Name: Date: Chapter 1 Section Notes Section 1-1: The Earliest Americans Define the following terms by matching the word to its definition: 1. Archaeology_____ 2. Artifacts_____ 3. Paleo-Indians_____ 4. Migration_____ 5. Hunter-gatherers_____ 6. Environments_____ 7. Societies_____ 8. Culture_____ 9. Domestication_____ 10. Maize_____ 11. Glyphs_____

a. Movement of people from one region to another b. A group that shares a common culture c. Native American word for corn d. Symbols that represent ideas e. Term to describe common values and traditions f. The first human inhabitants of the Americas g. Study of the unwritten past h. Remains of objects made by humans i. Process of breeding plants or animals to meet human needs j. People who live by hunting animals and gathering wild plants k. Climates and landscapes that surround living things

Thoroughly answer the following questions: 12. (a) During what “age” did people first begin to arrive in the Americas? (b) Where did they come from? c) How did they cross over to North America? (a) During the last Ice Age (b) Came from Asia (c) Crossed over the Bering Strait Land Bridge, which was exposed due to lower sea levels at the time. Much of the Earth’s water was “locked” in the planet’s polar ice caps 13. (a) How do scientists study these ancient peoples? (b) What evidence is there of their existence, lives, and cultures? (a) Scientists study these people mainly through archaeology (b) Evidence: artifacts such as tools, weapons, rock/wall drawings 14. (a) What factors influenced the development of various cultures in the Americas? (b) What were some ways in which these societies provided for themselves (food, shelter, etc.)? (a) Environment, climate, what types of natural resources were available to them (b) Hunted and gathered what they needed. Used animals for food, tools, fur, etc. Used wood and other building materials to provide various types of shelter and homes 15. What were the three of the major cultures and empires of Mesoamerica, and what were their characteristics? (a) Aztecs: large civilization built through conquest. Utilized agriculture, advanced science, engineering, architecture

(b) Mayans: advanced civilization with advanced knowledge of mathematics, science, astronomy, etc. Located in southern Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula; known for Mayan calendar, which was important for agriculture (planting and harvesting of crops) (c) Incans: located in the Andes Mtns in South America. Also built empire through conquest. Centralized government with an emperor, and then smaller regional governments. Built extensive network of roads that allowed both transportation, trade, and communication 16. What were two of the major cultures of North America, and what were their characteristics? (a) Anasazi: located in modern southwestern United States near the “four corners region”; built homes from adobe brick, often on the sides of cliffs, canyons, and mesas (b) Mississippian and Hopewell cultures in eastern United States; advanced cultures that used agriculture; built mounds to bury dead and honor ancestors and spirits Section 1-2: Cultural Areas in North America Define the following terms by matching the word with its definition: 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Kayaks_____ Igloos_____ Totems_____ Potlatches_____ Kivas_____ Wigwams_____ Longhouses_____ Iroquois League_____

a. Confederation of Native American tribes in the northeastern area of North America b. Round ceremonial rooms used by the Native American tribes of the Southwest c. Round huts used by the Native Americans of the Southeast d. Spirits of ancestors or animals carved into poles by the Native Americans of the Pacific coast e. Special events at which hosts would give away belongings in order to gain respect f. Canoes used by the Native Americans of the far north g. Dome-shaped Homes made of blocks of ice and other materials h. Rectangular homes made from logs and bark

Thoroughly answer the following questions: 25. How did Native Americans of the Far North adapt to the harsh environment and living conditions? Discuss (a) food and (b) shelter in your answer. (a) Hunted and fished for food such as whales, seals, walrus, caribou, reindeer, etc. (b) Used ice and snow, what little wood was available for building shelters and homes such as igloos 26. (a) What were some cultural characteristics of the Native Americans of the Pacific Coast? (b) Why did they have little need for agriculture? (a) Held potlatches at which the host would give away items to gain respect; carved totems to honor ancestors and spirits (b) Environment provided ample food and resources; hunted for game, gathered various nuts, berries, etc.; trees provided building materials, wood for canoes, etc. 27. (a) How did Native Americans of the West and Southwest adapt to the dry climate? (b) How did various tribes provide themselves with food and shelter?

