Editors Adee Kennedy, MS, MPH Senior Communications Officer NCCOR Coordinating Center, FHI 360

Sharon Sugerman, MS, RDN, FADA Director of Research and Evaluation Public Health Institute Center for Wellness and Nutrition

Laura Kettel Khan, PhD Senior Scientist and Advisor Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Lauren MacKenzie Whetstone, PhD Project Scientist Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Unit Nutrition Policy Institute University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources

Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office

Authors Introduction Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office

Chapter 1: Individual Christi Kay, EdM President HealthMPowers, Inc. Association of SNAP Nutrition Education Administrators (ASNNA) Anne R. Lindsay, PhD, MS Associate Professor, Extension Specialist Exercise Physiology & Public Health University of Nevada Reno (Extension) Barbara MkNelly, MS Nutrition Education and Evaluation Analyst UC CalFresh Nutrition Education Program University of California Davis (Extension) Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office

Daniel Perales, DrPH, MPH San José State University Professor, Health Science & Recreation President, Perales & Associates Evaluation Services Sharon Sugerman, MS, RDN, FADA Director of Research and Evaluation Public Health Institute Center for Wellness and Nutrition Lauren MacKenzie Whetstone, PhD Project Scientist Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Unit Nutrition Policy Institute University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources

Chapter 2: Environmental Settings Marc T. Braverman, PhD Extension Specialist, Family & Community Health Professor, School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences Oregon State University (Extension) Kathleen M. Cullinen, PhD, RDN Evaluation Specialist & Public Health Fellowship Director Michigan Fitness Foundation

Susan B. Foerster, MPH Co-Chair, ASNNA Evaluation Committee Director, Network for a Healthy California (Ret) California Department of Public Health

Susan B. Foerster, MPH Co-Chair, ASNNA Evaluation Committee Director, Network for a Healthy California (Ret) California Department of Public Health

Laurel Jacobs, DrPH, MPH Assistant Research Scientist Department of Nutritional Sciences The University of Arizona (Extension)

Laurel Jacobs, DrPH, MPH Assistant Research Scientist Department of Nutritional Sciences The University of Arizona (Extension)

Jan Jernigan, PhD Senior Health Scientist/Senior Evaluator Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Jan Jernigan, PhD Senior Health Scientist/Senior Evaluator Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Theresa LeGros, MA Research Specialist, Sr. Department of Nutritional Sciences The University of Arizona (Extension)

Kimberly J.M. Keller, PhD, CFLE Assistant Research Professor Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Evaluation Coordinator, Human Environmental Sciences Extension University of Missouri (Extension)

Kathleen Manenica, MS, CN State Coordinator, Food $ense Washington State University (Extension) Barbara MkNelly, MS Nutrition Education and Evaluation Analyst UC CalFresh Nutrition Education Program University of California Davis (Extension) Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office

Theresa LeGros, MA Research Specialist, Sr. Department of Nutritional Sciences The University of Arizona (Extension) Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office

Lauren MacKenzie Whetstone, PhD Project Scientist Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Unit Nutrition Policy Institute University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources

Angela Odoms-Young, PhD Associate Professor Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition University of Illinois Chicago Sarah L. Panken, MS, MA Director of Network Programs Michigan Fitness Foundation

Chapter 3: Sectors of Influence

Chapter 4: Population Results

Vanessa Buchthal, DrPH Assistant Professor, Social and Behavioral Sciences Office of Public Health Studies University of Hawaii Manoa

Michael Burke, PhD, MPH Social Science Research Analyst SNAP Research and Analysis Division Office of Policy Support Food and Nutrition Service

Justin Fast Social Initiatives Specialist Michigan Fitness Foundation Christi Kay, EdM President HealthMPowers, Inc. Association of SNAP Nutrition Education Administrators Anne R. Lindsay, PhD, MS Associate Professor, Extension Specialist Exercise Physiology & Public Health University of Nevada Reno (Extension) Heather Miles, MA SNAP Operations & Policy Analyst Oregon Department of Human Services Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office Sarah L. Panken, MS, MA Director of Network Programs Michigan Fitness Foundation Daniel Perales, DrPH, MPH San José State University Professor, Health Science & Recreation President, Perales & Associates Evaluation Services Sharon Sugerman, MS, RDN, FADA Director of Research and Evaluation Public Health Institute Center for Wellness and Nutrition Karen Webb, PhD, MPH Senior Researcher Nutrition Policy Institute University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Lauren MacKenzie Whetstone, PhD Project Scientist Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Unit Nutrition Policy Institute University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources

