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The Renewable Energy Reader

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The Renewable Energy Reader

K.K. DuVivier Professor of Law University of Denver Sturm College of Law

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2011 K.K. DuVivier All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DuVivier, K. K. The renewable energy reader / K. K. DuVivier. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-59460-873-5 (alk. paper) 1. Renewable energy sources--Law and legislation--United States. 2. Renewable energy sources. I. Title. KF2120.D88 2011 346.7304'6794--dc23 2011034879

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, NC 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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To Marjorie and Ned for making everything possible; Lance for your love and support; and Alice and Emmett who make me proud and inspire me to work for a better tomorrow.

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Summary of Contents Chapter 1 · Introduction A. Catalysts for Change B. The Rise of Renewables

3 3 13

Chapter 2 · Solar A. History & Context B. Solar Access under the Common Law C. Government Involvement D. Trees and Distributed Solar Power

17 21 24 41 67

Chapter 3 · Wind A. History & Context B. Property Rights & Wind Severance C. Wind v. Wildlife D. Wind v. Humans E. Wind v. Other Resources F. Local Controls

73 75 83 89 98 105 119

Chapter 4 · Hydropower A. How Hydropower Works B. Early State Control and Property Issues C. Federal Control of Hydropower Dams D. Environmental Balance E. Future Development of Hydropower Resources

125 127 130 140 153 164

Chapter 5 · Biomass A. Sources of Biomass Energy B. Efficiency and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) C. Environmental Issues

171 173 200 205

Chapter 6 · Geothermal A. History B. Legal Definitions of Geothermal Resources

219 219 228

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C. Ownership Issues D. Acquisition Process E. Environmental Concerns F. Additional Considerations

237 257 260 265

Chapter 7 · Energy Efficiency A. History B. Efficiency Overview C. Specific Solutions

271 272 278 282

Chapter 8 · Renewables on Federal Lands A. Terrestrial Wind and Solar B. Offshore Wind and Wave Power C. Renewable Energy Development and NEPA D. Environmental Concerns

325 325 334 354 370

Chapter 9 · Native Nations and Energy Justice A. Alternative Energy Development on Tribal Lands B. Tribal Input on Development Outside of Reservation Lands C. Energy Justice

387 387 397 411

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Contents Summary of Contents Table of Figures Acknowledgments

vii xvii xix

Chapter 1 · Introduction A. Catalysts for Change 1. Higher Prices as World Competition Increases Demand for Depleting Reserves 2. Geopolitics and Security 3. Environmental Concerns (a) Petroleum (b) Coal (c) Natural Gas (d) Nuclear Power B. The Rise of Renewables

5 9 10 10 10 12 12 13

Chapter 2 · Solar A. History & Context Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights Notes and Questions B. Solar Access under the Common Law 1. Contract Approaches Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights Notes and Questions 2. Tort Approaches Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights Notes and Questions 3. Prah v. Maretti Prah v. Maretti, 321 N.W.2d 182 (Wis. 1982) Notes and Questions C. Government Involvement 1. Reasons for Government Involvement and at Which Level

17 21 21 23 24 24 24 27 28 28 32 32 33 40 41 42

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Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in a Different Light Notes and Questions 2. Current Systems a. Permit-Based Systems Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights Notes and Questions b. Zoning Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights Notes and Questions c. Legislative Solar Easements Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights Notes and Questions 3. Deciding What to Protect Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in a Different Light Notes and Questions 4. Spectrum of Strategies a. Legislative Cheerleading Colleen McCann Kettles, A Comprehensive Review of Solar Access Law in the United States: Suggested Standards for a Model Statute and Ordinance Notes and Questions b. Middle-Ground Protections Application for Solar Access Easement, Iowa Code § 564A.4 (2010) Notes and Questions California Solar Shade Control Act, Cal. Pub. Res. Code §§ 25980-82 (2011) Notes and Questions c. Strongest Protections Boulder Revised Code Section 9-9-17 Solar Access Notes and Questions Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in a Different Light Notes and Questions D. Trees and Distributed Solar Power Ordinance — Gainesville, Florida Ch. 30 — Land Development Code Ordinance — Ashland, Oregon Ch. 18 — Land Use Notes and Questions Chapter 3 · Wind A. History & Context K.K. DuVivier, Animal, Vegetable, Mineral — Wind? The Severed Wind Power Rights Conundrum

