Energy Tools for Analysing the Integration of Renewable Energy David Connolly Assistant Professor Aalborg University Denmark

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

2 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Terminology: Tool vs. Model • An energy systems analysis tool is a piece of software used to evaluate energy systems • These tools are used to create different models • The EnergyPLAN tool was used in the CEESA project to create a 100% renewable energy model for Denmark

3 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Learning Objectives • To learn about the characteristics of the energy tools identified during a review • To understand the variety of metrics used to compare the tools • To take home a useful guide for choosing a suitable tool in the future

4 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

The Review Paper • Aim “A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems” • Methodology

 Send a survey to tool developers (Jan-July 2009)  Prepare a short overview of each tool  Compare tools

• Result

 “A Signpost Paper” for renewable energy analysis

5 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Included in the Final Paper • 69 Energy Tools Considered • 37 Included in Final Analysis i.e. Survey • Identified the following for each tool: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

General Information Typical Applications Technologies Considered Type of Tool (Definitions Created) Renewable Energy Simulated

6 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Part 1 General Information Tools Contacts Number of Downloads/Sales Costs Versions to Date Training

7

Energy Tools Tool

Contact

Tool

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012 Contact

1

Aeolius

Dominik Möst

20

MARKAL/TIMES

Gary Goldstein

2

Balmorel

Hans Ravn

21

Mesap PlaNet

Fiona Baumhögger

3

BCHP Screening Tool

Mike MacDonald

22

MESSAGE

Volker Krey

4

COMPOSE

Morten Boje Blarke

23

NEMS

Paul Kondis

5

E4cast

Dr Arif Syed

24

ORCED

Stanton Hadley

6

EMCAS

Guenter Conzelmann

25

ObjECTS-MiniCAM

Son H. Kim

7

EMINENT

Raquel Segurado

26

PERSEUS

Dominik Möst

8

EMPS

Nils Flataboe

27

PRIMES

P. Capros

9

EnergyPLAN

Henrik Lund

28

ProdRisk

Birger Mo

10

energyPRO

Anders N. Andersen

29

RAMSES

Sigurd Lauge Pedersen

11

ENPEP-BALANCE

Guenter Conzelmann

30

RETScreen

Kevin Bourque

12

GTMax

Guenter Conzelmann

31

SimREN

H.Lehmann

13

H2RES

Neven Duic

32

SIVAEL

Jens Pedersen

14

HOMER

Tom Lambert

33

STREAM

Alexandros Filippidis

15

HYDROGEMS

Øystein Ulleberg

34

TRNSYS

Matt Duffy

16

IKARUS

Dag Martinsen

35

UniSyD

Dr Jonathan Leaver

17

INFORSE

Gunnar Boye Olesen

36

WASP

Ahmed Irej Jalal

18

Invert

Michael Stadler

37

Wilmar Planning tool

Peter Meibom

19

LEAP

Charles Heaps

8 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Cost Not Available

Not For Sale

Free

Free With Conditions

Cost

Aeolius

EMINENT

Balmorel

LEAP

SimREN

EMCAS

INFORSE

BCHP Screening Tool

MESSAGE

IKARUS

$250

GTMax

RAMSES

COMPOSE

SIVAEL

E4cast

$1500 per day

H2RES

EnergyPLAN

WASP

energyPRO

PERSEUS

ENPEP-BALANCE

PRIMES

HOMER

ProdRisk

Invert

UniSyD

NEMS

Wilmar Planning tool

ObjECTS-MiniCAM

E3database

$20,000

ORCED

EMPS

$78,000

RETScreen STREAM

TRNSYS HYDROGEM S MARKAL/ TIMES Mesap PlaNet

Amount (US$) Depends on projects

$2700 to $5600 $4200 Comm. $2100 Edu. $5500 $5000 to $20,000 $11,500

9 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Number of Downloads/Sales Not Available

0

1-20

20-100

100-1000

1000+

Amount

Balmorel

EMINENT

Aeolius

EMCAS

EnergyPLAN

BCHP Screening Tool

2,000

E4cast

PRIMES

COMPOSE

EMPS

energyPRO

LEAP

5,000

H2RES

IKARUS

ENPEPBALANCE

Invert

HOMER

28,000

HYDROGEMS

INFORSE

GTMax

MARKAL/ TIMES

RETScreen

187,320

ORCED

Mesap PlaNet

MESSAGE

SimREN

NEMS

ObjECTSMiniCAM

STREAM

PERSEUS

TRNSYS

UniSyD

ProdRisk

WASP

Wilmar Planning tool

RAMSES SIVAEL

10

Versions Released Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast model EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert LEAP MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ObjECTS-MiniCAM ORCED PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

