Clipsal® StarServe™ Product Training
Prepared by
ACN 089 444 931
PREFACE The StarServe™ training manual has been compiled to assist persons with the installation requirements of the StarServe™ system components. The manual is not intended to be a complete guide to all aspects of structured cabling systems and should not be used as a sole source of information for this purpose.
NOTE: The information contained in this training manual is of an advisory capacity only. It is the responsibility of the persons installing the StarServe™ system to be fully aware of the standards and regulations that govern the installation practices and requirements for this type of product, as determined by the relevant governing bodies. Information presented in this training manual is either product specific or relates to aspects detailed in some of the following references. • • • • • • • •
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AS/NZS 3080: Telecommunications Installations – Integrated telecommunications cabling systems for commercial premises AS/NZS 3085: Telecommunications Installations – Administration of communications cabling systems. AS 3815: A guide to coaxial cabling in single and multiple premises AS/NZS 3086: Telecommunications Installations – Integrated telecommunications cabling systems for small office/home office premises ACA TS 008: Requirement for Authorised Cabling Products ACA TS 009: Installation Requirements for Customer Cabling(Wiring Rules) AS 3000: Electrical Installations – Buildings, Structures and premises(SAA Wiring Rules) ANSI/TIA/EIA-570–A: Residential Telecommunications Cabling Standard ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A: Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standard
CLIPSAL® StarServe™
PRODUCT TRAINING
CONTENTS PREFACE............................................................................................................................ 2 CONTENTS......................................................................................................................... 3 Structured Cabling Systems ................................................................................................ 4 Clipsal® StarServe™ – Networking Your Home................................................................... 6 STARSERVE™ LITE........................................................................................................... 7 STARSERVE™ VIDEO ..................................................................................................... 10 STARSERVE™ PRO ........................................................................................................ 12 Infrared Options................................................................................................................. 15 Infrared Diagram................................................................................................................ 17 Modulators......................................................................................................................... 18 Labelling & Identification.................................................................................................... 25 Installation Tools................................................................................................................ 27 Telephone/Data Cabling Requirements............................................................................. 28 Telephone Hub 8054/6TL (StarServe™ Lite) .................................................................... 32 Telephone & Data Harmonicas (StarServe™ Pro) ............................................................ 33 Data Hub (StarServe™ Pro) .............................................................................................. 34 Video Distribution .............................................................................................................. 35 StarServe™ Video Distribution .......................................................................................... 38 MATV: The Head End ....................................................................................................... 41 MATV: The Distribution System......................................................................................... 42 System Losses ..................................................................................................................43 Interference and Trouble Shooting .................................................................................... 45 StarServe™ Lite: Video Requirements.............................................................................. 48 StarServe™ Video & Pro: Video Requirements................................................................. 49 Basic System Design Guide .............................................................................................. 51 Types of Baseband Video ................................................................................................. 53 The Digital Television Signal ............................................................................................. 54
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
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STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS COMMERCIAL ORIGINS Structured cabling systems have been installed in commercial buildings for many years. Their purpose is to distribute various services via a cable infrastructure that is installed during construction. Problems of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference), EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) and other forms of interference are minimised, as during construction strict cabling standards of segregation and support can be readily adhered to, this is often not the case for cabling installed after construction is completed. The objective of any structured cabling system is to provide an infrastructure that supports the service requirements of any occupants within the building on an ongoing basis. Whilst an installation may cater perfectly for the initial requirements of the occupants, typically over time there will be the requirement to modify, add or change certain services within the building. If the building has a good structured cabling system it will support Modifications, Additions and Changes (MACs) with little or no need for expensive re-cabling.
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RESIDENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION Following commercial trends, the introduction of structured cabling systems within residential premises has simply been a necessity of the technological age in which we live. Homes today are implementing a broad number of services and systems that even rival those of some commercial buildings. In past years homes typically had one or two telephones on a single incoming line, video was merely one antenna connection if the rabbit ears didn’t suffice. A data network wasn’t even a consideration. Now however, the situation is a little different and homes may have numerous incoming telephone lines with multiple handsets, fax machines, answering machines or modems. Video distribution is no longer a single antenna connection for receiving free to air television but may incorporate cable TV, Satellite, Video, DVD or CCD cameras. Then of course there are data networks that are a necessity for those wishing to utilise modern services like broadband Internet. With technology advancing at an ever-increasing rate, it makes a lot of sense to cable with future possibilities in mind. The correct cable infrastructure will not only maximise the benefit of current systems and services but will provide the flexibility necessary to implement tomorrows technology.
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
PRODUCT TRAINING
CLIPSAL® STARSERVE™ – NETWORKING YOUR HOME STRUCTURED WIRING CONCEPTS Structured wiring is a term that describes the distribution system that transports audio, video, data and telecommunications throughout a home. At the present time, most structured wiring installations are found in new residential constructions, due to the ease of running the cables and installing the components before the walls are lined. The structured wiring system by Clipsal® Integrated Systems is the StarServe. The StarServe™ system is available in a three basic configurations all of which incorporate a grid assembly that allows each system to be expanded to meet the needs of the end user. The topology in a structured wiring system is ‘Star Wired’ or ‘Home Run’ this where all the cables start at a central location (the StarServe™ enclosure) and radiate outward in a star topology to each of the outlet locations within the home. The topology of the system is its physical layout and how it is connected. The home run concept means that the cables are terminated only at the ends and are never tapped mid-run. There is only one connection point after the cable exits the StarServe™ enclosure and that point is at the wall plate. This aspect eliminates many problems and provides maximum flexibility Each outlet should as a minimum, have one F-type connection and one 8 pin modular connection (RJ45), each of which is cabled with one RG6 quad shield cable and Category 5 cable respectively. It is recommended that you should have two RG6 and two Cat 5 cables to each point with three RG6 and three cat 5 cables run to the main audio/video entertainment area. The recommended numbers of connections are detailed further in the system design section. Do not economise on the number of cables being installed, there is little difference in labour costs of running two cables as opposed to one cable to a single location, however should it be installed at a later date the difference will be substantial. It is important to note that system design should be independent of the initial equipment being installed.
“Structured cabling systems are all about infrastructure, not only for today’s requirements but for tomorrows.”
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
PRODUCT TRAINING
STARSERVE™ LITE The StarServe™ Lite is an entry-level system for telephone and video reticulation. It provides telephone distribution for four incoming exchange lines with each being connected to up to six telephone points within the home. In addition, there are also two 8pin modular connections (RJ45), one for the expansion of the number of distribution points by way of an additional wiring hub, whilst the other provides a mode 3 wiring configuration for security devices and connects to line one
8054/6TL 8054/6TL Broadband or RF video distribution is via a one in/ six out Video Distribution Unit (VDU) that provides four outputs for short cable runs (22metres) and two for long runs (45 metres). The VDU is powered by a 12-volt DC regulated plug pack.