42 43 44 44 44 46 46 46 48 49 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

55 57 57 58 59 60 61 61 62 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 73 75 75

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Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices Ronald H. Rosenberg, Diversifying America’s Energy Future: The Future of Renewable Wind Power Notes and Questions B. Property Rights & Wind Severance K.K. DuVivier, Animal, Vegetable, Mineral — Wind? The Severed Wind Power Rights Conundrum South Dakota Codified Laws § 43-13-19, Severance of Wind Energy Rights Limited Notes and Questions C. Wind v. Wildlife 1. Background Roger L. Freemen & Ben Kass, Siting Wind Energy Facilities on Private Land in Colorado: Common Legal Issues 2. Animal Welfare Institute v. Beech Ridge Energy LLC Animal Welfare Institute v. Beech Ridge Energy LLC, 675 F. Supp. 2d 540 (D. Md. 2009) Notes and Questions D. Wind v. Humans 1. Background Bent Ole Gram Mortensen, International Experiences of Wind Energy Notes and Questions 2. Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC, 266 S.W.3d 506 (Tex. App. 2008), pet. denied Notes and Questions E. Wind v. Other Resources K.K. DuVivier and Roderick E. Wetsel, Jousting at Windmills: When Wind Power Development Collides with Oil, Gas, and Mineral Development Notes and Questions K.K. DuVivier and Roderick E. Wetsel, Jousting at Windmills: When Wind Power Development Collides with Oil, Gas, and Mineral Development Notes and Questions F. Local Controls Zimmerman v. Board of County Commissioners of Wabaunsee County, 218 P.3d 400 (Kan. 2009) Notes and Questions Chapter 4 · Hydropower A. How Hydropower Works U.S. Dep’t. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Reclamation: Managing Water in the West — Hydroelectric Power Notes and Questions B. Early State Control and Property Issues 1. History Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower Project Relicensing 2. Bean v. Central Maine Power Co.

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76 77 82 83 83 87 87 89 89 89 91 92 97 98 98 99 100 100 101 104 105

105 112

113 118 119 119 123 125 127 127 129 130 130 130 132

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Bean v. Central Maine Power Co., 173 A. 498 (Me. 1934) Notes and Questions C. Federal Control of Hydropower Dams 1. Rise of Federal Control Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower Project Relicensing Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. § 797 Colorado River Basin Project Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1501 Notes and Questions 2. Remaining State and Local Influence Lawrence Susskind, Alejandro E. Camacho & Todd Schenk, Collaborative Planning and Adaptive Management in Glen Canyon: A Cautionary Tale Notes and Questions D. Environmental Balance 1. Relicensing Procedures Rick Eichstaedt, Rebecca Sherman & Adell Amos, More Dam Process: Relicensing of Dams and the 2005 Energy Policy Act Notes and Questions 2. Dam Decommissioning Michael C. Blumm, Erica J. Thorson, & Joshua D. Smith, Practiced at the Art of Deception: The Failure of Columbia Basin Salmon Recovery Under the Endangered Species Act Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower Project Relicensing Notes and Questions E. Future Development of Hydropower Resources U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind and Water Program—Technologies Notes and Questions Chapter 5 · Biomass A. Sources of Biomass Energy 1. Feedstocks Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., Biofuels — Snake Oil for the Twenty-First Century Notes and Questions 2. Waste to Energy Steven Ferrey, Symposium, Smart Brownfield Redevelopment for the 21st Century: Converting Brownfield Environmental Negatives into Energy Positives Notes and Questions 3. History & Future Focus of Biofuels Research U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Biomass: Multi-Year Program Plan Notes and Questions B. Efficiency and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) L. Leon Geyer, Phillip Chong, & Bill Hxue, Ethanol, Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profile and Overview Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., Biofuels — Snake Oil for the Twenty-First Century

