. climax community. b. ecological succession. d. climate change. ____ 11. Primary succession can begin after a. a forest fire. c. farmland is abandoned. b. a lava flow. d. a severe storm. ____ 12. Which biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost? a. Desert c. tundra b. temperate forest d. tropical dry forest 13.
Weather differs from ____________________ in that weather can change on a daily basis and is not considered a description of year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation.
14.
The energy of incoming ____________________ drives Earth’s weather and helps to determine climate.
15.
A small city park that is sunnier and windier than the climate of the surrounding areas has it own ____________________.
16.
List five factors that contribute to global climate patterns.
17.
Describe an important role that pioneer species play in primary succession.
18.
Describe the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.
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NOTE GUIDE: Nutrient Cycles The Water Cycle: (Label the diagram below.)
The Carbon Cycle: (Label the diagram below.)
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The Nitrogen Cycle: (Draw and label the diagram below.)
Draw a diagram showing PRIMARY SUCCESSION below:
Draw a diagram showing SECONDARY SUCCESSION below:
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NOTES: Population Dynamics
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Study Guide, Part III: Population Dynamics ____ 1. Which factor can influence continual change in an ecosystem? a. further disturbances c. introduction of nonnative species b. Long-term climate changes d. all of the above ____ 2. What can cause a population to grow? a. The birthrate becomes higher than the death rate. b. The birthrate stays the same, and the death rate increases. c. The birthrate becomes lower than the death rate. d. The birthrate and the death rate remain the same. ____ 3. When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate, it produces a growth pattern called a. logistic growth. c. demographic growth. b. growth density. d. exponential growth. ____ 4. Which are two ways a population can decrease in size? a. immigration and emigration b. increased death rate and immigration c. decreased birthrate and emigration d. emigration and increased birthrate
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____ 5. As resources in a population become less available, population growth a. becomes negative. b. increases slowly. c. reaches carrying capacity. d. enters a phase of exponential growth. ____ 6. Which of the following is not likely to be a limiting factor on the sea otter population? a. disease c. drought b. competition d. predation ____ 7. Which will reduce competition within a species’ population? a. fewer individuals c. fewer resources b. higher birthrate d. higher population density ____ 8. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the a. death rate may rise. c. population will grow faster. b. birthrate may rise. d. carrying capacity will change. ____ 9. Which would be least likely to be affected by a density-dependent limiting factor? a. a small, scattered population b. a population with a high birthrate c. a large, dense population d. a population with a high immigration rate ____ 10. Which density-dependent factors, other than the predator/prey relationship, affected the populations of moose and wolves on Isle Royale? a. extreme temperatures for the moose and flooding for the wolves b. parasitic wasps for the wolves and clear-cut forest for the moose c. a hurricane followed by drought for both moose and wolves d. food availability for the moose and disease for the wolf ____ 11. Demographic transition is change from high birthrates and high death rates to a. exponential growth. b. a low birthrate and a low death rate. c. a low birthrate and a high death rate. d. indefinite growth. ____ 12. In countries like India, the human population is growing a. exponentially. c. logistically. b. transitionally. d. demographically. ____ 13. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that play a role in population growth rate? a. immigration c. emigration b. death rate d. demography ____ 14. One of the main characteristics of a population is its a. change over time. c. dynamics. b. geographic distribution. d. habitat. ____ 15. The movement of organisms into a given area from another area is called a. immigration. c. population shift. b. emigration. d. carrying capacity. ____ 16. When the birthrate in a population becomes higher than the death rate, the population growth rate a. increases. c. levels off. b. decreases. d. decreases, then levels off. ____ 17. When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate, it produces a pattern of growth called a. logistic growth. c. exponential growth. b. growth density. d. carrying capacity. ____ 18. The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented by a(an) a. logistic growth curve. c. demographic curve. b. exponential growth curve. d. age-structure curve.