8051/6VHP
5480PP
All coaxial cables are connected via F-Type connectors. 12 connectors are supplied with the system.
The telephone and video distribution modules hook on to the base grid plate of the housing, the cover then simply hangs from the plate. With only two modules, there is room for an additional module such as a data hub.
8000RCS2AB
8000RCS2AC
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Mounting of StarServe™ modules
TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS Refer to the Telephone/Data Cabling requirements section for more detail
VIDEO CONNECTIONS
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VIDEO & TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
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STARSERVE™ VIDEO The StarServe™ Video system is for distribution of broadband (RF) video only and can distribute both local and broadcast(TV) video services to eight locations. The system comprises of a three input / eight output Video Distribution Unit (VDU), mounting grid and cover (as supplied with the StarServe™ Lite), Power pack and 12 F-type connectors. The VDU has a built in infrared engine, which with additional components, allows for the control of devices such as video recorders or DVD players from multiple locations within the home. It also allows for the distribution of locally modulated video sources in addition to 8053/8VHPIR commercial free to air television channels. For more information on the Infrared capabilities refer to the Infrared options section The VDU is powered by a 12-volt DC regulated plug pack. Each of the eight outputs can be run up to 45 metres from the VDU whilst for inputs such as those from modulated sources the distance is 22 metres. All inputs and outputs are connected to the VDU via F-Type connectors. 12 connectors are supplied with the system
5480PP The StarServe™ Video system is supplied with the same housing as the StarServe™ Lite and the VDU incorporates the same grid mounting. Modules hook on to the base grid plate of the housing and the cover then simply hangs. Provided with only one module there is room for a couple of additional modules such as a data hub or an additional VDU.
8000RCS2AB
8000RCS2AC
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MOUNTING OF STARSERVE™ MODULES
VIDEO CONNECTIONS
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STARSERVE™ PRO OPTIONAL
The StarServe™ Pro system has the greater capacity for expansion than the Lite or Video systems. Telephone, data and video distribution are combined with the capacity to add C-bus Din devices like the PCI or CNI.
The StarServe™ Pro system is supplied with a large cabinet that can be surface or flush mounted and is similar to most distribution boards. The system distributes data and telephone services via 8pin modular (RJ45) sockets in what is termed as ‘soft patch’, where the end user can change a wall sockets function by re-patching it. These changes take place at the StarServe™ Pro enclosure, where to change a telephone outlet to a data outlet for a computer, the end user would unplug the patch lead from the telephone harmonica and simply plug it into the data hub (optional), this is assuming they have already disconnected the telephone handset from the wall socket. To enable this flexibility, all telephone and data outlets need to be terminated in the same way (Refer Voice & Data Section). Every modular socket on each of the wall plates in the home can be either a data socket or a telephone socket, or alternatively used for other applications suitable for twisted pair cable. All outlets within the home are star wired back to the StarServe™ Pro enclosure and terminated individually on to the 8pin modular (RJ45) sockets. The sockets are in panels of eight that are otherwise known as harmonicas. There are two types of harmonicas supplied with the StarServe™ Pro. • Eight Way harmonica, which provides eight individual sockets • Telephone harmonica, which provides two banks of four (common connections).
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
PRODUCT TRAINING The StarServe™ Pro has provision for an additional two of each type of harmonica or any combination there of. The StarServe™ Pro system incorporates the same VDU as the StarServe™ Video system and will has room for an additional VDU. As the VDU incorporates the infrared engine, all the additional infrared components can also be used with the StarServe™ Pro system. Within the cabinet is a 16 module wide DIN rail for use with C-Bus DIN units like the PCI (Personal Computer Interface), the CNI (C-Bus Network Interface) or future CBus devices. The additional grid allows for mounting up to two five port switched hubs. There are four 240Volt power sockets available within the cabinet.
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
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ADDITIONAL STARSERVE™ COMPONENTS Each of the StarServe™ Systems can be expanded to varying degrees with respect to two issues. The first issue of course is the cabling infrastructure; if not enough cable was installed initially, it may be quite costly or impossible to expand the system with additional products. The second issue is the actual StarServe™ products currently installed and the expandability of those products e.g. the video distribution unit supplied with the Lite system does not incorporate an infrared engine and hence no infrared components will work if added. In this instance, the video distribution unit will need to be changed, which should be a relatively easy task on the basis that the cable infrastructure can cater for this addition.
CONNECTORS AND GRID PLATES All grid plates or connectors can be sourced from the current Clipsal® range.
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
PRODUCT TRAINING
INFRARED OPTIONS The video distribution unit (VDU) supplied with both the StarServe™ Video and StarServe™ Pro systems is the 8053/8VHPIR. This VDU incorporates an Infrared engine. The Infrared engine is an electrical circuit within the VDU that facilitates the transmission of Infrared signals. As Infrared control works in a line of sight capacity, the remote control requires a clear unobscured view of the equipment you wish to control, as the Infrared signal cannot pass through walls. However, the Infrared engine in the StarServe™ VDU allows audio/video equipment to be controlled from many locations in the home as if you were in the same room. Infrared signals received in one of the many locations (televisions around the home) are routed to a single location where Infrared transmitting hardware rebroadcasts the signal to control the appropriate device such as a VCR or DVD.
INFRARED TARGETS Infrared targets connect inline on the coaxial cable between the wall plate and the television. They receive infrared signals from remote controls and pass them back to the video distribution unit along the same coaxial cable that supplies the video signal. The targets are powered by the VDU which provides them with 5 volts, if on any of the eight outputs on the VDU senses that no target is present it will switch off the 5 volts to that individual output. The Infrared target incorporates a DC (direct current) block; hence, the 5 volts will not be passed through to the Television. If the Infrared targets are added at a later date or the Infrared system is not functioning, powering down the VDU for approximately 30 seconds will reset all outputs, hence making the 5 volts available again upon power up.
Infrared target - 8050TR
Connection from VDU
Connection to TV
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INFRARED EMITTERS Infrared emitters connect to an emitter output either on a multi channel modulator or on an emitter wall plate. There is a single head emitter lead and a double head emitter lead, each being 1.5metres in length. The emitters should be located on or near the equipment that they are to control (i.e. a VCR).
Infrared emitter lead - 8050LD
When a signal is picked up by a target in a separate room the signal is then relayed via the infrared engine in the VDU and rebroadcast by the emitter.