0

10

20 30 Number of Versions

40

50

Training Time

11

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast model EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert LEAP MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ObjECTS-MiniCAM ORCED PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

0

2

4

6 Number of Weeks

8

10

12

12 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

See Tables 1 & 2 in the Journal Paper

13 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Part 2 Typical Application Feasible Regions Typical Regions Time Step Longest Time-Duration

14 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Part 2 Typical Application Feasible Regions Typical Regions Time Step Longest Time-Duration

15 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Feasible Vs. Typical • Feasible Regions: The regions that the tool is CAPABLE of modelling ▫ This is not discussed here due to the level of detail that is required.

• Typical Regions: The regions that the tool is most COMMONLY used for

16

Typical Regions

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Tool

Typical Region

Tool

Typical Region

MESSAGE

Global

Mesap PlaNet

National/State/Regional

ObjECTS-MiniCAM

Global and Regional

NEMS

National/State/Regional

BALMOREL

International

ORCED

National/State/Regional

EMPS

International

PRIMES

National/State/Regional

PERSEUS

International

ProdRisk

National/State/Regional

RAMSES

International

SimREN

National/State/Regional

Wilmar Planning tool

International

SIVAEL

National/State/Regional

AEOLIUS

National/State/Regional

STREAM

National/State/Regional

E4cast

National/State/Regional

UniSyD

National/State/Regional

EMCAS

National/State/Regional

WASP

National/State/Regional

EMINENT

National/State/Regional

H2RES

Island

EnergyPLAN

National/State/Regional

HOMER

Local/Community

ENPEP-BALANCE

National/State/Regional

BCHP Screening Tool

Single-Project Investigation

GTMax

National/State/Regional

COMPOSE

Single-Project Investigation

IKARUS

National/State/Regional

energyPRO

Single-Project Investigation

INFORSE

National/State/Regional

HYDROGEMS

Single-Project Investigation

Invert

National/State/Regional

TRNSYS

Single-Project Investigation

LEAP

National/State/Regional

RETScreen

User Defined

MARKAL/TIMES

National/State/Regional

17 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Time Step vs. Duration • The Duration is the length of time that the tool can simulate • The Time-Step is the steps used • Example: EnergyPLAN uses a 1 hour timestep over a 1 year duration

18 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Time Step Tool

Time-Step

Tool

Time-Step

Mesap PlaNet

Any

COMPOSE

Hourly

TRNSYS16

Seconds

MARKAL/TIMES

Hourly, Daily, Monthly using user-defined time slices

HOMER

Minutes

PERSEUS

Based on Typical Days with 36 to 72 slots for one year

SimREN

Minutes

EMPS

Weekly (With a LDC representing fluctuations within the week)

AEOLIUS

Minutes

UniSyD3.0

Bi-weekly

HYDROGEMS

Minutes

RETScreen

Monthly

energyPRO

Minutes

WASP

12 Load Duration Curves for a year

EnergyPLAN

Hourly

E4cast

Yearly

SIVAEL

Hourly

EMINENT

Yearly

STREAM

Hourly

IKARUS

Yearly

Wilmar Planning Tool

Hourly

PRIMES

Years

RAMSES

Hourly

INFORSE

Yearly

BALMOREL

Hourly

ENPEP-BALANCE

Yearly

GTMax

Hourly

LEAP

Yearly

H2RES

Hourly

Invert

Yearly

BCHP Screening Tool

Hourly

NEMS

Yearly

ORCED

Hourly

MESSAGE

5 Years

EMCAS

Hourly

MiniCAM

15 Years

ProdRisk

Hourly

19 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Longest Time Duration 1 Year

Multiple Years

20-50 Years

2050

50+ Years

No Limit

AEOLIUS

EMPS

BALMOREL

IKARUS

ENPEP-BALANCE

COMPOSE

BCHP Screening Tool

ProdRisk

E4cast

PRIMES

INFORSE

EMCAS

EMINENT

TRNSYS

energyPRO

MESSAGE

GTMax

EnergyPLAN

Invert

ObjECTSMiniCAM

H2RES

HOMER

MARKAL/TIMES

LEAP

HYDROGEMS

NEMS

Mesap PlaNet

ORCED

PERSEUS

SimREN

SIVAEL

RAMSES

STREAM

RETScreen

Wilmar Planning tool

UniSyD WASP

20 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

See Table 4 in the Journal Paper

21 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Part 3 Technologies Considered Energy System Sectors Generation Technologies Renewable Energy Technologies Storage and Conversion Technologies Transport Technologies Focus on Specific Technology?