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____ 19. Any factor in the environment that causes population growth to decrease is a a. carrying capacity. c. limiting factor. b. limiting nutrient. d. growth factor. ____ 20. Which of the following describes the largest number of individuals that an environment can support? a. carrying capacity. c. emigration. b. immigration. d. exponential growth. ____ 21. Each of the following is a density-dependent limiting factor EXCEPT a. competition. c. crowding. b. unusual weather. d. disease. 22.
When an individual moves into a population from a different population, it is called ____________________.
23.
Under conditions of logistic growth, population size will rise and fall around an average point called a(an) _________________________.
24.
Resource shortages triggered by increasing population size are density-____________________ limiting factors.
25.
The number of individuals per unit area is a population’s ____________________.
26.
Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow ____________________.
27.
Discuss four ways population size can change.
28.
Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth.
29.
Explain the limiting factors that control population growth.
30.
Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors.
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31.
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Graph I shows the curve for a culture of Paramecium aurelia. Graph II shows the growth curve for a culture of Paramecium caudatum, a larger species. Graph III shows the growth curves of each species when they are grown together. Based on the graphs, what can you infer about the relationship between P. aurelia and P. caudatum?
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NOTES: Species Interactions
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Study Guide, Part IV: Species Interactions ____ 1. Several species of warblers can live in the same spruce tree ONLY because they a. Have different habitats within the tree. b. eat different foods within the tree. c. occupy different niches within the tree. d. can find different temperatures within the tree. ____ 2. Different species can share the same habitat, but competition among them is reduced if they a. reproduce at different times. c. increase their populations. b. eat less. d. occupy different niches. ____ 3. The symbiotic relationship between a flower and the insect that feeds on its nectar is an example of a. mutualism because the flower provides the insect with food, and the insect pollinates the flower. b. parasitism because the insect lives off the nectar from the flower. c. commensalism because the insect doesn’t harm the flower, and the flower doesn’t benefit from the relationship. d. predation because the insect feeds on the flower. ____ 4. An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called a. competition. c. mutualism. b. symbiosis. d. predation.
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____ 5. Symbiosis in which both species benefit is called a. commensalism. c. predation. b. mutualism. d. parasitism. ____ 6. Imported plants in Hawaii have a. crowded out many native species. c. introduced diseases. b. reduced the native bird species. d. depleted natural resources. ____ 7. Land is a resource that provides a. space for cities and suburbs. c. soil for growing crops. b. raw materials for industry. d. all of the above ____ 8. The number of different species in the biosphere is called a. biodiversity. c. genetic diversity. b. ecosystem diversity. d. species diversity. ____ 9. Using renewable resources while ensuring that they are not depleted is a practice called a. sustainable development. c. biological magnification. b. monoculture. d. subsistence hunting. ____ 10. Biodiversity is important to human society because it a. is a natural resource. c. provides medicines. b. provides food and goods. d. all of the above ____ 11. The sum total of the genetically based variety of living organisms in the biosphere is called a. species diversity. c. biodiversity. b. sustainable use. d. conservation biology. ____ 12. Biodiversity is valuable in the biosphere because it a. gives us interesting things to look at. b. tells us about many other species. c. is the biological life-support system of our planet. d. provides humans with resistance to disease. ____ 13. All of the following are threats to biodiversity EXCEPT a. biological magnification of toxic compounds. b. habitat fragmentation. c. invasive species. d. species preservation. ____ 14. The goals of conservation biology include all of the following EXCEPT a. wise management of natural resources. b. protection and management of individual species. c. preservation of habitats and wildlife. d. introducing foreign species into new environments. ____ 15. Protecting ecosystem diversity is a goal of a. the green revolution. c. the captive breeding program. b. conservation biology. d. the United Nations. 16.
Because the gases that make up the air can be replaced by natural processes, air is classified as a(an) ____________________ resource.
17.
Name and define the three main classes of symbiotic relationships. Give examples of each.
18.
What are introduced species? How are they a threat to biodiversity?
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19.
What is an ecological resource?
20.
What is the “tragedy of the commons”?
21.
What are the goals of sustainable development, and upon what principles are sustainable practices based?
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