Chapter 5: Norms and Values Michael Burke, PhD, MPH Social Science Research Analyst SNAP Research and Analysis Division Office of Policy Support Food and Nutrition Service Mary Lee, MPH Equal Opportunity Specialist Civil Rights Division Food and Nutrition Service Heather Miles, MA SNAP Operations & Policy Analyst Oregon Department of Human Services Sarah L. Panken, MS, MA Director of Network Programs Michigan Fitness Foundation Kimbirly Rindfleisch Project Manager Michigan Fitness Foundation Tina Tamai, MPH, JD Nutrition Education Network Coordinator Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division Hawaii Department of Health

Appendices: Jeannie Butel, MPH Intervention Coordinator Children's Healthy Living Project College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources – University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Tarah Griep, MPH Senior Program Specialist Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Chief, Program Integrity Branch Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program Food and Nutrition Service Western Regional Office

Rachel Novotny, PhD, RDN, LD Professor and Chair, Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources – University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Jeanmarie Salie, MPH, CHES Extension Specialist I/Project Director The University of Tennessee (Extension) Karla Pagan Shelnutt, PhD, RDN Associate Professor, Nutrition and Health Extension Nutrition Specialist University of Florida (Extension) Laura Stephenson, PhD Assistant Dean and Professor Family and Consumer Sciences University of Tennessee (Extension) Stephany Parker, PhD Associate Professor Nutritional Sciences College of Human Sciences Oklahoma State University Sharon Sugerman, MS, RDN, FADA Director of Research and Evaluation Public Health Institute Center for Wellness and Nutrition Lauren MacKenzie Whetstone, PhD Project Scientist Nutrition Education and Obesity Prevention Unit Nutrition Policy Institute University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources

Acknowledgements National Collaborative for Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR) SNAP-Ed Evaluation Framework Working Group Alice S. Ammerman DrPH, RDN University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Elaine Arkin NCCOR Coordinating Center, FHI 360 Rachel Ballard-Barbash, MD, MPH National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute Michael Burke, PhD, MPH U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service Susan B. Foerster, MPH California Department of Public Health (ret.); Association of SNAP Nutrition Education Administrators (ASNNA) Jan Jernigan, PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Contributors and Reviewers of the Interpretive Guide Joan Agostinelli, MA Arizona Department of Health Services Sara Beckwith, MS, RDN, LD Department of Health at DC Government; ASNNA Karen Biala, MS USDA Food and Nutrition Service Christine Brennan, MPA Pennsylvania State University; ASNNA Andrea Bricker, MS, RDN California Department of Aging Veronica Bryant USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Southeast Regional Office Pamela Bruno, MPH University of New England

Laura Kettel-Khan, PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Richard Burley, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Southwest Regional Office

Adee Kennedy, MS, MPH NCCOR Coordinating Center, FHI 360

Jeannie Butel, MS University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa

Jennifer Leeman, DrPH, MDiv, MPH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Virginia Chaidez, PhD, RDN University of Nebraska Lincoln

Jerold R. Mande, MPH USDA Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services

Doris Chin, MPH, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Mid-Atlantic Region

Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH Food and Nutrition Service, Western Regional Office

Carole Craft NCCOR Coordinating Center, FHI 360

Marci Scott, PhD, RDN Michigan Fitness Foundation; ASNNA

Theresa Cruz, PhD, MPH University of New Mexico

Namita Vaidya, MPH NCCOR Coordinating Center, FHI 360

Rachel Dannefer, MPH, MIA NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene

Molly Demarco, PhD University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Suzanne Doherty-Glenn, MA, EdM HealthMPowers Inc. (Georgia) Darlene Dougherty, MS, RDN Nevada Division of Welfare and Supportive Services Jean Ann Fischer, MS, RDN, LMNT University of Nebraska Lincoln (Extension) Sheila Fleischhacker, PhD, JD National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Karen Franck, PhD The University of Tennessee (Extension); ASNNA Tarah Griep, MPH USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Western Regional Office Pamela Griffin, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Northeast Regional Office Wendi Gosliner, PhD Nutrition Policy Institute at University of California Lauren Headrick, MS, RDN University of Florida (Extension) Nicole Finkbeiner, PhD University of Maryland (Extension) Tisa Fontaine Hill, MPH Cornell University (Extension) Anne Hoisington, MS Oregon State University (Extension) Christine Hradek, MPH Iowa State University (Extension)