NOTE: THE EMITTER DIAGRAM IS ONLY AN INDICATION OF POSSIBLE LOCATIONS AND ALL INTENDED EMITTER LOCATIONS SHOULD BE TESTED BEFORE THE EMITTER IS SECURED TO ANY SURFACE.
INFRARED OUTPUT 2031RFT
The Infrared output plate has two emitter sockets a power input and a passthrough F-Type coaxial connecter (one connection on the front and one on the rear).
Power input
Typical Infrared output plate (2000 Series) 2031RFT
The plate is powered by a 12 volt regulated plug pack that also powers the video distribution unit. Power is sent back down the coaxial cable from the rear Ftype connector to power the VDU and hence the VDU does not need its own plug pack.
Emitter outputs No power passes through to the front Ftype connector.
Input for connection to modulators / combiner Power Pack for the Infrared output plate Supplied with Plate
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
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INFRARED DIAGRAM
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
PRODUCT TRAINING
MODULATORS Modulators take a baseband (composite) video signal and audio signal and modulate it on to a broadband channel (refer to appendices for more information). The channel is user selectable and once connected to a video distribution unit allows that channel to be viewed on any television connected to one of its outputs. There are three modulators in the StarServe™ range; 8051VMP - Single channel modulator 8052VMPIR – Two channel modulator with IR 8054VMPIR – four channel modulator with IR Each of these is supplied with a 12 volt DC regulated plug pack
SINGLE CHANNEL MODULATOR 8051VMP The single channel modulator is configured by way of dipswitches and provides channel selection from UHF 20 – 67. Bear in mind that the channel selection is approximate and does not equate to a precise frequency.
8051VMP
Baseband Video and Audio inputs
Modulator Output Power Input
Channel programming Dipswitches
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
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TWO & FOUR CHANNEL MODULATORS 8052VMPIR / 8054VMPIR The two and four channel modulators are internally combined and provide a single coaxial output. In addition, they also provide infrared outputs for the connection of emitters, the two channel modulator provides two emitter connections and the four channel version provides four. Each of the video inputs on the modulators can be assigned a channel by use of the buttons on the front panel. Channel selection is from 20 – 67 in the UHF band. Bear in mind that the channel selection is approximate and does not equate to a precise frequency. An Example - To program input A as channel 42:
1. Press the SELECT button until the LED of input A is on 2. Press the PROGRAM button for the tens value of the channel you wish to program, in this case four times. 3. The LED will extinguish. 4. Pause until the LED comes back on 5. Press the PROGRAM button for the ones value of the channel you wish to program, in this case two times. 6. The LEDs of the other inputs will give a rapid flash to indicate the channel has been accepted.
If you wish to read back a programmed channel, select the channel you wish to read, then press and hold the program button for 5 seconds then release, the programmed channel will flash back. If you have made an incorrect channel selection, the input LED flashes repeatedly for about a second. If in fact you try to program a channel that is plus or minus one or equal to a channel already in use, the LEDs of the conflicting channels will flash simultaneously at a slow rate. If this happens simply, follow the programming procedure again making sure to choose an appropriate channel. You should also document the channels you are using. The two and four channel modulators also provide power to the video distribution unit, this means the VDU does not require power locally i.e. from the plug pack supplied with it.
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MODULATOR COMBINER The modulator combiner is an eight input one-output device and is designed to combine multiple modulated sources on to a single output for connection to an input on the video distribution unit. As it is designed primarily to combine single channel modulators, it will not pass DC or Infrared. The combiner provides a small amount of gain to offset any losses. Powered by a 12 volt DC regulated plug pack it does not supply any power to the VDU.
Single Output
8051/8VCP
1 – 8 Inputs from modulated sources
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ETHERNET HUB 10BASET The Ethernet hub provides connection for five network devices. Port 5 is left unused if the uplink port is used to connect to another hub. Each port has a corresponding LED indicating a device is connected and operating normally. The power LED indicates power and the collision LED indicates a network collision has occurred
Col Collision LED
Pwr Power LED
LINK/ACT Active Links 1-5
Power Input
8055HUB10 Uplink Port
Ports 1 - 5
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StarServe™ INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
The StarServe™ system in its current form allows for the distribution of telephone, data and video. With this in mind, we can break down the installation requirements into these elements and in fact, the telephone and data we’ll discuss in one section, as they are cabled and terminated in the same manner. Recommendations made in this manual are based on Australian, New Zealand and American cabling standards. It is advised that installation of the StarServe™ product should be performed by a licensed or appropriately certified installer according to the rules, regulations and standards as determined by the relevant governing bodies.
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CLIPSAL® StarServe™
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LABELLING & IDENTIFICATION It is very important that when cabling the StarServe™ system that both ends of each cable are clearly marked and when fitted off that each termination point or plate be labelled for positive identification. Labelling of both the wall plate and the patch panel (Pro system) or termination device (e.g. 110 punch down block) is an essential part of a structured cabling solution. With a number of category 5 and coaxial cables run to a single location it is necessary to be able to differentiate one from another. This is paramount when it comes to changing the use of any of the cables i.e. changing from a telephone point to a data point. The StarServe™ system has no distinct labelling system although there are a number of labelling methods that can be utilised. Each of the possible labelling methods may vary in it’s suitability for a given installation, therefore the installer should choose a method which meets the needs of the installation and the end user.
COLOUR Use of colour can help in the identification process particularly for the end user. You may choose to use different colour coaxial cable to differentiate between upstream (modulated sources) versus downstream (distributed video including free to air TV) services. The 8P8C sockets can be different colours to assist in identifying one from another on a single plate. NOTE: labelling should be with respect to the open flexibility of the system and therefore not be implemented in such a way as to preclude a socket from use as either a telephone point or a data point. If a point were labelled, as a data point and the labelling could not be changed then this would preclude the point from use as a telephone point and hence diminish the flexibility of the system.
PLATE IDENTIFICATION ®
The Clipsal Label Printing Package is designed for the C2000 Classic Series labelling series and 30PID labels. It is free as part of the Alfred Trade Product Guide on CD-ROM, and enables contractors and customers to quickly and easily print their own labels. The CD contains an extensive tutorial, which fully explains how to print labels.
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30PID The 30PID is an identification plug that fits in place of a connector and provides a clear window for viewing of the label. The window allows for a label 12mm x 12 mm (approximately)
C2000 LABELLING SYSTEM The classic series of plates incorporate a system similar to the plug in 30PID clear windows sit to the side of each require a special cover plate that is pre for the windows. The window allows for a mm (approximately)
window ID except that the socket and punched to cater label 14mm x 6
SURROUND IDS Within the 2000 series there are surround IDs that allow identification of a plate by way of a plug in ID number. Whilst it does not identify single connections i.e. individual sockets or Ftype connectors, it can be useful to differentiate between multiple plates within a single room.