22 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Tools that Focus on Specific Technologies Energy Tool

Focus

Aeolius

Focus on the impact of fluctuating energy carriers (wind, PV) on the conventional electricity system.

BCHP Screening Tool

Combined Heat & Power

COMPOSE

Cogeneration with electric boiler or compression heat pump

E4cast

Wind power

EMPS

Hydro power

HYDROGEMS

RE/H2-based stand-alone power systems

Invert

Heat pumps, conventional heating-systems, solar thermal, etc.

ProdRisk

Hydro power

23 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Energy Sectors Considered Energy Sector

% of Tools

Electricity Generation

97.4%

District Heating

71.8%

Transport

61.5%

Industry

59%

Individual House Heating

51.3%

Other

51.3%

24 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Generation Technologies Considered Generation Technology

% of Tools

Thermal Power Plants

94.9%

Combined Heat & Power

92.3%

Biomass Power Plants

92.3%

Nuclear Power Plants

74.4%

Other

61.5%

25 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Renewable Technologies Considered Renewable Technology

% of Tools

Wind

94.9%

Photovoltaic

84.6%

Hydro

84.6%

Geothermal

74.4%

Solar Thermal

69.2%

Wave

51.3%

Tidal

43.6%

Other

35.9%

26 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Storage and Conversion Technologies Considered Storage & Conversion Technology

% of Tools

Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage

64.1%

Battery Energy Storage

56.4%

Hydrogen Production

51.3%

Hydrogen Consumption

43.6%

Hydrogen Storage

41.0%

Compressed-Air Energy Storage

35.9%

Other

28.2%

None

7.7%

27 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Transport Technologies Considered Transport Technology

% of Tools

Battery Electric Vehicles

48.7%

Internal Combustion Vehicles

41.0%

Hydrogen Vehicles

38.5%

Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

35.9%

Rail

35.9%

Aviation

35.9%

Intelligent Battery Electric Vehicles

28.2%

Hybrid Vehicles

25.6%

Other

38.5%

None

35.9%

28 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Part 4 Type of Energy Tool Definitions Results

29 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Definitions (1 of 2) 1. Simulation tool: Typically a simulation tool is operated in hourly time-steps over a one-year time-period. 2. Scenario tool: Typically scenario tools function in time-steps of 1 year and combine such annual results into a scenario of typically 20-50 years. 3. Equilibrium tool: It is often assumed that agents are price takers and that equilibrium can be identified.

30 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Definitions (2 of 2) 4. A top-down tool is a macroeconomic tool using general macroeconomic data. 5. A bottom-up tool identifies and analyses the specific energy technologies. 6. Operation optimisation tools optimise the operation of a given energy-system. 7. Investment optimisation tools optimise the investments in an energy-system.

Tool AEOLIUS BALMOREL BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert LEAP MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE MiniCAM NEMS ORCED PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS16 UniSyD3.0 WASP WILMAR Planning Tool

Type Simulation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Scenario Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Equilibrium Partial Yes Yes Yes Partial Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Top-Down Yes Yes Partly Yes -

Bottom-Up Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

Operation Optimisation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

31

Investment Optimisation Yes Aalborg, -Denmark 18 Yes April 2012 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes -

32 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Example of Definitions

Tool

HOMER

Type Top- BottomOperation Simulation Scenario Equilibrium Down Up Optimisation

Yes

-

-

-

Yes

Yes

Investment Optimisation

Yes

33 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Part 5 Renewable Energy (RE) Ability to Simulate 100% RE RE penetrations to date

34 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Can the Tool Simulate a 100% RE System? Tool

100% RES

Tool

100% RES

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E3database E4cast EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE

Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Invert

Yes

LEAP

Yes

NEMS

ORCED ObjECTS-MiniCAM PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

35 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Can the Tool Simulate a 100% RE System? Tool

100% RES

Tool

100% RES

Aeolius Balmorel

Yes Yes

MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet

Yes Yes

E3database E4cast EMCAS

Yes Yes Yes

ObjECTS-MiniCAM PERSEUS

Yes Yes

EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

ProdRisk

Yes

RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Invert

Yes

LEAP

Yes

36

% of Electricity from RE

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Tool

% Electricity

Tool

% Electricity

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert

60 50 25 100 20 60 100 100 100 20 20 100 100 50 30 100 100

MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ORCED ObjECTS-MiniCAM PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

