Earth Science Chapter 11 Section 1 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____
1. Which of the following is NOT a major factor that influences the strength of a rock? a. time c. age of rock b. rock type d. temperature
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2. All changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body are called ____. a. faulting c. folding b. deformation d. stress
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3. Under which of the following conditions do rocks exhibit ductile deformation? a. low temperature c. low confining pressure b. being near the Earth’s surface d. high confining pressure
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4. Which of the following combinations should favor folding rather than faulting? a. high temperature and low confining pressure b. low confining pressure and low temperature c. high confining pressure and low temperature d. high temperature and high confining pressure
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5. As heat and pressure increase, ductile deformation ____. a. stops occurring c. becomes more likely b. becomes less likely d. is replaced by elastic deformation
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6. Once the elastic limit of rock is surpassed, which of the following may occur? a. The rock may fracture. b. The rock may undergo ductile deformation. c. The rock may flow. d. all of the above
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7. Which of the following is NOT a form of rock deformation? a. elastic deformation c. erosional deformation b. ductile deformation d. brittle deformation
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8. Deformation in which the object returns to its original shape and size after the stress is removed is called ____. a. elastic deformation c. brittle deformation b. ductile deformation d. strain deformation
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9. Brittle deformation is generally seen in ____. a. rocks with strong internal molecular bonds b. gypsum and shale c. rocks far below Earth’s surface d. limestone and schist
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Name: ________________________
ID: A
____ 10. The type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and shape without fracturing is called ____. a. brittle deformation c. elastic deformation b. ductile deformation d. stress deformation ____ 11. A material that undergoes tensional stress tends to ____. a. shorten c. become distorted b. stretch d. become less dense ____ 12. Which of the following is NOT a type of stress seen in rocks? a. shear stress c. compressional stress b. tensional stress d. transitional stress ____ 13. Folding is usually the result of ____. a. tensional stresses b. shear stresses
c. d.
faulting compressional stresses
____ 14. Tensional stresses commonly cause which of the following? a. strike-slip faults c. thrust faults b. reverse faults d. normal faults ____ 15. Compressional stresses can result in the formation of ____. a. rift valleys c. thrust faults b. horsts and grabens d. normal faults
____ 16. What type of stresses have the rocks undergone to form the structures in Figure 11-1? a. shear stresses c. tensional stresses b. compressional stresses d. none of the above ____ 17. What type of faults are shown in Figure 11-1? a. strike-slip faults c. b. normal faults d.
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reverse faults thrust faults
Name: ________________________
ID: A
____ 18. A fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall is a ____. a. normal fault c. thrust fault b. reverse fault d. strike-slip fault ____ 19. Faults in which movement is mainly horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault surface are called ____. a. reverse faults c. strike-slip faults b. thrust faults d. normal faults
____ 20. According to Figure 11-2, what type of structure does diagram A represent? a. normal fault c. dome b. syncline d. basin ____ 21. According to Figure 11-2, what type of structure does diagram B represent? a. dome c. anticline b. basin d. horst ____ 22. In diagram A of Figure 11-2, where would the oldest rock layers be located? a. at C b. at D c. between C and D d. The answer cannot be determined. ____ 23. In diagram B of Figure 11-2, where would the oldest rock layers be located? a. at E b. at F c. between E and F d. The answer cannot be determined.
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Name: ________________________
ID: A
Completion Complete each statement. 24. The general term that refers to all changes in the original shape and/or size of a rock body is____________________.
25. ____________________ is the force per unit area acting on a solid.
26. When a rock is permanently altered by folding or flowing, it is said to have undergone ____________________ deformation.
27. Forces that pull apart rocks or Earth’s crust are called ____________________ stresses.
28. A distortion in rock with no change in volume is caused by ____________________ stress.
29. Troughs or downfolds in rock layers are called ____________________.
30. A(n) ____________________ is a fracture in rock along which no appreciable movement has occurred.
31. A low-angle fault in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall is called a(n) ____________________ fault.
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Name: ________________________
ID: A
Short Answer 32. List the factors that influence the strength of a rock and affect how it will deform.
33. What is the change in shape or volume of a body of rock as a result of stress called?
34. Briefly explain the difference between elastic deformation, ductile deformation, and brittle deformation.
35. List the three types of stresses.
36. Describe anticlines and synclines.
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Name: ________________________
ID: A
Essay 37. Briefly describe the relative movements and dominant stresses involved in the four major types of faults.
SHORT ANSWER 32. ANS: temperature, confining pressure, time, and rock type PTS: 1 33. ANS: strain
DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.1
PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.1 34. ANS: In elastic deformation, once the stresses are removed, the deformed body returns to its original shape and size; in ductile deformation, the body undergoes a permanent change in shape and/or size without fracturing; in brittle deformation, the body breaks or fractures once its strength is exceeded. PTS: 1 DIF: L2 OBJ: 11.2 35. ANS: tensional stress, compressional stress, and shear stress PTS: 1 DIF: L1 OBJ: 11.3 36. ANS: Anticlines are formed from the upfolding or arching of rock layers; synclines are downfolds or troughs. PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: 11.4
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ID: A ESSAY 37. ANS: Normal faults are relatively high-angle faults in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. Normal faults result from tensional stresses and result in the stretching or extension of the crust. Reverse faults are relatively high-angle faults in which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. These faults are caused by compressional stresses and result in the thickening and shortening of rocks or the crust. Thrust faults are low-angle reverse faults with the hanging wall moving up relative to the footwall. Because of their low angle, most of the movement in a thrust fault is in a horizontal direction. Thrust faults are caused by compressional stresses and result in thickening and shortening of the crust. In strike-slip faults, the movement is mainly in a horizontal direction and parallel to the trend, or strike, of the fault. Strike-slip faults are commonly caused by shear stresses. PTS: 1