LABEL MAKERS Either used alone or in tandem with the ID systems previously mentioned label makers provide a simple and easy way of labelling each point in the system. The labels are produced on a specialised tape with the result being very professional.
ENCLOSURE IDENTIFICATION Labelling within each of the StarServe™ enclosures is slightly different. The StarServe™ Lite and the Video systems require labelling of each cable to be clear and distinct whilst the StarServe™ Pro allows labelling of each 8P8C socket and hence less requirement to maintain labelling on the category 5 cables. The RG-6 cable in the StarServe™ systems will always require good labelling, as these cables may not necessarily be terminated on dedicated ports. The labelling of each RG-6 cable within all StarServe™ systems can be best achieved with a dedicated label maker, as these labels will tend to adhere to the cable the best. Methods using clear heat shrink over the cable and label are also a good alternative.
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INSTALLATION TOOLS Coaxial Cable Stripper The rotary type stripper is the better choice of stripper as it allows you to fix the cutter depth for the size of cable being stripped thus providing consistency.
Cable Cutters Rounded blade cutters typically referred to as shears provide a good cut without deforming the cable as flat blade cutters tend to do.
F-Type Crimp Tool Some crimp tools are supplied with replaceable jaws where as others have a fixed jaw. You will need to make sure that the jaws of the crimp tool can cater for the specific size F-Type crimp that you are using as not all crimps for a specific type (e.g. RG-6) are of the same size.
Modular Crimp Tool A modular crimp tool is not necessary for installation but can be handy for making or repairing patch leads.
110 / Krone Punch Down Tool This is required for terminating the category 5 cables on both the wall sockets and the patch panels. It is best to choose a universal type punch down that is compatible with different IDC connections. The Clipsal 3100RJA5V is such a tool and can be used on 110 connections, Krone and Clipsal 3100 & 3104 modules.
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TELEPHONE/DATA CABLING REQUIREMENTS Cabling only for services that you require today will leave you with an inflexible system for tomorrow. It is best to cable for a range of future possibilities, as this is what provides you the flexibility to be able to change the services with in your home, with out the need to re-cable. It should be noted that the recommendations made in this section are not purely for domestic installations and therefore should be considered with due regard. All telephone and data cabling should be category 5 or higher, with category 5e recommended. Cable Categories refer to the bandwidth available on the cable, the higher the category the greater the bandwidth. • Category 1—voice • Category 2—to 1 MHz • Category 3—to 16 MHz • Category 4—to 20 MHz • Category 5—to 100 MHz • Category 5e—to 100 MHz NOTE: The category rating of the cable used is dependant on correct installation practices. It is estimated that as much as 80% of current installed CAT 5 systems may not be capable of supporting 100 Mbps applications. When cabling with category 5 cables you should always adhere to the standards and regulations and in particular pay attention to the following: SUPPORT • • • • •
Proper CAT 5 performance will only be achieved with careful cable installation and adequate support. Make sure your installations are not part of the 80 % that will not support transmissions in the future of 100 Mbps and beyond Cable (regardless of type) must be supported i.e. not sag or stretch under its’ own weight Never pull cable directly across suspended ceiling tile or across florescent light boxes Cable should not be tied to ceiling grid work wires Where necessary use an approved cable tray, conduit or CAT 5 “J Hook”
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CABLE PULLING • • • • • • • •
Always avoid tight bends, sharp edges, sharp corners, kinks and turns Make pulls as straight as possible! Never jerk or drag cable around corners Gradually pull cable into place. Pulling tension should not exceed the recommendation of the manufacturer or 11kgs, which ever is lesser Take care to minimize cable twisting Avoid unnecessary bends, during installation keep the bend radius as large as possible The minimum bend radius is ten times the outside diameter of the cable during installation
CABLE RUNS • • • • • • • • • • • •
Avoid high temperature areas, high temperatures increase cable attenuation Replace damaged cable Apply cable ties loosely. Avoid sources of EMI. Run cable at least 150mm away from fluorescent light fixtures. Never exceed 90º bends. Never over tighten cable ties. Never step on or run over cable. Never splice or use bridge taps. Never use staple guns. Never overstress the cable. Maximum horizontal run: 90 meters from termination point to wall socket
TERMINATIONS Each category 5 cable run and subsequent termination on a modular socket (RJ45) should be done in accordance with both the relevant communications and data standards, in this way each socket within the premises can then be used for either application. If the installation and termination of both data and telephone points are different, the flexibility of the system will be diminished. •
ALL CAT 5 Terminations should be according to the T568A standard.
Following the one standard for terminating cat5 cables at each point within the premises will allow each point to be used as either data or telephone.
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• • • •
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Cables from the wall outlet to the network interface (computer, printer) should be a maximum of three metres Have a minimum of two outlets at each location Recommended jumper/patch cords 7 meters Maximum of 2 patch cords per horizontal run To reduce untwisting of pairs, strip back only as much cable jacket as is required to terminate on connecting hardware The untwisting of a pair shall be no greater than 13mm for CAT 5 cable. Maintain proper bend radii Allow additional cable at each end for re termination Any additional cable should have a fixed path i.e. if you are going to leave a loop make sure it is secured
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TESTING At minimum, all category 5 cables should be checked for continuity and for correct pair termination (wire map). The Clipsal® 5ABLTC tester provides instant identification of most common voice and data cabling problems including shorts, opens, reversals, and incorrect polarity. Further testing with specialised equipment such as a scanner will be required if you wish to verify the installation meets a specific category rating.
Mode 3/5 wiring Mode 3 and Mode 5 are specific wiring configurations for various telephone devices such as security systems and modems. The configuration allows the telephone device to gain priority of the line by disconnecting every device wired after the mode connection. The Mode 3 configuration disconnects both wires of the telephone line where as Mode 5 will only disconnect one.
REN – Ring Equivalence Number The maximum number of telephones or other customer equipment that is supposed to be connected to a single exchange line at one time is based on the total REN of all devices. The REN: Ring Equivalence Number, relates to a devices impedance on the telephone line. If there are too many devices connected to the line none of the phones may actually ring. The carrier (Telstra) according to the ACA TS003 is only required to support an REN of three. All Austel approved telephone equipment since 1990 identifies its REN. This would mean that the line can support three telephones with an REN of 1 each
Licensing All cabling that has the possibility of being connected either directly or indirectly to the PSTN (Public switched Telephone Network) is required to be installed according to the appropriate standards by a licensed cabler.