132 139 140 141 141 144 144 144 145

146 152 153 153 153 156 157

157 160 164 164 167 169 171 173 174 176 179 180

180 192 193 193 200 200 202 203

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Notes and Questions Regulation of Fuels, 42 U.S.C. § 7545 (2010) C. Environmental Issues 1. Air Emissions Andrew P. Morriss, William T. Bogart, Andrew Dorchak, Roger E. Meiners, Green Jobs Myths Notes and Questions 2. Invasive Species Karen Ray, Are Biofuel Crops the Next Kudzu? Notes and Questions 3. Quantifying Environmental Problems Jody M. Endres, Clearing the Air: The Meta-Standard Approach to Ensuring Biofuels Environmental and Social Stability Notes and Questions S. 636 Chapter 6 · Geothermal A. History 1. Geology & Geothermal Systems Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat Notes and Questions 2. The Geysers Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat Notes and Questions B. Legal Definitions of Geothermal Resources 1. Hydrothermal & Direct-Use Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat Notes and Questions 2. Geothermal Heat Pumps Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat Notes and Questions C. Ownership Issues 1. Background Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat Notes and Questions 2. Geothermal Ownership Cases United States v. Union Oil Co., 549 F.2d 1271 (9th Cir. 1977) Notes and Questions

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204 205 205 206 206 207 207 208 211 211 211 217 217 219 219 219 220 224 224 226 228 228 228

229 232 234 235 235 237 237 238 238 242 242 243 243 251

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Geothermal Kinetics v. Union Oil Co., 75 Cal. App. 3d 56 (Cal. Ct. App. 1977) Notes and Questions D. Acquisition Process Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity Notes and Questions E. Environmental Concerns Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development Notes and Questions Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity Notes and Questions F. Additional Considerations 1. Induced Seismicity Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity Notes and Questions 2. Conflict with Cultural Resources or Native American Sacred Sites Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development Notes and Questions 3. Competing Interests Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity Notes and Questions Chapter 7 · Energy Efficiency A. History Sidney A. Shapiro & Joseph P. Tomain, Rethinking Reform of Electricity Markets James W. Moeller, Electric Demand-Side Management Under Federal Law Notes and Questions B. Efficiency Overview Edward H. Comer, Transforming the Role of Energy Efficiency Notes and Questions C. Specific Solutions 1. Virtual Power Plants Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices Notes and Questions 2. Green Building Codes a. In General — Buildings in the Energy Efficiency Equation

252 256 257

257 260 260

261 263 263

264 265 265 265

265 266 267 267 268 268

268 270 271 272 272 276 277 278 278 282 282 283 283 284 285 285

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Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices Notes and Questions b. Federalism and Other Legal Concerns Shari Shapiro, Who Should Regulate? Federalism and Conflict in Regulation of Green Buildings Notes and Questions 3. Smart Grid a. Smart Grid & Distributed Generation Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices Sidney A. Shapiro & Joseph P. Tomain, Rethinking Reform of Electricity Markets The Smart Grid: An Introduction Notes and Questions b. Smart Grid & Privacy Kevin L. Doran, Privacy and Smart Grid: When Progress and Privacy Collide Elias L. Quinn, Smart Metering & Privacy: Existing Law and Competing Policies Notes and Questions 4. Energy Efficient Technologies William A. Tanenbaum, Practical Steps to Contract for Energy-Efficient Data Centers and IT Operations Notes and Questions 5. Behavioral Changes Hope M. Babcock, Responsible Environmental Behavior, Energy Conservation, and Compact Fluorescent Bulbs: You Can Lead a Horse to Water but Can You Make it Drink? Notes and Questions Chapter 8 · Renewables on Federal Lands A. Terrestrial Wind and Solar David J. Lazerwitz, Renewable Energy Development on the Federal Public Lands: Catching Up with the New Land Rush Notes and Questions B. Offshore Wind and Wave Power 1. Offshore Wind a. The Offshore Wind Leasing Process Joseph J. Kalo & Lisa C. Schiavinato, Wind Over North Carolina Waters: The State’s Preparedness to Address Offshore and Coastal Water-Based Wind Energy Projects Notes and Questions b. Cape Wind Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 398 F.3d 105 (1st Cir. 2005) Notes and Questions 2. Ocean Hydrokinetics Notes and Questions

