“DIAMANT” Special Products for the Oil, Gas and Chemical Industries

DIAMANT Metallplastic GmbH is a highly specialized manufacturer of cold curing polymer composite materials. DIAMANT products are used all over the world for the protection, renovation, repair and maintenance of metals which are subjected to the most severe chemical and mechanical conditions.

Research, development and testing of our products are done in our own laboratories and in cooperation with recognized institutes worldwide.

For decades, DIAMANT products have been used under own label or OEM in the oil and gas industries as well as related branches. Specialized service companies all over the world rely on our DIAMANT products and services. The long term durability and safety of DIAMANT products has been proven by practice and intensive laboratory test. The Russian oil company GAZPROM simulated the ageing of renovated defects under different mechanical impacts as pressure and vibrations as well as under weathering and thermal load. The studies resulted in a 10 year guarantee for repair areas in pipelines, valves, compressors etc. (full test report available on request; the summary is attached to this brochure).

This brochure is aimed at exemplifying the application of DIAMANT products in the oil and gas industry as well as chemical companies. It also provides for each product group a short technical description. More detailed information can be obtained from our technical brochures which are available on request.

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1. Sealing of corroded welding seams Leakages of welding seams of an empty oil storage tank have been repaired with UltraMetal Steel.

UltraMetal Steel was applied on the exterior wall after thorough cleaning and roughening of the surface. Extreme protection is achieved by the following procedure with Dichtol and UltraMetal Steel: The cleaned and sand blasted welding seams are first impregnated with Dichtol which penetrates in the porosities (without pressure or vacuum) thus sealing them inside; after curing of Dichtol the remaining spot is then UltraMetal Steel applied.

Example 1:

The requirements were: longterm corrosion protection, resistance to gasoline, resistance to temperature cycles between –30 and 60°C. The pressure resistance to 10 bar was checked by an independent test institute.

Example 2:

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2. Repair of pitching in a corroded storage tank with UltraMetal Steel

The holes in the tank were closed with paste-like UltraMetal Steel P and glass fibre reinforcement. The surface was subsequently covered with a top coat of liquid UltraMetal Steel FL.

3. Repair of a pipeline with UltraMetal ST (Superthixo) A gas pipeline with a wall thickness of 16,5 mm and diameter of 1320 mm showed corroded areas at the underside. The depth of the defects were 4 to 10 mm. The repair was carried out by the service company Spezneftegas (Russia) with UltraMetal ST (“Superthixo”) which provides a very high sag resistance. Curing was accelerated by a tent covering the spot and heating by a mobile heater to about 50°C.

4. Pump station – repair on oily surfaces with UltraMetal Rapid and Steel

The renovations were carried out on oily surfaces with the special grade UltraMetal Rapid which is the ideal material for emergency repairs. UltraMetal Rapid has been approved by Lloyds.

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5. Repair and long term protection of a storage tank with UltraMetal Steel, FlexCoat and ProChem 1931 After repairing of the corroded areas with UltraMetal Steel, the outside of the tank was coated with FlexCoat. FlexCoat was specificly developed for large tanks which require flexible coatings due to the cyclical mechanical and thermal loads they are subjected to. For the coating of the inside of storage tanks – in particular the heavily corroded bottom of crude oil tanks – DIAMANT developed ProChem 1931. It offers the broadest resistance against a variety of aggressive chemicals. ProChem 1931 can be sprayed. Applications see below.

6. Protection of large areas against chemical attacks with ProChem 1931 Extreme protection of large areas is carried out with ProChem 1931 which offers the unique capability to protect against a very broad range of chemicals; i.e. highly concentrated acids, lyes and aggressive organic compounds. ProChem can be sprayed with a 2-component spray equipment at about 50°C and 300 bar. The photos below show a tanker for the transport of concentrated sulphuric acid and the coating of an exhaust system which is operated at 155°C.

-57. DIAMANT pressure tests of UltraMetal 1250 on oily surfaces

Hole sizes between 6mm and 26mm were filled in a special process. Pressurizing until burst was videotaped enabling DIAMANT researchers to analyse and optimize the safety of the materials. The burst pressure ranged between 150 and 250 bar. Further systematic studies have been conducted investigating the parameters which have an impact on the burst pressure. Based on these tests, DIAMANT can provide a great deal of Know How and technical support to its customers.