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TELEPHONE HUB 8054/6TL (STARSERVE™ LITE) The telephone hub for the StarServe™ Lite allows four incoming lines to be distributed to six points each. The lines are terminated on a punch down block using a 110-termination tool.
The expansion port labelled RJ31X is a special modular socket that provides line routing for line one in the same way as a Mode 3 configuration. With no plug inserted, line one (Blue Pair) on the left side is connected through the socket to each of the six line one connections on the right side. When an eight pin modular connector is inserted in the socket this connection is broken locally and needs to be reconnected by way of the Mode 3 device such as a security system.
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TELEPHONE & DATA HARMONICAS (STARSERVE™ PRO) INCOMING TELEPHONE LINES The incoming telephone lines are terminated on a voice block (Punch down) located behind the hinged panel and fixed to the rear of the enclosure. From the voice block, the telephone lines are then terminated on the telephone harmonicas. The voice block serves as a disconnect / test point and the telephone harmonica serves as the distribution device. The telephone harmonicas have internal wiring that links the sockets in two groups of four; the connections are simply common across the sockets. Each of these banks can accommodate two pairs (two telephone lines), this will allow the two lines to then be connected to four outlets with in the home.
TELEPHONE / DATA OUTLETS The telephone / data outlets located around the premises are each individually wired back to an individual socket on the eight way harmonicas.
DATA CONNECTIONS The Ethernet Hub attaches to the grid within the Pro enclosure in the same manner as all grid devices. Each of the ports on the Hub can be connected to a network device (network card in a computer) by using the patch cords to patch to one of the sockets on the eight way harmonicas Additional devices such as an ADSL modem or Cable Modem with an Ethernet connection can connect directly to the Hub.
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DATA HUB (STARSERVE™ PRO)
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VIDEO DISTRIBUTION There are two types of video signal transmission referred to in the StarServe™ system, baseband and broadband. Baseband signals are what we get from DVD Players and VCRs and for these signals, we use modulators. Broadband signals are the signals we receive from antennas and modulators and these signals are distributed by the StarServe™ VDUs.
BASEBAND VIDEO Baseband video is the transmission of a single video signal on one or more cables. The signal consumes the entire bandwidth of the cable and does not allow for any additional signals. Typically, this type of video transmission is used over short distances on coaxial or shielded cable. The number of cables that are required for this type of video transmission is dependant on the video format. Some of these video formats are detailed in the appendices. COMPOSITE VIDEO Composite video is the only type of baseband video that the StarServe™ modulators accept and therefore we will only discuss use of this type of baseband signal. Composite video is probably the most familiar format and uses a single cable with RCA connections, usually colour coded (yellow). The name composite refers to the fact that all the components that make the video signal are all combined into a single ‘composite’ signal.
BROADBAND VIDEO Broadband video is a term that refers to multiple video signals transmitted via a single medium, such as television (terrestrial broadcast), satellite and cable. Video transmitted over the air (television) is basically the same as that which is transmitted over cable or via satellite. The primary difference between any of the mediums is the signal level. To be able to transmit numerous video signals across a single medium each video signal must only use a portion of the mediums available bandwidth.
BANDWIDTH In basic terms bandwidth refers to the amount of information that a given device or cable can handle. Bandwidth is indicated by a frequency range or value, when only a single figure is stated the assumed lowest value is zero. The higher the value or broader the range equates to greater bandwidth. A twisted pair system rated at Category 5 or greater, has a potential bandwidth of 100 MHz (megahertz. RG-6 quad shield cable can have up to two Gigahertz bandwidth. It is important to note that correct installation of the cabling and the equipment is paramount in maintaining maximum bandwidth. The installation should be performed with the use of quality tools and in a manner that eliminates faults from being introduced into the system.
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MODULATION For audio and video signals to be transmitted using only a portion of the available bandwidth, they are modulated on to carrier signals within a fixed bandwidth. In Australia the standard determines the bandwidth is 7MHz; this is what we know as a channel. When we tune our TVs and VCRs to a particular channel we are not tuning into a single frequency but a 7MHz band from which the audio and video information is retrieved. For current analog transmission the vision carrier is 1.25MHz above the lower frequency for a given channels bandwidth with the primary audio approximately 5.5MHz above that and the secondary audio approximately 242KHz above the primary audio. Digital TV is distinctly different and is discussed later in the appendices.
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Australian Channel Allocation
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STARSERVE™ VIDEO DISTRIBUTION The StarServe™ video distribution units or ‘VDU’s distribute broadband video signals to multiple locations within the home and are designed to simplify MATV design. The 8053/8VP VDU supplied with the StarServe™ ‘Video’ and ‘Pro’ allows for distribution of locally generated video signals in addition to the free to air TV. StarServe™ is essentially the distribution end of a MATV system: MATV stands for Master Antenna Television. Therefore, there is a requirement for some basic understanding of MATV systems in order to implement StarServe™ correctly. The major consideration is the head end of the system, this may comprise of a combination of antenna/s, baluns, masthead amplifiers, filters and couplers. The StarServe™ VDUs will distribute the signal as provided by the head end of the system, if this signal is too weak, noisy or arrived from multiple paths (ghosting) the signal at every distribution point will be the same.
MATV: SOME BASICS MATV systems allow many receivers (TV & FM) to receive signals from a singular (Master) antenna, as opposed to individual antennas for each receiver, a situation that presents it’s own problems. MATV systems are separated into two portions: the ‘Head End’ and the ‘Distribution System’. These two portions are planned and engineered using suitable MATV equipment and techniques so as to distribute signals without loss of signal quality i.e. the quality of the resultant image on the television receiver. It is important to note that any signal passing through system components including the cable will be attenuated (have it’s level diminished). The level of this attenuation is important because it will be a determining factor in signal quality. In fact, signal quality within the system is generally related to signal level in addition to system noise and headroom. Within the system, we need to maintain a low noise level and a high signal level but not too high that we overdrive the equipment. In order to simplify MATV design the relationship between these factors is measured in decibels.