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C. Renewable Energy Development and NEPA 1. Programmatic Environmental Impact Statements for Terrestrial Wind and Solar David J. Lazerwitz, Renewable Energy Development on the Federal Public Lands: Catching Up with the New Land Rush Notes and Questions 2. Leveling the Playing Field Irma S. Russell, Streamlining NEPA to Combat Global Climate Change: Heresy or Necessity? Notes and Questions 3. Balancing of Equities Western Watersheds Project v. Bureau of Land Management, No. 3:11–cv–00053–HDM–VPC, 2011 WL 1195803 (D. Nev. Mar. 28, 2011), aff ’d, No. 11–15799, 2011 WL 2784155 (9th Cir. July 15, 2011) Notes and Questions D. Environmental Concerns Robert Glennon & Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy’s Cloudy Future Notes and Questions Chapter 9 · Native Nations and Energy Justice A. Alternative Energy Development on Tribal Lands Elizabeth Ann Kronk, Alternative Energy Development in Indian Country: Lighting the Way for the Seventh Generation Robert Glennon & Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy’s Cloudy Future Notes and Questions B. Tribal Input on Development Outside of Reservation Lands 1. Mechanisms for Protecting Native Values on Public Lands Martin Nie, The Use of Co-Management and Protected Land-Use Designations to Protect Tribal Cultural Resources and Reserved Treaty Rights on Federal Lands Notes and Questions 2. Quechan Tribe v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior Quechan Tribe of Fort Yuma Indian Reservation v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 755 F. Supp. 2d 1104 (S.D. Cal. 2010) Notes and Questions C. Energy Justice Randall S. Abate, Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time Alice Kaswan, Greening the Grid and Climate Justice Lakshman Guruswamy, Energy Justice and Sustainable Development Notes and Questions Index

354 354 354 357 358 358 363 364

364 370 370 370 383 387 387 387 395 396 397 397

397 403 404 404 410 411 412 413 414 417 419

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Table of Figures Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 2.1: Figure 2.2: Figure 2.3: Figure 2.4: Figure 2.5: Figure 2.6: Figure 2.7: Figure 2.8: Figure 3.1: Figure 3.2: Figure 3.3: Figure 3.4: Figure 3.5: Figure 3.6: Figure 4.1: Figure 4.2: Figure 4.3: Figure 4.4: Figure 4.5: Figure 4.6: Figure 4.7: Figure 4.8: Figure 4.9: Figure 5.1: Figure 5.2:

Energy Basics 4 World primary energy consumption 5 Growth in world energy demand and consumption 7 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of renewable electricity by technology 8 U.S. energy production and consumption 13 U.S. renewable electricity capacity and generation 14 Top states for renewable electricity installed nameplate capacity 15 New electricity capacity added worldwide 15 A fundamental look at energy reserves of the planet 17 Common solar technologies 18 Growth of solar PV in the U.S. 20 Depiction of solar skyspace 25 Impact of setbacks and rooflines on solar access 49 Solar Skyspace B 51 Spectrum of legal strategies for promoting solar power 54 Depiction of tree heights for solar access 69 U.S. total installed wind energy nameplate capacity and generation 74 Wind power types 75 Horns Rev 1 Windfarm 88 Turbines in the San Gorgonio region of California 91 U.S. wind resource potential 106 Subsurface imprint of wind farms 108 U.S. electricity generation by source (%) 2000–2009 125 Dams by primary purpose from NID report 126 Traditional dam and turbine 129 History of hydropower 131 Dams by completion date 141 Dams by owner type 146 Fish ladder at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River 162 Major components of a small hydro system 165 Pumped-storage hydro 167 Renewable electricity as a percentage of total generation 172 U.S. renewable generation by technology 172 xvii