8. Extreme repair with DIAMANT products at Gazprom The Russian oil- and gas company GAZPROM tested the reliability of extreme repairs as shown below: A hole in a corroded test specimen was widened to a slot. A steel reinforcement was introduced inside and fixed with UltraMetal Steel. The tube was then pressurized and simultaneously subjected to mechanical impact. Long term tests showed crack forming only after a few years at a pressure above 100 bar (see also attached summary of the test report).

-69. Pump and valve repair A broad variety of pumps and valves have been repaired with DIAMANT materials. 9.1. Repair of a crack in a valve with UltraMetal Iron

The pictures show the preparation of the repair area by widening the crack V-shaped, drilling holes at the end (to avoid propagating of the crack) and sand roughening of the surrounding surface. UM Iron was then pressed into the gap and onto the surface.

9.2 Precise adjustment of a shaft with PlasticMetal Steel

MM 110,

DIAMANT PlasticMetal products are composed of metal powder and hardener liquid which can be mixed in a free mixing ratio to a viscosity fitting exactly the individual requirement. Due to the fast curing within one hour, the precision adjustment of the loose shaft could be done within 1,5 h altogether.

9.3. Repair of a heavily worn housing with PlasticMetal Ceram or UltraMetal Ceram Extremely worn casings can be repaired with both, PlasticMetal Ceram or UltraMetal Ceram. Repaired areas often show a longer service life than the original parts due to the firm embedding of special ceramic fillers. PlasticMetal products have a much faster curing in addition to the free mixing ratio whereas UltraMetal Ceram is more resistant if the repair-area is subjected to high mechanical impact, vibrations and cyclical loads. UltraMetal is also preferred if the repair spot is larger than 100 cm2. The photos show the repair of an extremely worn housing with PlasticMetal Ceram and a steel mesh reinforcement which is additionally fixed with screws.

-7The following pages will give more technical information on the products (further information is available on request)

Page 08 to 14:

Summary of the Gazprom test report

Page 15:

Technical summary UltraMetal Steel, Cast Iron and Ceram

Page 16:

Technical summary UltraMetal Rapid

Page 17:

Technical summary UltraMetal ST Superthixo

Page 18:

Technical summary PlasticMetal

Page 19:

Technical summary Dichtol

Page 20:

Technical summary ProChem

Page 21:

Technical summary FlexCoat

“DIAMANT” Products for the Oil & Gas Industries

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Ergebnisauszug aus dem 211-seitigen Prüfbericht 12/98 Extract from Test results of 211 pages Test report 12/98 GAZPROM – Moskau

Thema:

Garantieuntersuchungen – 10 Jahre Lebensdauer der Reparaturen unter Witterungsbedingungen und zyklischen Kraftbelastungen

Theme:

Guaranty tests - 10 years repair service life under weathering conditions and cyclical loads

Prüfmaterial:

„DIAMANT“ MultiMetall Stahl

Tested Material:

"DIAMANT" MultiMetal Steel

Jahre years 3,5 7,0 10,0

Jahre years 3,5 7,0 10,0

Defect: round hole Ø 2 mm Fehlstelle: rundes Loch Ø 2 mm Prüfbericht Protokoll Rissbildung an Haftungsfläche Test Report Protocol Crack forming at adhesion surface Nr. / No. bei atm./ at bar N 35 > 270 N 47 > 268 N 77 > 274

Defect: long crack 25 x 2 mm Fehlstelle: länglicher Riss 25 x 2 mm Prüfbericht Protokoll Rissbildung an Haftungsfläche Test Report Protocol Crack forming at adhesion surface Nr. / No. bei atm./ at bar N 56 > 129 N 61 > 100 N 62 > 100

teilweise Ablösung Partial rupture bei atm. / at bar > 330 > 315 > 320

teilweise Ablösung Partial rupture bei atm. / at bar > 175 > 175 > 162

Nach diesen Ergebnissen erfolgte die Freigabe durch ein Leitpapier an alle Reparatur- und Instandhaltungsstationen die unter Verwaltung der GAZPROM stehen. Acc. to these results, GAZPROM acknowledged the repair for all Repair- and Maintenance-Stations under their control.

