Major CPU Design Steps 1 Using independent RTN, write the microoperations required for all target ISA instructions. 2 Construct the datapath required by the microoperations identified in step 1. 3 Identify and define the function of all control signals needed by the datapath.

3 Control unit design, based on micro-operation timing and control signals identified: - Hard-Wired: Finite-state machine implementation. - Microprogrammed. EECC550 - Shaaban #1 Lec # 4

Winter 2000

12-13-2000

Datapath Design Steps • Write the micro-operation sequences required for a number of representative instructions using independent RTN. • From the above, create an initial datapath by determining possible destinations for each data source (i.e registers, ALU). – This establishes the connectivity requirements (data paths, or connections) for datapath components. – Whenever multiple sources are connected to a single input, a multiplexer of appropriate size is added.

• Find the worst-time propagation delay in the datapath to determine the datapath clock cycle. • Complete the micro-operation sequences for all remaining instructions adding connections/multiplexers as needed. EECC550 - Shaaban #2 Lec # 4

Winter 2000

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MIPS Instruction Formats 31

R-Type

26 op

rs

6 bits

I-Type: ALU

31

26

31

J-Type: Jumps

5 bits

11

6

0

rd

shamt

funct

5 bits

5 bits

6 bits

16

0 immediate

rt 5 bits

16 bits

26 op 6 bits

• • • • • •

5 bits 21

rs

6 bits

16 rt

5 bits

op

Load/Store, Branch

21

0 target address 26 bits

op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. rs, rt, rd: The source and destination register specifiers. shamt: Shift amount. funct: selects the variant of the operation in the “op” field. address / immediate: Address offset or immediate value. target address: Target address of the jump instruction.

EECC550 - Shaaban #3 Lec # 4

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MIPS R-Type (ALU) Instruction Fields R-Type: All ALU instructions that use three registers OP

rs

6 bits

5 bits

rt 5 bits

rd

shamt

funct

5 bits

5 bits

6 bits

• op: Opcode, basic operation of the instruction. – For R-Type op = 0 • rs: The first register source operand. • rt: The second register source operand. • rd: The register destination operand. • shamt: Shift amount used in constant shift operations. • funct: Function, selects the specific variant of operation in the op field. Operand register in rs Destination register in rd

Examples:

add $1,$2,$3 sub $1,$2,$3

Operand register in rt

and $1,$2,$3 or $1,$2,$3

EECC550 - Shaaban #4 Lec # 4

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MIPS ALU I-Type Instruction Fields I-Type ALU instructions that use two registers and an immediate value Loads/stores, conditional branches.

• • • •

OP

rs

rt

6 bits

5 bits

5 bits

immediate 16 bits

op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. rs: The register source operand. rt: The result destination register. immediate: Constant second operand for ALU instruction. Source operand register in rs Result register in rt

Examples:

add immediate:

addi $1,$2,100

and immediate

andi $1,$2,10

Constant operand in immediate

EECC550 - Shaaban #5 Lec # 4

Winter 2000

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MIPS Load/Store I-Type Instruction Fields OP

rs

rt

6 bits

5 bits

5 bits

address 16 bits

• op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. – For load op = 35, for store op = 43. • rs: The register containing memory base address. • rt: For loads, the destination register. For stores, the source register of value to be stored. • address: 16-bit memory address offset in bytes added to base register. base register in rs

Offset

Examples:

source register in rt

Store word:

sw 500($4), $3

Load word:

lw $1, 30($2)

Destination register in rt

base register in rs Offset

EECC550 - Shaaban #6 Lec # 4

Winter 2000

12-13-2000

MIPS Branch I-Type Instruction Fields

• • • •

OP

rs

rt

6 bits

5 bits

5 bits

address 16 bits

op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. rs: The first register being compared rt: The second register being compared. address: 16-bit memory address branch target offset in words added to PC to form branch address. Register in rt Register in rs

Examples:

Branch on equal

beq $1,$2,100

Branch on not equal

bne $1,$2,100

offset in bytes equal to instruction field address x 4

EECC550 - Shaaban #7 Lec # 4

Winter 2000

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MIPS J-Type Instruction Fields J-Type: Include jump j, jump and link jal OP

jump target

6 bits

26 bits

• op: Opcode, operation of the instruction. – Jump j op = 2 – Jump and link jal op = 3 • jump target: jump memory address in words. Jump memory address in bytes equal to instruction field jump target x 4

Examples:

Branch on equal

j 10000

Branch on not equal jal 10000

EECC550 - Shaaban #8 Lec # 4

Winter 2000

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A Subset of MIPS Instructions ADD and SUB: addU rd, rs, rt subU rd, rs, rt

31

OR Immediate: ori rt, rs, imm16

31

26 op

rs

6 bits

op

6 bits

31

6 bits

5 bits

rd

shamt

funct

5 bits

5 bits

6 bits 0

16 bits

0 immediate

5 bits

21 rs

0

16 rt

5 bits

6

immediate

5 bits

21 rs

11

16 rt

5 bits

26 op

5 bits

21 rs

LOAD and STORE Word lw rt, rs, imm16 31 26 sw rt, rs, imm16 op

16 rt

5 bits

26 6 bits

BRANCH: beq rs, rt, imm16

21

16 bits

16 rt 5 bits

0 immediate 16 bits

EECC550 - Shaaban #9 Lec # 4

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Instruction Processing Steps Instruction Fetch Next

Obtain instruction from program storage

Update program counter to address

Instruction

of next instruction

Instruction

Determine instruction type

Decode

Obtain operands from registers

Execute

Compute result value or status

Result Store

}

Common steps for all instructions

Store result in register/memory if needed (usually called Write Back).

EECC550 - Shaaban #10 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Overview of MIPS Instruction Micro-operations •

•

•

All instructions go through these two steps: – Send program counter to instruction memory and fetch the instruction. (fetch) – Read one or two registers, using instruction fields. (decode) • Load reads one register only. Additional instruction execution actions (execution) depend on the instruction in question, but similarities exist: – All instruction classes use the ALU after reading the registers: • Memory reference instructions use it for address calculation. • Arithmetic and logic instructions (R-Type), use it for the specified operation. • Branches use it for comparison. Additional execution steps where instruction classes differ: – Memory reference instructions: Access memory for a load or store. – Arithmetic and logic instructions: Write ALU result back in register. – Branch instructions: Change next instruction address based on comparison.

EECC550 - Shaaban #11 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

A Single Cycle Implementation Design target : A single-cycle instruction implementation All micro-operations of an instruction are to be carried out in a single system clock cycle.

EECC550 - Shaaban #12 Lec # 4

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Datapath Components Instruction Word

Two state elements needed to store and access instructions: 1 Instruction memory: • Only read access. • No read control signal. 2 Program counter: 32-bit register. • Written at end of every clock cycle: No write control signal. • 32-bit Adder: To compute the the next instruction address.

EECC550 - Shaaban #13 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

More Datapath Components Register File

Main ALU

Register File: • Contains all registers. • Two read ports and one write port. • Register writes by asserting write control signal • Writes are edge-triggered. • Can read and write to the same register in the same clock cycle.

EECC550 - Shaaban #14 Lec # 4

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Register File Details

RW RA RB

Write Enable 5

5

5

• Register File consists of 32 registers: busA – Two 32-bit output busses: busW 32 32 32-bit busA and busB 32 Registers busB Clk – One 32-bit input bus: busW 32 • Register is selected by: – RA (number) selects the register to put on busA (data): busA = R[RA] – RB (number) selects the register to put on busB (data): busB = R[RB] – RW (number) selects the register to be written via busW (data) when Write Enable is 1 Write Enable: R[RW] ← busW • Clock input (CLK) – The CLK input is a factor ONLY during write operations. – During read operation, it behaves as a combinational logic block: • RA or RB valid => busA or busB valid after “access time.”