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Figure 5.3: Figure 5.4: Figure 5.5: Figure 5.6: Figure 5.7: Figure 5.8: Figure 5.9: Figure 6.1: Figure 6.2: Figure 6.3: Figure 6.4: Figure 6.5: Figure 6.6: Figure 6.7: Figure 7.1: Figure 7.2:

TABLE OF FIGURES

U.S. corn ethanol production and price trends Range of biofuels research Biofuels conversion processes Renewable Portfolio Standards map Ethanol is the most mature biofuel technology Conventional v. combined heat and power (CHP) generation Biomass One plant in Oregon Geothermal resource of the United States Map of tectonic plate boundaries Geothermal systems Three different hydrothermal systems Hot dry rock system The Springs Resort and Spa, Pagosa Springs, Colorado Geothermal heat pumps Efficiency flow charts Electricity demand profile for a typical U.S. service area on a hot summer day Figure 7.3: Annual per capita energy use worldwide Figure 7.4: EnergySmart home scale Figure 7.5: Residential state energy codes status map Figure 7.6: Building Codes Assistance Project—code universe Figure 7.7: Smart grid Figure 7.8: Household electricity demand profile recorded on a one-minute time base Figure 7.9: U.S. residential electricity use Figure 8.1: CSP solar resources on public lands Figure 8.2: U.S. offshore wind resources Figure 8.3: Proposed U.S. offshore wind projects and capacity showing projects with significant progress Figure 8.4: Key statutes and agencies involved in offshore wind permitting Figure 8.5: Four primary types of wave energy conversion Figure 8.6: Marine and hydrokinetic technologies Figure 8.6: Marine and hydrokinetic technologies continued Figure 8.7: Issued hydrokinetic preliminary permits Figure 8.8: The four primary CSP technologies Figure 8.9: Concentrating solar thermal technologies Figure 8.10: Summary of water and land use for energy production

173 174 175 187 193 202 205 220 223 225 231 232 234 236 273 276 279 290 296 298 302 311 314 333 335 344 348 349 351 352 353 373 374 384

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Acknowledgments This book is truly a collaborative work, and I am deeply grateful to the following people for their input. This book would not be nearly as rich without their help. Bob Noun, Carol Tombari, John Ashworth, Robin Newmark, James Bosch, Michele Kubik, Donna Heimiller, Sarah Barba, Nancy Prosser-Stovall, etc. from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for all of their help with content and graphics. Also to the following for their special assistance: Mark Safty and Elizabeth A. Mitchell from Holland & Hart; Connie Rogers from Davis Graham & Stubbs; Rebecca W. Watson from Welborn, Sullivan, Meck & Tooley, P.C.; Randy Stearnes from Tacoma Public Utilities; Matt Futch from IBM (formerly from the Colorado Governor’s Energy Office); Catherine M. H. Keske from Colorado State University; and Andrew B. Reid from Springer and Steinberg. My research assistants Dustin Charapata, Chelsea Huffman, Megan Moriarty, Sarah Stout, and Thomas Scott for your countless hours of work. To Nicole Lyells, Stacy Bowers, Diane Burkhardt, Joan Policastri, Caryl Shipley, for formatting, copyright permissions, and research assistance. An additional thank you is due to each of the following as well for their help along the way: Don C. Smith, Jacqueline Weaver, Jim and Jean Buck, Chuck and Kate DuVivier, Joe DuVivier and Ken White, Laurent Meillon, Becky English, Don Tressler, Gerry Todd, Robert Youngberg, Steve Stevens, John A. Herrick, Sarah Quinn, Alan Gilbert, Becky Bye, Susan Osborne, Alan Boles, Theresa I. Corless, Gale Norton, Jack Sinclair, Ron Binz, Suedeen Kelly, Greg Ching, Nancy Laplaca, Ron Lehr, Carol E. Lyons, Mike Zimmer, Roger Feldman, Henry A. Signore, Jerry Sherk, Luke Danielson, Matt Larson, Rod Wetsel, Gordon Draper, Bruce Finley, Matt Baker, Jim Tarpey, Rich Heinemeyer, Mark T. Gran, Ashland City planners, Tim Colton, and Linda Lacy. The author also gratefully acknowledges the permissions granted by all of the authors, artists, and publishers of the following works reproduced in this book. Unless otherwise indicated, all footnotes from the originals have been excluded for space reasons. Randall S. Abate, Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time, 85 Washington Law Review 197 (2010). Hope M. Babcock, Responsible Environmental Behavior, Energy Conservation, and Compact Fluorescent Bulbs: You Can Lead a Horse to Water but Can You Make it Drink?, 37 Hofstra Law Review 943 (2009). xix