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Defekt „rundes Loch“ Defect "round hole"

Defekt "länglicher Riss" defect "long crack"

Fig. 2.24 Rohrmuster für Vibrationsprüfung Fig. 2.24 pipe specimen for vibration test

Fig. 2.3. Typisches Muster mit Defekt „rundes Loch“. Lebensdauerprobe 3,5 Jahre 330 atm. „Erschöpfungsdruck“ Fig. 2.3. typical specimen with defect "round hole". Service life test 3.5 years 330 bar "fatigue pressure"

Fig. 2.29 Experimentielle Anlage für Hermetische Fig. 2.29 Experimental unit for hermetical control

Fig. 2.13. Typisches Muster mit Defekt „rundes Loch“. Lebensdauerprobe 7 Jahre 315 atm. „Erschöpfungsdruck“.

Fig. 2.16. Typisches Muster mit Defekt „länglicher Riß“ Lebensdauerprobe 3,5 Jahre 175 atm. „Erschöpfungsdruck“.

Fig. 2.13. typical specimen with defect "round hole". Service life test 7 years 315 bar "fatigue pressure"

Fig. 2.16. typical specimen with defect "long crack" Service life test 3.5 years 175 bar "fatigue pressure"

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Stutzen Inlet

Defekt länglicher Riß defect long crack

Defekt rundes Loch defect round hole

Defekt Kaverne defect caverne

Fig. 2.20. Rohrmuster mit großem Durchmesser (Typ B) (alle Defekte auf dem Muster dargestellt) Fig. 2.20. pipe specimen with large diameter (Type B) (all defects marked on specimen)

Prüfmuster mit großem Durchmesser. Defekt „länglicher Riss“ vor und nach der Reparatur. Specimen with large diameter defect "long crack" before and after repair

Prüfmuster mit großem Durchmesser. Defekt „länglicher Riss“ nach der Reparatur. Specimen with large diameter defect "long crack" after repair

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Prüfmuster mit großem Durchmesser. Defekt „rundes Loch“ vor und nach der Reparatur. Specimen with large diameter. Defect "round hole" before and after repair.

Prüfmuster mit großem Durchmesser. Defekt „Riefen-Risse“ vor und nach der Reparatur. Specimen with large diameter. Defect "score-cracks" before and after repair.

-12Preparation principle of the linear defect and the application of the support plate

Repair principle of the through crack and the application of the support plate

Das Schema des Vorbereitens des linearen Fehlers und das Anbringen der Unterlegplatte

Das Schema der Reparatur des durchgehenden Fehlers mit der Verwendung der verstärkenden Metalllasche

(A)

a)

Abbildung 4

(B)

(C)

(D)

1 = Wand des Behälters 2 = Auftragen 3 = verstärkende Metalllasche 4 = zu reparierende Fehler

b)

1 = container wall 2 = application 3 = reinforcement 4 = defect to be repaired

c)

d)

Abbildung 5

a) 1 = das Zurichten des linearen Fehlers 2 = Vorbereitung der Unterlegplatte mit Drähten b) Einführen der Unterlegplatte am Fehler c) Anbringen der Unterlegplatte am Fehler d) der für die Reparatur vorbereitete Fehler

a) 1 = preparation of the linear defect 2 = preparation of reinforcement plate with wires b) insertion of plate into defective area c) fixing the plate inside the defective area d) defect prepared for repair

Repair principle of the through crack without reinforcement Das Schema der Reparatur des durchgehenden Fehlers ohne Versatzteil

1 = das zu reparierende Teil 2 = das Auftragen

1 = part to be repaired 2 = application

Abbildung 3

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Principle of measuring the maximum defect size and area Das Schema der Messungen der maximalen Größen des Fehlers bei der Bestimmung seiner Fläche

L = Länge des Fehlers B = Breite des Fehlers 1 = Fehler 2 = Rohr

L = defect length B = defect width 1 = defect 2 = pipe

Achse des Rohres pipe axis

Abbildung 1

Principle of marking Das Schema der Markierung und des Körnens im Bereich des reparierenden Fehlers 1 = das zu reparierende Teil 2 = der zu reparierende Fehler 3 = die Linie, die äquidistant dem Umriß des Fehlers ist 4 = Bereich des Körnens 1 = part to be repaired 2 = defect to be repaired 3 = line marking defect 4 = area of punching