(a) Pueblo tribe built homes from mud and grass bricks called adobe, which is a good insulator (keeps you cool during warm weather and warm during cool weather) (b) Used irrigation to practice agriculture; grew various crops such as beans, maize (corn), squash, etc. Religious practices were often centered around desire to bring good weather, harvest, etc. 28. (a) What were some tribes of the Great Plains? (b) What was a major source of food and resources for these Native Americans? (a) Sioux, Apache, Comanche, etc. (b) Relied upon buffalo herds for food and other resources such as clothing, building materials, etc. 29. (a) What were some tribes of the East and Southeast? (b) Explain how these tribes were able to use the environment to their advantage. (a) Examples of tribes include the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Seminole tribes (b) Practiced agriculture, taking advantage of fertile soil, ample water supplies (rivers and streams) for irrigation as well as fishing; plentiful forests provided wood for building materials for homes such as wigwams 30. (a) Describe the Native Americans known as the Iroquois. (b) What kind of homes did they live in? (c) What type of government did they practice? (a) Iroquois were a confederation of various tribes in what is today the NE part of the US, Great Lakes region (b) Longhouses (c) Confederation; loose alliance of tribes that worked together; matriarchal society (traced lineage through their mothers’ families) Section 1-3: Europe During the Middle Ages Define the following terms by matching the word with its definition: 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

Eric the Red_____ Leif Eriksson_____ Middle Ages_____ Feudalism_____ Manors_____ William of Normandy_____ King John_____ Magna Carta_____

a. Viking leader that founded a colony in North America b. Period of history that began after the fall of the Roman Empire c. Large estates belonging to nobles d. Political system in which vassals pledged loyalty to a lord in exchange for land and protection e. Viking leader who colonized Greenland f. Document that guaranteed certain rights to the English nobility during the Middle Ages g. Conquered England in the year 1066 h. English king that was accused of abusing his power

Thoroughly answer the following questions: 39. (a) Describe the Vikings. (b) From which part of Europe did they originate? (c) In what areas of the world did they conquer/settle? (d) What kinds of ships did they use? (e) Where in North America did they found a settlement and what was it called? Did this settlement succeed or fail, and why?

(a) Fierce warriors and sailors that both conquered and traded throughout Europe and parts of Asia during the Middle Ages (b) Originated in the region known as Scandinavia in northern Europe (c) Settled/conquered areas of Europe, Africa, Asia, and even North America (d) Founded a settlement called Vinland in present day Newfoundland in Canada (e)This settlement failed, possibly due to starvation, disease, or warfare with the natives 40. Describe the system of government known as feudalism. Vassals pledged allegiance and loyalty to a lord, from peasants at the bottom of social ladder all the way to the king at the top; received land and protection in return for giving parts of their harvest to a lord and also agreeing to serve in their lord’s army 41. Describe the role of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. (a) Catholic Church was center of social and spiritual life (b) Cared for the sick and the poor (c) Influenced politics and culture throughout Europe; the Pope approved the positions of various kings throughout Europe (d) Paid for building of churches, cathedrals, etc. (e) Tightly controlled education and knowledge, especially that of the Roman Empire and ancient Greece (f) Much of Europe’s wealth controlled by the Church 42. Describe the changes that occurred during the Middle Ages. Include changes in (a) politics, (b) farming, and (c) trade in your answer. (a) Rise of modern nations such as England and France; new political ideas: King John of England forced to sign Magna Carta, guaranteeing certain rights to the nobility of England (no taxation without representation, king was not above law, etc.) (b) Advancements in agricultural techniques, technology such as oxen drawn plows, windmills to grind flour, etc. (c) Crusades brought about new desire to trade Section 1-4: Trade Across Continents Define the following terms by matching the word with its definition: 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

Muhammad_____ Islam_____ Crusades_____ Genghis and Kublai Khan_____ Silk Road_____ Zheng He_____ Mansa Musa_____

a. Father and son who led the Mongol Empire b. Trade route that connected Europe and the Far East c. Chinese admiral who led a huge fleet of ships d. Prominent African leader of the Middle Ages e. Series of Christian military expeditions to the Holy Land f. Prophet whose messages were written down in the Qur’an g. Religion founded by the followers of Muhammad

Thoroughly answer the following questions: 50. (a) Describe the spread of Islam. (b) Who was its “founder”? (c) What were some contributions of Muslim scholars? (a) Islam spread through word of mouth, trade, and conquest in a very short period of time throughout the Middle East, Asia, Northern Africa, and Europe (b) “Founded” by Muhammad and his followers (c) Contributions of Muslim scholars in mathematics, science, politics, etc. 51. (a) What were the Crusades? (b) Who commissioned these expeditions? (c) How were the Crusades a failure, and (d) how were the Crusades a success? (a) Crusades were a series of military expeditions to reconquer the Holy Land in the name of Christianity (b) Commissioned by the Pope, leader of the Catholic Church (c) Failure in military terms; could never fully conquer the area, only cities and settlements for a limited period of time (d) Successful in that it led to a greater interest in trade and exploration of the world outside of Europe 52. (a) Describe the Mongol Empire. (b) Who were its leaders? (c) How did Mongol leaders expand trade? (d) What type of animal did the Mongols rely heavily upon? (a) Mongol Empire was largest empire in history, stretched from the Pacific Ocean and Asia to the Black Sea and Europe (Covered most of Asia) (b) the “Khans”, such as Genghis Khan and his grandson Kublai Khan (c) Expanded trade along the Silk Road, as well as through their navy (d) Relied heavily upon the horse for transportation, combat, and resources such as milk and meat