80 100 70 32 50 100 100 50 100 60 100 100 100 50

LEAP

100

95 20 50

37

% of Heat from RE Tool

% Heat

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert

80 100 50 15 100 100

LEAP

100

50

100 40 100 100 20

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Tool

% Heat

MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ORCED ObjECTS-MiniCAM PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

80 100 60 5 20 50 100 60 100 100 80 80 90 50

38

% of Transport from RE Tool

% Transport

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert

100 100 100 20

LEAP

100

10

100

100 10 20 100 100

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Tool

% Transport

MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ORCED ObjECTS-MiniCAM PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

60 100 55 12 50 20

100 20 55 50

39

% Electricity Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast model EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert LEAP MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ObjECTS-MiniCAM ORCED PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

0

20

40 60 % Renewable Energy Simulated

80

100

40

% Heat Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast model EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert LEAP MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ObjECTS-MiniCAM ORCED PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

0

20

40 60 % Renewable Energy Simulated

80

100

% Transport

41

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast model EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert LEAP MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ObjECTS-MiniCAM ORCED PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

0

20

40 60 % Renewable Energy Simulated

80

100

42 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Final Energy Consumption: Ireland

43 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

See Table 5 in the Journal Paper

44 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

How Can You Use these Results?

45 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

100% RES To Date 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

E4cast EnergyPLAN energyPRO INFORSE Invert LEAP Mesap PlaNet SimREN

46 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Typical Regions for these Tools Tool

Typical Region

Tool

Typical Region

Aeolius Balmorel BCHP Screening Tool COMPOSE E4cast EMCAS EMINENT EMPS EnergyPLAN energyPRO ENPEP-BALANCE GTMax H2RES HOMER HYDROGEMS IKARUS INFORSE Invert

National/State/Regional International Single-Project Investigation Single-Project Investigation National/State/Regional National/State/Regional National/State/Regional International National/State/Regional Single-Project Investigation National/State/Regional National/State/Regional Island Local/Community Single-Project Investigation National/State/Regional National/State/Regional National/State/Regional

MARKAL/TIMES Mesap PlaNet MESSAGE NEMS ORCED ObjECTS-MiniCAM PERSEUS PRIMES ProdRisk RAMSES RETScreen SimREN SIVAEL STREAM TRNSYS UniSyD WASP Wilmar Planning tool

National/State/Regional National/State/Regional Global National/State/Regional National/State/Regional Global and Regional International National/State/Regional National/State/Regional International User Defined National/State/Regional National/State/Regional National/State/Regional Global National/State/Regional National/State/Regional International

47 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Typical Regions for these Tools Tool

Typical Region

E4cast

National/State/Regional

EnergyPLAN energyPRO

National/State/Regional Single-Project Investigation

INFORSE Invert

National/State/Regional National/State/Regional

Tool

Typical Region

Mesap PlaNet

National/State/Regional

SimREN

National/State/Regional

48 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Typical Regions for these Tools Tool

Typical Region

E4cast

National/State/Regional

EnergyPLAN

National/State/Regional

INFORSE Invert

National/State/Regional National/State/Regional

Tool

Typical Region

Mesap PlaNet

National/State/Regional

SimREN

National/State/Regional

49 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Time Step Tool

Time-Step

Mesap PlaNet

Any

SimREN

Minutes

EnergyPLAN

Hourly

Tool

Time-Step

E4cast

Yearly

INFORSE

Yearly

LEAP

Yearly

Invert

Yearly

50 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Time Step Tool

Time-Step

Mesap PlaNet

Any

SimREN

Minutes

EnergyPLAN

Hourly

Tool

Time-Step

51 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Conclusions • There is a large variety of tools available with many different perspectives and technologies • The ‘best’ energy tool will be defined by the problem you wish to solve (i.e. your perspective) more than the abilities of the tool

52 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Recap on Learning Objectives • To learn about the characteristics of the energy tools identified during a review • To understand the variety of metrics used to compare the tools • To take home a useful guide for choosing a suitable tool in the future

53 Aalborg, Denmark 18 April 2012

Questions or Feedback? www.dconnolly.net Connolly D, Lund H, Mathiesen BV, Leahy M. A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems. Applied Energy 2010;87(4):1059-1082.