Principle of overhead repair Das Schema der Reparatur über den Kopf

1 = das zu reparierende Teil 2 = die reparierende Stelle 3 = der Begrenzungsring 4 = die Glasbandverstärkung 5 = die provisorische Bandage 1 = part to be repaired 2 = repaired area 3 = limiting area 4 = glass fibre reinforcement 5 = provisional bandage

-14Principle of repair of a through defect using reinforcements Das Schema des Zurichtens des durchgehenden Fehlers unter der Verwendung des Versatzteiles und der verstärkenden Metalllasche

1 = der zu reparierende Abschnitt mit einem durchgehenden Fehler 2 = das Versatzteil 3 = Armierungsband 4 = Auftragen des Materials

1 = repair area with through crack 2 = reinforcement plate 3 = reinforcement tape 4 = application of material

Schicht des Verbundst. material coating steel sheet Lasche aus einem Stahlblech

Versatzteil reinforcement plate

-7Umriß des Flickens

repair area

Umriß des Fehlers

Schicht des Verbundstoffes container wall Wand des Beh.

defect to be repaired

Putty

steel sheet

Verkitten

Lasche aus einem Blech

der zu reparierende Fehler

material coating

Rohr pipe Flicken

repair area

Umriß des Feldes

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ultra metal ®

Cast Iron, Steel and Ceram

The UltraMetal series consists of cold curing 2 component polymer systems with selected fillers. UltraMetal has an excellent adhesion and almost no shrinkage on curing. As a result there is no tension in the repaired area and it is the ideal material for machines and equipment which are subjected to mechanical stress or vibrations and the like. As the processing time is at least 40 min UltraMetal is also the preferred material for large areas. UltraMetal Iron and Steel are general purpose materials for high quality repairs of iron or steel respectively. UltraMetal Ceram provides a long term wear resistance due to firmly embedded ceramic fillers.

Technical Data

Consistency Mixing ratio Resin/Hardener Specific weight Pot life Curing time (full load) Compressive strength Bending strength Tensile strength Hardness Shore D after 48 h Temperature resistance Colour Shelf life

Weight g / cm3 20°C /min. 20°C / h N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² °C Month

Cast Iron / Steel P

Cast Iron / Steel FL

Paste-like 10:1 2,3 60 24 160 89 76 89 - 40 / 160 Grey 24

liquid 10:1 2,1 60 24 156 87 77 87 - 40 / 160 Grey 24

Ceram

Ceram

P Paste-like 3,2:1 2,5 60 24 180 88 74 92 - 40 / 160 White 24

FL liquid 4,6:1 2,05 60 24 176 89 75 89 - 40 / 160 white 24

ultra metal ®

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Rapid

UltraMetal Rapid is a cold curing 2-component polymer metal which combines the advantages of the Ultrametal products with a very short cure time. It is filled with mineral combinations. Main fields of application are emergency repairs requiring a fast cure. For convenience the mixing ratio of UltraMetal Rapid is 1:1 by weight or volume. A twin injector is available. Due to special additives UltraMetal Rapid can be applied directly onto oily, greasy or gasoline-soiled surfaces. Leakages under moderate pressure can be sealed on ground of the rapid curing time.

Technical Data Consistency Mixing ratio Resin/Hardener Mixing ratio Resin/Hardener Specific weight Pot life Curing time

Weight Volume g / cm3 20°C /min. 20°C / h

Compressive strength Bending strength Tensile strength Hardness Shore D after 48 h Temperature resistance Colour Shelf life

N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² °C Month

paste 1:1 1:1 1,5 3 0,5 (light load) 1,0 (full load) 155 79 60 86 -30/+100 Grey ~ 12

Pressure Test by Lloyds on dry, wet and oily surfaces: Test Material: Base material: Adhesion surface: Temperature:

Adhesion Surface dry wet oily oily oily

Thickness d (mm) 10 10 10 10 10

UltraMetal R ST 37 – 2 grit blasted, dry / wet / oily RT & 60°C

Curing time (h)

Curing temperature

max. pressure P (bar)

6 6 6 6 24

RT RT RT 60°C 60°C

> 250 > 150 > 100 > 150 > 120

Quality Engineering Quality planing, construction supervision, testing, QA/QC manuals, commissioning Blohm+ Voss AG Abteilung TQ 14 Hermann-Blohm-Straße 3 2000 Hamburg 11

ultra metal ®

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Superthixo

UltraMetal Superthixo is a special formulation with drip-proof viscosity for thick vertical or overhead coatings. UltraMetal Superthixo - is based on the standard UltraMetal Steel formulation with a very high content of metallic-ceramic filler combinations - was formulated for deep, large defects to be repaired in one application process - is the ideal formulation to repair & maintain defects caused by erosion, corrosion, cavitation, abrasion and to build-up or replace worn, defective or broken edges, surfaces, vertical rims in all kinds of industries.