EECC550 - Shaaban #15 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Idealized Memory

Write Enable

Address

Data In DataOut • Memory (idealized) 32 32 – One input bus: Data In. Clk – One output bus: Data Out. • Memory word is selected by: – Address selects the word to put on Data Out bus. – Write Enable = 1: address selects the memory word to be written via the Data In bus. • Clock input (CLK): – The CLK input is a factor ONLY during write operation, – During read operation, this memory behaves as a combinational logic block: • Address valid => Data Out valid after “access time.”

EECC550 - Shaaban #16 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

R-Type Example: Micro-Operation Sequence For ADDU addU rd, rs, rt OP

rs

6 bits

5 bits

rt 5 bits

rd

shamt

funct

5 bits

5 bits

6 bits

Instruction Word ← Mem[PC]

Fetch the instruction

PC ← PC + 4

Increment PC

R[rd] ← R[rs] + R[rt]

Add register rs to register rt result in register rd

EECC550 - Shaaban #17 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Building The Datapath Instruction Fetch & PC Update:

Portion of the datapath used for fetching instructions and incrementing the program counter.

EECC550 - Shaaban #18 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Simplified Datapath For R-Type Instructions

EECC550 - Shaaban #19 Lec # 4

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More Detailed Datapath For R-Type Instructions With Control Points Identified Rd Rs RegWr

5 Rw

32 Clk

Ra Rb

32 32-bit Registers

ALUctr

5 busA 32 busB

ALU

busW

5

Rt

Result 32

32

EECC550 - Shaaban #20 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

R-Type Register-Register Timing Clk Old Value Rs, Rt, Rd, Op, Func

PC

Clk-to-Q New Value Old Value

ALUctr

Old Value

RegWr

Old Value

busA, B

Old Value

busW

Old Value

Instruction Memory Access Time New Value Delay through Control Logic New Value New Value Register File Access Time New Value ALU Delay New Value

Rd Rs Rt RegWr 5 5 5 busA 32 busB 32

ALU

busW 32 Clk

Rw Ra Rb 32 32-bit Registers

Register Write Occurs Here

ALUct r Result 32

EECC550 - Shaaban #21 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Logical Operations with Immediate Example:

Micro-Operation Sequence For ORI ori rt, rs, imm16 31

26 op 6 bits

21

16

rs 5 bits

rt 5 bits

0 immediate 16 bits

Instruction Word ← Mem[PC]

Fetch the instruction

PC ← PC + 4

Increment PC

R[rt] ← R[rs] OR ZeroExt[imm16]

OR register rs with immediate field zero extended to 32 bits, result in register rt

EECC550 - Shaaban #22 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Datapath For Logical Instructions With Immediate Rd RegDst

Rt

Mux RegWr

5 Rw

busW

Rs 5 5

ALUctr busA

Ra Rb

32 Clk

ALU

32

32 32-bit Registers busB

16

ZeroExt

imm16

32

Mux

32

Result

32 ALUSrc

EECC550 - Shaaban #23 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Load Operations Example:

Micro-Operation Sequence For LW lw rt, rs, imm16 31

26 op 6 bits

21 rs 5 bits

16 rt 5 bits

0 immediate 16 bits

Instruction Word ← Mem[PC]

Fetch the instruction

PC ← PC + 4

Increment PC

R[rt] ← Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]]

Immediate field sign extended to 32 bits and added to register rs to form memory load address, word at load address to register rt

EECC550 - Shaaban #24 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Additional Datapath Components For Loads & Stores

Inputs for address and write (store) data Output for read (load) result

16-bit input sign-extended into a 32-bit value at the output

EECC550 - Shaaban #25 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Datapath For Loads Rd RegDst