Kristie Hubbard, PhD, MPH, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Western Regional Office Lisa Irving New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance Sarah Jones, MS, RDN Michigan Fitness Foundation Donna Johnson-Bailey, MPH, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Supports Usha Kalro, MS, RDN, LD USDA Food and Nutrition Service Laura Kettel-Khan, PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kamaljeet Khaira, MS Public Health Institute (formerly) Jennifer Leeman, DrPH, MDiv, MPH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Theresa LeGros, MA The University of Arizona (Extension) Katie Lewis California Department of Social Services Catherine Lillehoj, PhD Iowa Department of Public Health Melinda M. Manore, PhD, RD, CSSD, FACSM Oregon State University (Extension) Iris Matthews, MPA The Stellar Group (Alaska) Melissa Maulding, MS, RDN Purdue Extension Caitlin Merlo, MPH, RDN Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Megan Mikkelsen, MPH Washington Department of Health

Fred Molitor, PhD California Department of Public Health

Jill Armstrong Shultz, PhD Washington State University (Extension)

Doris Montgomery, MS, RDN, LD Iowa Department of Public Health; ASNNA

Anita Singh, PhD, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service

Star Morrison, MS, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Mountain Plains Regional Office

Laura Stephenson, PhD The University of Tennessee (Extension)

Janet Tietyen Mullins, PhD, RDN University of Kentucky (Extension)

Mary Story, PhD, RDN Duke Global Health Institute at Duke University

Rachel Novotny, PhD, RDN, LD University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa

Allison Teeter, PhD Kansas State University

Stephany Parker, PhD Oklahoma State University

Denise Wall, MPH, RDN Pennsylvania State University

Jon Perrott, MPA Texas A&M (Extension)

NCCOR SNAP-Ed Evaluation December 2015 Workshop Participants

Josh Phelps, PhD University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Alice S. Ammerman DrPH, RDN University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Nancy Ranieri, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Midwest Regional Office

Karen Biala, MS USDA Food and Nutrition Service

Jessica Rochester, MPH Minnesota Department of Human Services Kira Rodriguez, MHS University of New England Jeanmarie Salie, MPH, CHES The University of Tennessee (Extension) Amanda Samuels, MS, MPH NCCOR Coordinating Center, FHI 360 Marci Scott, PhD, RDN Michigan Fitness Foundation; ASNNA Angela Senger-Mersich, MS Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (Extension) Karla Pagan Shelnutt, PhD, RD University of Florida at Gainsville (Extension)

Pamela Bruno, MPH University of New England Carlye Burd, MPH, MS Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Michael Burke, PhD, MPH USDA Food and Nutrition Service Doris Chin, MPH, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office Helen Chipman, PhD, RDN USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Kathleen M. Cullinen, PhD, RDN Michigan Fitness Foundation Rachel Dannefer, MPH, MIA New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene

Molly Demarco, PhD University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Jane Duffield, MPA USDA Food and Nutrition Service Justin Fast Michigan Fitness Foundation Sheila Fleischhacker, PhD, JD National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Susan B. Foerster, MPH (ret.) California Department of Public Health; ASNNA Stephanie George, PhD, MPH National Institute of Health Joanne Guthrie, PhD, MPH, RDN USDA Economic Research Service Anne Hoisington, MS Oregon State University (Extension) Jan Jernigan, PhD Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Usha Kalro, MS, RDN, LD USDA Food and Nutrition Service Allison Karpyn, PhD University of Delaware Christi Kay, EdM HealthMPowers, Inc.; ASNNA Theresa LeGros, MA The University of Arizona (Extension) Anne R. Lindsay, PhD, MS University of Nevada Reno (Extension) Jerold Mande, MPH USDA Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services Kathleen Manenica, MS, CN Washington State University (Extension)

Heather Miles, MA

Oregon Department of Human Services Barbara MkNelly, MS University of California Davis (Extension) Star Morrison, MS, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Mountain Plains Regional Office Andrew (Riesenberg) Naja-Riese, MSPH USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Western Regional Office Angela Odoms-Young, PhD University of Illinois Chicago Sarah L. Panken, MS, MA Michigan Fitness Foundation Daniel Perales, DrPH, MPH Perales & Associates Evaluation Services Suzanne Rauzon, MPH, RDN University of California Berkeley Susan Roberts, PhD Tufts University Marlene Schwartz, PhD University of Connecticut Marci Scott, PhD, RDN Michigan Fitness Foundation; ASNNA Anita Singh, PhD, RDN USDA Food and Nutrition Service Sharon Sugerman, MS, RDN, FADA Public Health Institute Tina Tamai, MPH, JD Hawaii Department of Health Claire Wang, ScD, MD Columbia University Dianne Ward, PhD University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Lauren MacKenzie Whetstone, PhD Nutrition Policy Institute at University of California