Technical Data Consistency Mixing ratio Resin/Hardener Specific weight Pot life Curing time Fully cured / chemically fully resistant Compressive strength Bending strength Tensile strength Hardness Shore D after 48 h Temperature resistance Color Shelf life

Weight g / cm3 20°C /min. 20°C / h 20°C / days N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² °C Month

putty 10:1 2,0 50 24 7 165 85 74 >80 -20/+160 Grey ~ 12

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Cast Iron and Ceram The PlasticMetal series consists of a liquid hardener and a powder containing metals, fillers and additives. Both components can be mixed in a free mixing ratio. As a result almost any viscosity from liquid to paste can be mixed with one package. Further advantages are the high chemical and thermal resistance. Due to the short curing time PlasticMetal is mostly used for smaller areas. The repair spots can be machined after half an hour. PlasticMetal Ceram is a special grade for highly wear resistant repairs. DIAMANT offers a great variety of further metal powders and special hardeners to meet individual requirements (see technical brochure).

Technical Data 1) Consistency Mixing ratio Powder/Hardener liquid Specific weight Pot life Curing time (full load) Compressive strength Bending strength Tensile strength Hardness Shore D after 48 h Temperature resistance Colour Shelf life

Weight g / cm3 20°C /min. 20°C / h N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² °C Month

liquid to paste free! (min. 2 parts metal powder) depending on the mixing ratio 1.2 - 5 10 - 20 2 ca. 160 95 86 85 - 92 with hardener liquid WF up to +250°C continuous load metallic or white (Ceram) 12

1) The values represent average values.

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Dichtol is a one component ready-for-use liquid with the unique property to seal microporosities and hairline cracks without pressure or vacuum. Dichtol is simply applied by brushing, spraying, dipping or filling the item to be impregnated. As Dichtol seals inside, the surface film can be removed without loss of tightness. Consequently, Dichtol is the ideal material for the impregnation/sealing of parts which are subjected to severe chemical and mechanical conditions on the surface. Dichtol Standard seals porosities up to 0.1 mm; Dichtol Macro up to 0,5 mm. The WF-grade has an improved thermal resistance. Dichtol HTR is resistant up to 500°C continuous load. HTR is the only grade which requires annealing at 250°C for a few hours after application. Dichtol is being used in the industry for decades. It has been approved by a lot of classification societies as well as public and private research and test institutes.

Technical Data Properties

Maximum size of the porosities Maximum continuous thermal load Application by Dipping Brushing Filling Spray can Dipping time [min] to 5 mm wall thickness 5-10 mm wall thickness 10-15mm wall thickness > 15 mm Surface dry after [min] Cure time to 5 mm wall thickness 5-10 mm wall thickness 10-15mm wall thickness > 15 mm Viscosity at 20°C DIN 53211 (4 mm nozzle)

Standard General purpose

WF Higher thermal resistance

HTR Extreme thermal resistance

0,1 mm - 170 to 200°C

WF Macro Higher thermal resistance combined with larger pores 0,5 mm - 170 to 200°C

0,1 mm - 170 to 120°C Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y N

Y Y Y N

4 8 13 30 1 Light / full load 4 / 24 8 / 24 13 / 48 24 / 48 10-12

4 8 13 30 1 Light / full load 4 / 24 8 / 24 13 / 48 24 / 48 14-16

6 10 15 40 5 Light / full load 6 / 24 10 / 24 15 / 48 24 / 48 20-22

10 15 20 30 1 h after dipping anneal at 250°C for 3 h

0,1 - 170 to 500°C

12-14

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1931 ProChem 1931 is a liquid cold curing 2-component formulation with an extreme chemical resistance. ProChem 1931 is unique in its ability to protect against most inorganic acids as well as aggressive organic chemicals and solvents. As a result, ProChem 1931 is especially well suited if there is the requirement to protect against mixtures of different aggressive chemicals.