Mux RegWr 5

32 Clk

Rs 5 5

ALUctr busA

Rw Ra Rb 32 32-bit Registers

32

32 ALUSrc

Mux

Extender

16

32 MemWr

Mux

busB 32

imm16

W_Src ALU

busW

Rt

WrEn Adr Data In 32 Clk

Data Memory

32

ExtOp

EECC550 - Shaaban #26 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Store Operations Example:

Micro-Operation Sequence For SW sw rt, rs, imm16 31

26 op 6 bits

21 rs 5 bits

16 rt 5 bits

0 immediate 16 bits

Instruction Word ← Mem[PC]

Fetch the instruction

PC ← PC + 4

Increment PC

Mem[R[rs] + SignExt[imm16]] ← R[rt]

Immediate field sign extended to 32 bits and added to register rs to form memory store address, register rt written to memory at store address.

EECC550 - Shaaban #27 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Datapath For Stores Rd RegDst

Rt

ALUctr

MemWr

W_Src

Mux RegWr 5

32 Clk

5

Rt 5 busA

Rw Ra Rb 32 32-bit Registers

32

WrEn Adr Data In 32

32

ExtOp

Mux

16

Extender

imm16

32

Mux

busB 32

ALU

busW

Rs

Clk

Data Memory

32

ALUSrc

EECC550 - Shaaban #28 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Conditional Branch Example:

Micro-Operation Sequence For BEQ beq rs, rt, imm16 31

26 op 6 bits

21 rs 5 bits

16 rt 5 bits

0 immediate 16 bits

Instruction Word ← Mem[PC]

Fetch the instruction

PC ← PC + 4

Increment PC

Equal ← R[rs] == R[rt]

Calculate the branch condition

if (COND eq 0) PC ← PC + 4 + ( SignExt(imm16) x 4 ) else PC ← PC + 4

Calculate the next instruction’s PC address

EECC550 - Shaaban #29 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

ALU to evaluate branch condition Adder to compute branch target: • Sum of incremented PC and the sign-extended lower 16-bits on the instruction.

Datapath For Branch Instructions

EECC550 - Shaaban #30 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

More Detailed Datapath For Branch Operations Cond

Instruction Address 32

4 Adder

00

32

PC

Mux Adder

PC Ext

imm16

RegWr 5 busW Clk

Rs 5

Rt 5

Rw Ra Rb 32 32-bit Registers

busA 32 busB 32

Equal?

nPC_sel

Clk

EECC550 - Shaaban #31 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Combining The Datapaths For Memory Instructions and R-Type Instructions

Highlighted muliplexors and connections added to combine the datapaths of memory and R-Type instructions into one datapath

EECC550 - Shaaban #32 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Instruction Fetch Datapath Added to ALU R-Type and Memory Instructions Datapath

EECC550 - Shaaban #33 Lec # 4

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A Simple Datapath For The MIPS Architecture Datapath of branches and a program counter multiplexor are added. Resulting datapath can execute in a single cycle the basic MIPS instruction: - load/store word - ALU operations - Branches

EECC550 - Shaaban #34 Lec # 4

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Single Cycle MIPS Datapath Necessary multiplexors and control lines are identified here:

EECC550 - Shaaban #35 Lec # 4

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Putting It All Together: A Single Cycle Datapath

nPC_sel

RegDst

00

MemtoReg

Rs Rt 5 busA Rw Ra Rb 32 32-bit Registers busB 32 5

imm16

16

0

1

32 Data In

32

ExtOp

Clk

0

32

Mux

Clk

Extender

Clk

=

32 Mux

PC

Mux Adder

PC Ext

imm16

ALUctr MemWr

Equal

ALU

Adder

32

Imm16

0

RegWr 5 busW

Rd

Rd Rt

1 4

Rt

Instruction



Rs



Adr





Inst Memory

WrEn Adr

1

Data Memory

ALUSrc

EECC550 - Shaaban #36 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Adding Support For Jump:

Micro-Operation Sequence For Jump: J j jump_target OP

Jump_target

6 bits

26 bits

Instruction Word ← Mem[PC]