DECIBELS The signal levels received on television antennas are millionths of a volt or microvolts. Calculations in microvolts are difficult because they often involve six or seven digit numbers therefore MATV calculations are in decibels. Decibels are added and subtracted as opposed to being multiplied and divided. The decibel is 1/10 of a bel and is derived from a formula used by early telephone engineers and has been adapted for television. The formula for the decibel used In MATV is: Decibel (dB)= 20 log El / E2
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However, you do not need to remember the formula to use dB. All you have to do is use the dB table in this manual. The decibel tells how many times greater (or smaller) a quantity is from a pre-established reference level. It is important to realize that the relationship between dB levels Is non-linear, in other words, 40 dB is not merely twice as much as 20 dB It is a lot more. Study these examples: •
10 dB = 3.2 x reference level
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20 dB = 10 x reference level
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30 db = 32 x reference level
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40 dB = 100 x reference level
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50 dB = 316 x reference level
In the MATV industry the zero reference level is 1,000 microvolts measured across 75 ohms of impedance. The reference level determines that a minimum signal of 1,000 microvolts is required to produce an acceptable picture. In MATV you'll find the dB figure represented as: dBmV - a reference to 1 millivolt or dBµV - a reference to 1 microvolt All MATV amplifier gains, cable losses, Insertion losses and isolation values are expressed in dB. To determine amplifier output and system losses, decibels are added and subtracted. The following dB conversion chart highlights minimum to maximum signal strengths for free to air (commercial) television signals. The minimum signal for a quality noise free picture is typically stated as 0dBmV although most televisions will work with signals as small as –6dBmV. Working to the 0dBmV level provides a tolerance to slight variations. The signal level fed into a television should be kept below 20dBmV so as not to overdrive the tuner.
-6 dBmV Absolute minimum -5 to –1 dBmV Less desirable than 0dBmV 0dBmV The reference level
1 to 6 dBmV Acceptable signal range 7 to 19 dBmV Optimal range of signal 20 dBmV Maximum signal allowable
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dB Conversion Chart Voltage Microvolts
dBmV
dBµV
Voltage Millivolts
dBmV
dBµV
Voltage Millivolts
10.00 11.22 12.59 14.13 15.85 17.78 19.95 22.39 25.12 28.18 31.62 35.48 39.81 44.67 50.12 56.23 63.10 70.79 79.43 89.13 100.00 112.2 125.9 141.3 158.5 177.8 199.5 223.9 251.2 281.8 316.2 354.8 398.1 446.7 501.2 562.3 631.0 707.9 794.3 891.3 1000.00
-40 -39 -38 -37 -36 -35 -34 -33 -32 -31 -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
1.0 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.59 1.78 2.00 2.24 2.51 2.82 3.16 3.55 3.98 4.47 5.01 5.62 6.31 7.08 7.94 8.91 10.00 11.22 12.59 14.13 15.85 17.78 19.95 22.39 25.12 28.18 31.62 35.48 39.81 44.67 50.12 56.23 63.10 70.79 79.43 89.13 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
112.2 125.9 141.3 158.5 177.9 199.5 223.9 251.2 281.8 316.2 354.8 398.1 446.7 501.2 562.3 631.0 707.9 794.3 891.3 Volts 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.59 1.78 2.00 2.24 2.51 2.82 3.16 3.55 3.98 4.47 5.01 5.62 6.31 7.08 7.94 8.91 10
dBmV
dBµV
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
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MATV: THE HEAD END The Head End of a MATV system normally consists of an antenna installation that receives the desired broadcast signals (commercial television & radio), processing equipment to filter the signals and remove any interference, and a distribution amplifier to amplify the signals to a level high enough to compensate for any distribution losses. Antennas, amplifiers, traps, filters and attenuators are some of the types of equipment used in this portion of the system.
ANTENNA It is important to note that the ultimate quality of the TV reception can be no better than the quality of the signal from the antenna; it is therefore vital that the correct antenna for the intended location be selected. In choosing the correct antenna, it is best to seek professional advice. Most antenna manufacturers produce geographic maps detailing preferred antenna types based on the geographic location. In addition, professional antenna installers have quality test equipment to optimise antenna placement and orientation. The quality and strength of any signal received is determined by the following factors: •
Proximity to the transmission tower
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Power of the transmitter
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Quality of the transmission
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Line of sight to the transmission tower e.g. trees, hills, buildings etc.
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Weather conditions
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Interference i.e. power lines
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Directional characteristics and orientation of the antenna
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Level of gain of the antenna
ANTENNA SELECTION The gain of an antenna, like the gain of an amplifier, is an important consideration. The antenna installation should provide at least 0 dB (1000 µV) of picture signal per channel (each with a reasonably good sound signal) at the amplifier input. In strong signal areas, this will be relatively easy to obtain. In weak signal areas, however, a larger antenna with a high gain will usually be necessary. It may also be necessary to "stack" two or more antennas. Stacking two antennas will provide an additional 3 dB of gain above the gain of a single antenna. Although a preamplifier may be used, stacking before pre amplification is always preferable, since it delivers an initially cleaner signal to the system.
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The directivity of an antenna is another important consideration. Directivity is a measure of how well an antenna will reject signals from any direction other than its front. The front-to- back ratio is one way of measuring an antenna’s directivity. It is the ratio of the amount of signal received by the front of the antenna to the amount of signal received by the rear. A highly directional antenna will generally have a high front-to-back ratio.
SIGNAL SURVEY The determination of exact signal levels (a signal survey) is one of the most important steps in head end design. A signal survey before installing the system can help you to avoid many problems before they start. An antenna, several sections of mast, a field strength meter and a portable colour TV are the equipment required. The field strength meter measures the amount of signal received on each channel. Signal strength is not the only consideration. Carefully selected antennas can also do much to overcome certain types of interference. The portable TV will allow you to determine the quality of the signal received on each channel. Several types of interference are identifiable by the set.
MASTHEAD AMPLIFIERS In weak signal areas, it is often necessary to amplify the signal before the distribution amplifier in order to get a signal of sufficient strength and acceptable quality. It is important to choose a masthead amplifier with a low noise figure, because the noise figure of the masthead amplifier establishes the noise figure of the entire system, the amplifier should always increase the signal much more than it increases the noise.
The amplitude of the noise needs to be minimised in relation to the amplitude of the desired signal, this is especially true in relation to digital television. MATV: The Distribution System A well-designed distribution system is necessary to guarantee that an adequate signal is available to every receiver connected to the system. The distribution end of MATV systems is the role of the StarServe™ VDU. The StarServe™ VDU simplifies the design and product requirements of the distribution end. The VDUs are combiner/splitter amplifiers in which a single outlet connects to a single receiver, in this way the system provides a predetermined signal level and maintains the correct impedance to each of the outputs. Complicated calculation of losses for splitters, drop taps and cable are not required. Each outlet has a defined amount of gain and as such, there is a recommendation for the maximum cable run distance. The VDU will in effect provide the same quality of signal to each of the outlets so long as the cable recommendations are adhered to. If there is a poor quality signal received (i.e. the signal from the antenna) this same poor quality signal will be output at each of the VDU outlets. To guarantee a quality signal at each of the VDU outlets you will need to guarantee the quality of the signal received.