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Roger Bedard, D.O.E. Hydrokinetic Workshop, slide 10, 4 Primary Types of Wave Energy Conversion (Oct. 26, 2005). © 2011 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rights reserved. Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI, and TOGETHER. . . . SHAPING THE FUTURE OF ELECTRICITY are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute. (Reprinted with permission from EPRI). Michael C. Blumm, Erica J. Thorson, & Joshua D. Smith, Practiced at the Art of Deception: The Failure of Columbia Basin Salmon Recovery under the Endangered Species Act, 36 Envtl. L. 709 (2006). Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights, 89 Boston University Law Review 1217 (2009). N. Carlisle, J. Elling, and T. Penney, Proposed U.S. offshore wind projects and capacity showing projects with significant progress. Image provided courtesy of The Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Table 3-5 of NREL TP-500-40475, Walter Musial & Bonnie Ram, Large Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States: Assessment of Opportunities and Barriers 29 (2010), available at http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/40745.pdf. Edward H. Comer, Transforming the Role of Energy Efficiency, 23 Natural Resources & Environment 34 (2008-2009). Kevin L. Doran, Privacy and Smart Grid: When Progress and Privacy Collide, 41 University of Toledo Law Review 909 (2010). Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat, excerpts reformatted from public domain U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1249. Rick Eichstaedt, Rebecca Sherman & Adell Amos, More Dam Process: Relicensing of Dams and the 2005 Energy Policy Act, 50 Advocate (Idaho) 33 (June/July 2007). Jody M. Endres, Clearing the Air: The Meta-Standard Approach to Ensuring Biofuels Environmental and Social Stability, 28 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 73 (2010). Steven Ferrey, Symposium, Smart Brownfield Redevelopment for the 21st Century: Converting Brownfield Environmental Negatives into Energy Positives, 34 Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 417 (2007). Roger L. Freemen & Ben Kass, Siting Wind Energy Facilities on Private Land in Colorado: Common Legal Issues, 39 Colorado Lawyer 43 (May 2010). Brian Andrew Fuentes, Impact of setbacks and rooflines on solar access. Image provided courtesy of Fuentesdesign.com. L. Leon Geyer, Phillip Chong, & Bill Hxue, Ethanol, Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profile and Overview, 12 Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 61 (2007). Robert Glennon & Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy’s Cloudy Future, 1 Arizona Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 92 (2010). Lakshman Guruswamy, Energy Justice and Sustainable Development, 21 Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 231 (2010). Joseph J. Kalo & Lisa C. Schiavinato, Wind Over North Carolina Waters: The State’s Preparedness to Address Offshore and Coastal Water-Based Wind Energy Projects, 87 North Carolina Law Review 1819 (2009). Alice Kaswan, Greening the Grid and Climate Justice, 39 Environmental Law 1143 (2009). Elizabeth Ann Kronk, Alternative Energy Development in Indian Country: Lighting the Way for the Seventh Generation, 49 Idaho Law Review 449 (2010).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Colleen McCann Kettles, A Comprehensive Review of Solar Access Law in the United States: Suggested Standards for a Model Statute Ordinance, Report for Solar American Board For Codes and Standards (Oct. 2008). Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and The Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity, 13 Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 35 (Winter 2007). David J. Lazerwitz, Renewable Energy Development on the Federal Public Lands: Catching Up with the New Land Rush, 55 Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute 13-1 (2009). James W. Moeller, Electric Demand-Side Management Under Federal Law, 13 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 57 (Fall 1993). Andrew P. Morriss, William T. Bogart, Andrew Dorchak, Roger E. Meiners, Green Jobs Myths, 16 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 326 (2009). Bent Ole Gram Mortensen, International Experiences of Wind Energy, 2 Environmental and Energy Law and Policy Journal 179 (2008). Mike New, Major Components of a Hydro System. Image provided courtesy of Canyon Hydro. Martin Nie, The Use of Co-Management and Protected Land-Use Designations to Protect Tribal Cultural Resources and Reserved Treaty Rights on Federal Lands, 48 Natural Resources Journal 585 (2008). Reprinted with permission of the Natural Resources Journal, University of New Mexico School of Law. Copyright © 2008. (Issue: Volume 48, No. 3, Summer.) Richard Perez, A fundamental look at the energy reserves of the planet. SHC Solar Update Volume 50, pp. 2-3. Image provided courtesy of International Energy Agency. Eric Plunkett, Residential State Energy Code Status; The Future of Energy Codes. Images provided courtesy of the Building Codes Assistance Project. Elias L. Quinn, Smart Metering and Privacy: Existing Law and Competing Policies, Framing Document for Colo. PUC High Profile Dkt. No. 091-593EG (Order C09-0878). Mr. Quinn is currently a Trial Attorney for the United States Department of Justice, Environmental Enforcement Division. The views expressed in the excerpt here are the personal views of Mr. Quinn and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice. Karen Ray, Are Biofuel Crops the Next Kudzu?, 17 San Joaquin Agricultural Law Review 247 (2007/2008). Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., Biofuels — Snake Oil for the Twenty-First Century, 87 Oregon Law Review 1183 (2008). Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower Project Relicensing, 25 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 499 (2000). Ronald H. Rosenberg, Diversifying America’s Energy Future: The Future of Renewable Wind Power, 26 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 505 (2008). Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in a Different Light, 2010 University of Illinois Law Review 851 (2010). Irma S. Russell, Streamlining NEPA to Combat Global Climate Change: Heresay or Necessity?, 39 Environmental Law 1049 (2009). Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development, 2008 American Bar Association Section of Environment, Energy and Resources 16 (2008). Shari Shapiro, Who Should Regulate? Federalism and Conflict in Regulation of Green Buildings, 34 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 257 (2009).

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Sidney A. Shapiro & Joseph P. Tomain, Rethinking Reform of Electricity Markets, 40 Wake Forest Law Review 499 (2005). Christian Steiness, Horns Rev 1 Wind Farm. Image provided courtesy of Vattenfall. Lawrence Susskind, Alejandro E. Camacho & Todd Schenk, Collaborative Planning and Adaptive Management in Glen Canyon: A Cautionary Tale, 35 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 1 (2010). William A. Tanenbaum, Practical Steps to Contract for Energy-Efficient Data Centers and IT Operations, 981 PLI/Pat 247 (PLI Order No. 19120) (2009). Carol Sue Tombari, POWER OF THE PEOPLE: AMERICA’S NEW ELECTRICITY CHOICES, (Fulcrum Group 2008). Chris Van Essen, Subsurface imprint of windfarms. Rod Wetsel, Wetsel & Carmichael, LLP Attorneys at Law, (coauthor with K.K. DuVivier) of Jousting at Windmills: When Wind Power Development Collides with Oil, Gas, and Mineral Development, 55 Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute Chapter 9 (2009).