Technical Data Consistency Mixing ratio Resin/Hardener Specific weight resin with hardener Pot life Curing time Fully cured / chemically fully resistant Compressive strength Tensile strength Hardness Shore D after 48 h Temperature resistance Colour Quantity for 1 m² with a thickness of 0,35 mm Minimum processing temperature Shelf life

Volume Weight g/cm3 20°C /min. 20°C / h 20°C / days N/mm² N/mm² °C g °C Month

liquid 2:1 2,1 : 1 1,3 40 24 7 120 48 >80 -20/+170 Grey ~ 500 + 15 ~ 12

Chemical resistance Organic chemicals Acetone Methanol Methylene chloride Phenol (aqueous)

1-2 1-2 2 1-2

Acids Acetic acid (10 %) Acetic acid (50 %) Lactic acid Phosphoric acid (85 %) Nitric acid (10 %) Nitric acid (60 %) Hydrochloric acid (37 %) Sulphuric acid (96 %)

1-2 3 1 1 1-2 3 2 1-2

swelling swelling

surface matt

Lyes Ammonium hydroxide (20 %) 1 Potassium hydroxide (20 %) 1 1 Sodium Hydroxide (20 %) 1= Long term resistance when immersed 3= Resistant when cleaned immediately 2= Resistant when immersed for short times 4= Not resistant

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FlexCoat is a liquid, permanently elastic 2-component epoxy-formulation for the exterior corrosion protection of tanks, silos, tubes, pipelines, valves and the like. Due to its flexibility FlexCoat is the proper material for any equipment which is subjected to cyclical thermal or mechanical loads. FlexCoat is weatherproof. It combines high chemical and wear resistance with good levelling properties. FlexCoat can be brushed, rolled or sprayed.

Technical Data Consistency Mixing ratio Resin/Hardener Specific weight resin with hardener Coverage of 1 kg with a thickness of 1 mm Pot life Curing time Fully cured / chemically fully resistant Hardness Shore D after 14 d Temperature resistance Colour Shelf life

Volume Weight g/cm3 sqm 20°C /min. 20°C / h 20°C / days °C Month

liquid 2:1 2:1 1,35 0,75 40 24 7 70 -20/+120 Grey or red ~ 12

1

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New Formulation by Diamant: “UltraMetal 1250” 20/04/2005 High Pressure Tests Material tested: “Diamant” UltraMetal 1250, semi-fluid viscosity, applied by special procedure. UltraMetal 1250 is now going to be tested by various Registers and Laboratories worldwide for further evidence of its unsurpassed qualities.

Test pressure tube Hole sizes Oil pressure Tests executed

Hole Diameter

made from steel, 7mm thickness, diameters between 4mm to 26mm, manually generated, checked by a manometer. “Diamant” Laboratory, Moenchengladbach, Germany, Aug. 15 – 23, 2002, by Janos Madarasi, Tests video-taped, available on CDrom

pmax

at °C / °F

Remarks

2 2 12 12 1 2 2 12 2 2

60 / 140 60 / 140 20 / 68 18 / 64 21 / 70 60 / 140 60 / 140 18 / 64 60 / 140 60 / 140

175 / 2,538

12

19 / 66

210 / 3,045

2

60 / 140

test stopped by small adhesion break test stopped by small adhesion break test stopped by small adhesion break test stopped by small adhesion break cure time too short, misprepared test stopped by small adhesion break test stopped by small adhesion break test stopped by small adhesion break test stopped by long adhesion break test stopped by small adhesion break prep. not sufficient test stopped by small adhesion break prep. not sufficient test stopped by small adhesion break

mm

bar / psi

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

220 / 3,190 200 / 2,900 220 / 3,190 250 / 3,625 ! 160 / 2,320 ! 225 / 3,263 ! 205 / 2,973 220 / 3,190 190 / 2,755 185 / 2,683

24 26

Cure time hours

Innovational defect repair of pipes, tubes, containers, … for any type of metal carrying any type of gas or liquid now available as per latest patented procedure.

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ultra metal ®

Test pressure tube made from steel, 7mm thickness, drilled with various diameters from 4mm to 26mm, Oil pressure manually generated, checked by a manometer. Tests executed “Diamant” Laboratory, Moenchengladbach, Germany, Aug. 15 – 23, 2002, by Janos Madarasi, Tests video-taped, available on Cdrom!

Holes