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ATTENUATORS As there are many signals received by an antenna or by a combination of antennas, there may be a wide variation in signal levels. In order to ensure the same picture quality on all channels, the signal levels may require equalization to prevent the stronger signals from overriding the weaker ones. Equalization is achieved by using attenuators, which reduce the incoming stronger signals, by a specified amount. Attenuators can be either fixed or variable That is, they are either designed for one specific attenuation level, or they are switchable so that the signals can be reduced, in increments, to the exact level required. Since attenuators reduce all signals that pass through them by the same amount, frequencies that need reducing need to be separated from the rest of the signals so that only the stronger signals are reduced.
AMPLIFIERS Amplifiers increase the strength of signals received to a level greater than the losses in the distribution system. The amplifiers gain determines the level of increase, which should be high enough to provide an acceptable signal level to all sets in the system.
Although an amplifiers gain is important, the output capability is just as important. You should check the amplifier's specifications to make sure that the output level is sufficient to feed the system and that the strength of the input signal plus the gain of the amplifier does exceed the amplifiers rated output capability. Exceeding the output capability will result in overloading cross modulation distortion and overall signal deterioration.
SYSTEM LOSSES In general, four types of loss are considered. They are Cable loss, Splitter loss, Insertion loss, and Isolation loss.
CABLE LOSS A certain amount of signal will be lost as it travels through coaxial cable. This loss is dependent on two factors: the type, of cable used and the frequency of the signal being carried. Losses are greater at higher frequencies, the greatest loss occurring at channel 83 In UHF/VHF systems. Always figure the cable loss at the highest frequency received or the highest frequency to be received in the future.
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SPLITTER LOSS When a two-way splitter is inserted inline, the signal in each branch leg will be approximately 3.5 dB less than that of the main line. If a 4-way splitter is inserted inline, the signal in each branch leg is 6.5 dB less than that in the main line. The signal sent to each branch of the system will be equal to the signal sent into the splitter minus the splitter loss. That is, an input of 30 dB into a 2-way splitter will deliver a signal of 30 dB minus 3.5 dB splitter losses, or 26.5 dB to each branch of the System.
INSERTION LOSS All tapoff devices inserted into the distribution system create signal loss. This type of loss is insertion loss, (sometimes called feed-through loss). On the line, the insertion loss of each tapoff is subtracted from the signal carried by that line. When estimating total system losses, insertion losses of each unit are added together to find the total insertion loss for that system. For example: If there are 10 tapoffs on the line, and each tapoff has an insertion loss of 0.5 dB, the total insertion losses are 5 dB. NOTE: For initial calculations the tapoff values and the insertion losses are estimated because the output of the amplifier will Influence the final selection tapoff values.
ISOLATION LOSS Each tapoff also reduces (attenuates) the signal, which it has removed from the line by a specified number of dB to prevent one set from interfering with another. For example: if there Is a 25 dB signal in the line, and a 23 dB isolation wall tapoff Is Inserted in the line, the signal available at the tapoff would be 2 dB. The 23 dB loss Is called Isolation Loss. In computing the total distribution system losses, we figure the isolation loss of the last tapoff only. Since our system design requires that we provide a minimum of 0 dB (1000 µV) to each set, we use the lowest isolation value. For most MATV tapoffs this value is 12 dB.
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INTERFERENCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING CROSS MODULATION INTERFERENCE Cross modulation interference, occurs in broadband preamplifiers and distribution amplifiers when one or more signals (TV Channels) exceeds the amplifiers rated output capability. This causes two or more signals (TV channels) to beat together resulting in the picture information of one channel appearing superimposed upon another. This interference usually manifests itself as a windshield wiper effect or as a negative image. Windshield wiper effect is seen as the vertical or horizontal framing bars of the interfering channel appearing on the channel being watched. The negative image appears as a superimposed image in the background of the picture on the channel being viewed. Highly directional antennas and the use of filters and traps to attenuate and control the offending signals can usually eliminate this type of interference. NOTE: It is always the strongest signal (channel) received that causes the interference and it does not normally show up on the interfering channel. The interfering signal may also be an FM signal or combination of FM and TV signals.
ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE Adjacent channel interference is caused by strong signals from one channel overriding weaker signals on an adjacent channel, producing a "herringbone" effect. An adjacent channel is one, which is right next to another channel. For example: Channels 1 and 2, 7 and 8, 10 and 11 are adjacent channels. Channels 2 and 3 are not adjacent because there is a 15 MHz band between them. In addition, channels 5 and 6 are not adjacent because there is channel 5A between them. This interference can be eliminated by using a higher gain antenna to increase the weaker signals and by using attenuators to reduce the stronger signals.
CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE Co-channel interference is the result of two stations in different locations operating on the same channel allocation. It appears on your TV as two different pictures as though one were placed on top of the other. The effect can be minimized by using highly directional antennas either singularly or, if necessary, by stacking.
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POWER LINE INTERFERENCE Power line interference is caused by radiation from a high voltage power line close to the antenna. To minimize this interference, the antenna should be located as far away from the power line as possible. A balun should be used as close as possible to the antenna terminals to prevent direct pickup of radiation by twin lead. Worn or cracked insulators on the power lines can also cause this interference. If the interference shows up intermittently (especially during wet weather), it may be due to cracked insulators. Contact your local power company to solve this problem.
GHOSTING There are three common causes of ghosting: •
Pickup of reflected signals by the antenna
•
Direct pickup of a signal by the TV or TV lead
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Poor installation techniques
Not all signals reach an antenna directly; they can be reflected by buildings, mountains, or bodies of water. These reflected signals arrive at the antenna microseconds after the direct signal. This causes a second, fainter image to appear on the TV screen just to the right of the main image. This is called a trailing ghost. It can usually be eliminated by using a highly directional antenna and/or by stacking antennas. Changing the orientation of the antenna slightly may also eliminate the reception of the reflected signal. A second image appearing to the left of the main image is called a leading ghost. This is the result of the direct pickup of the signal by the TV lead (when using 300 ohm twin lead) or by the TV tuner itself, or by the down lead from the antenna if 300-ohm twin lead is used. This sometimes occurs in strong signal areas, and what you see is the signal picked up directly, being displayed microseconds before the image picked up by the antenna. Since 300-ohm twin lead is unshielded and can act like an antenna, it should be eliminated and replaced with 75-ohm coaxial cable. A balun should be placed as close as possible to the antenna terminals and the coaxial cable connected to the TV set with a matching transformer. Overpowering the unwanted signal can also eliminate this type of ghosting. Poor installation techniques can also cause ghosts, if the distribution line installations are improperly terminated, the signal can bounce up and down the line, causing multiple images. Proper use of terminators can eliminate this problem at the time of installation. Poor crimping of "F" fittings sometimes causes an impedance mismatch, and will result in reflected signals in the line. Using a good crimping tool and making sure that all fittings and splices are correctly executed will help ensure trouble free operation of your system.