Fetch the instruction

PC ← PC + 4

Increment PC

PC ← PC(31-28),jump_target,00

Update PC with jump address

EECC550 - Shaaban #37 Lec # 4

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Datapath For Jump Next Instruction Address 32

nPC_sel

4

JUMP

Adder

00

32

PC

Mux

Mux

Adder

imm16

PC Ext

Instruction(15-0)

32

4

Clk PC+4(31-28)

Instruction(25-0) jump_target

26

Shift left 2

28

32

EECC550 - Shaaban #38 Lec # 4

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Rd



Rs



Rt



Op Fun



Adr

Instruction

Instruction Memory

Imm16 Jump_target

Control Unit nPC_sel RegWr RegDst ExtOp ALUSrc ALUctr MemWr MemtoReg Jump

Equal

DATA PATH EECC550 - Shaaban #39 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

Single Cycle MIPS Datapath Extended To Handle Jump with Control Unit Added

EECC550 - Shaaban #40 Lec # 4

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Control Signal Generation See Appendix A

func 10 0000 10 0010

Don’t Care

op 00 0000 00 0000 00 1101 10 0011 10 1011 00 0100 00 0010 add

sub

ori

lw

sw

beq

jump

RegDst

1

1

0

0

x

x

x

ALUSrc

0

0

1

1

1

0

x

MemtoReg

0

0

0

1

x

x

x

RegWrite

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

MemWrite

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

nPCsel

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Jump

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

ExtOp

x

x

0

1

1

x

x

Add

Subtract

Or

Add

Add

Subtract

xxx

ALUctr

EECC550 - Shaaban #41 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

The Concept of Local Decoding op

00 0000

00 1101 10 0011 10 1011 00 0100 00 0010

R-type

ori

lw

sw

beq

jump

RegDst

1

0

0

x

x

x

ALUSrc

0

1

1

1

0

x

MemtoReg

0

0

1

x

x

x

RegWrite

1

1

1

0

0

0

MemWrite

0

0

0

1

0

0

Branch

0

0

0

0

1

0

Jump

0

0

0

0

0

1

ExtOp

x

0

1

1

x

x

“R-type”

Or

Add

Add

Subtract

xxx

ALUop

func op 6

Main Control

6 ALUop

ALUctr 3 ALU

N

ALU Control (Local)

EECC550 - Shaaban #42 Lec # 4

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Local Decoding of “func” Field func op

Main Control

6

ALU Control (Local)

6 ALUop N

ALUop (Symbolic) ALUop funct

ALUctr 3

R-type

ori

lw

sw

“R-type”

Or

Add

0 10

0 00

1 00

Instruction Operation add

10 0010

subtract

10 0100

and

10 0101

or

10 1010

set-on-less-than

ALU

10 0000

ALUctr

beq

jump

Add

Subtract

xxx

0 00

0 01

xxx

ALUctr

ALU Operation

000

Add

001

Subtract

010

And

110

Or

111

Set-on-less-than

EECC550 - Shaaban #43 Lec # 4

Winter 2000 12-13-2000

The Truth Table for ALUctr funct

ALUop (Symbolic) ALUop

Instruction Op.

0000

add

beq

0010

subtract

R-type

ori

lw

sw

“R-type”

Or

Add

Add

Subtract

0100

and

0 10

0 00

0 00

0 01

0101

or

1010

set-on-less-than

1 00

ALUop

func

bit bit bit

bit bit bit bit

ALU Operation

ALUctr bit bit bit

0

0

0

x

x

x

x

Add

0

1

0

0

x

1

x

x

x

x

Subtract

1

1

0

0

1

x

x

x

x

x

Or

0

0

1

1

x

x

0

0

0

0

Add

0

1

0

1

x

x

0

0

1

0

Subtract

1

1

0

1

x

x

0

1

0

0

And

0

0

0

1

x

x

0

1

0

1

Or

0

0

1

1

x

x

1

0

1

0

Set on