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CABLE The system should be cabled with RG6 quad shield 75 ohm coaxial cable. Coaxial cable is a concentric transmission line, It consists of a centre conductor, a dielectric medium such as polyethylene which fixes the spacing between the centre conductor and the outer shield, an outer shield such as copper braid and aluminium foil, and a weatherproof outer jacket, usually vinyl. All coaxial cable is terminated with standard "F" type crimp connectors for faster, easier installations. These types of connector also provide a better performance match to the coaxial cable than other types. Losses in coaxial cable are specified as attenuation per metre of cable. The level of attenuation determines the degradation of the signal passing through the cable; too much attenuation will result in an unusable signal. The RG-6 cable should be installed with due care. Any damage to the cable will degrade its performance and subsequently the quality of the signal it carries. Be sure to maintain the proper bend radius as specified by the cable manufacturer, this is typically ten times the outer diameter of the cable. Cable runs should be kept as short as possible to minimise attenuation.
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STARSERVE™ LITE: VIDEO REQUIREMENTS The StarServe™ LITE VDU provides six outlets for video distribution; four outlets are designated as short and two as long. The distance recommendation for both short and long is based on the level of gain that the VDU provides. Cable lengths in excess of the recommendations will work as long as the incoming signal (i.e. the antenna signal) is of a suitably high level.
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StarServe™ Video & Pro: Video Requirements Video Distribution Unit (80053/8VHPIR) This unit is supplied with the StarServe™ Pro and StarServe™ Video systems. These units can be coupled to expand the number of outputs. Infrared components such as the 8050TR can be added to this system. Refer to the section on Infrared All cable connections are F-Type and should be crimped with a quality crimping tool. Poor quality crimp = poor quality signal
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BASIC SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE POINTS TO REMEMBER People today have come to expect flexibility from their electrical systems and tend to make sure that they have enough power points in the right locations. They will probably not use the all the power points or at least not at the same time but they’re there in case they need to. In then stands to reason that, people would then want the same flexibility for telephone, data, video and possibly other services. The StarServe™ system provides this flexibility. When designing a system it is best to consult with the client to make sure placement of the wall plates suits their requirements and that you understand clearly what their initial requirements are. CONSIDERATIONS •
•
If the room is of a reasonable size, it may require wall plates in two or more locations (as with power points). The enclosure should be installed in a location that keeps the length of cable runs to a minimum. All video distribution should use RG-6 Quad shield cable; even the short leads from the wall plate to the TV. Total length for any RG-6 run should not exceed the length as stated for the port to which it is connected e.g. 45 metres for the outputs on the 8053/8VHPIR. All telephone and data should be cabled with category 5 cable or greater. The higher-grade cable isn’t required for the telephone service, however it is required for data networks. Using the higher-grade cable allows both data and telephone points to be cabled the same and gives us the flexibility to interchange those services. No category 5 cable runs should exceed 90 metres.
•
Before any cabling is done it is important to PLAN the entire installation
• • • •
REQUIREMENTS The number of cables and respective sockets that need to be installed is a rather subjective aspect of the StarServe™ system. It is primarily up to the end user to determine the level of infrastructure that is required for the installation, with the primary factor being one of cost. Compile a list of services that the client requires then grade each of these locations, making sure to grade them in excess of current requirements e.g. if a single telephone point was required then the location should have at least two Cat 5 cables terminated on modular jacks. It is paramount that the end user be advised about the varying level of infrastructure that can be implemented. If a minimalist approach were taken, flexibility would be sacrificed for the sake of lower cost. On the other hand, there is certainly, a point at which you could have too much is considered overboard and quite possibly wasteful. A balance needs to be determined between cost and flexibility, this can only be done with an end user who understands the long term benefits of the system as opposed to its’ immediate use. Various standards make recommendations for minimum cable infrastructure and from these we provide the follow grades.
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Grade 1 –
2 x Category 5 cables 1 x RG-6 Quad Shield cable
Grade 2
2 x Category 5 cables 2 x RG-6 Quad Shield cable
Grade 3
3 x Category 5 cables 2 x RG-6 Quad Shield cable
PRODUCT TRAINING
The grades are only a guide you can use to simplify system requirements and cable calculations; they are not fixed rules to follow.
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TYPES OF BASEBAND VIDEO COMPOSITE VIDEO Composite video is probably the most familiar format and uses a single cable with RCA or Phono connections, usually colour coded (yellow). The name composite refers to the fact that all the components that make the video signal are all combined into a single ‘composite’ signal. This means that the ‘Luminance’ (Black & White detail), ‘Hue’ (Red, Green & Blue colour balance), ‘Saturation’ (the richness of the colour) and sync pulses are all combined. The way in which these components are combined is determined by the colour-encoding format of which there are three primary types NTSC, SECAM and PAL. We are mostly concerned with the PAL as this is the format used in Australia and New Zealand. Composite video is a convenient video format, however there are pit falls in so much as the individual components can interact with one another distorting the signal, particularly when passing through cable, equipment or being recorded and played back.
PAL (Phase Alteration Line) format The basic principle of colour video is that red, green and blue signals are encoded with a colour sub carrier, then added together to get the composite video signal. Video signal strength is measured in percentages of the peak signal voltage. As the voltage approaches 100%, the picture gets brighter. As the voltage approaches 0%, the picture approaches black. To determine colour hue and saturation, video monitors and other decoding equipment compare the colour sub carrier’s phase and amplitude with a reference signal. The amplitude of the sine wave describes how deeply an object is saturated with colour. When the amplitude is increased, the displayed colour becomes deeper. The phase of the sine wave describes the hue of the object and the DC offset voltage of the sine wave determines how bright an object is. As the offset voltage is decreased the displayed object becomes darker, this is most noticeable when there is impedance mismatch i.e. a single video source connected to two inputs.
S-VIDEO To avoid the picture degradation that can occur with composite video, manufacturers of high-end equipment started providing a different type of video output and input format. In this S-Video format, the chrominance (all colour information) is kept separate from the luminance (Black & White information) and sync information, to reduce the possibility of interaction. S-Video signals are transferred via twin coaxial or shielded cables, which are usually fitted with 4pin mini DIN plugs. Most equipment fitted with S-Video connectors also provides standard Composite video connectors in addition. S-Video can be recorded on videotape (S-VHS) where the two components chrominance and luminance remain separated. In principal the longer, the two components remain separated within a system (Camcorder to VCR to TV) the less degradation of the signal. It is generally better to use the S-Video connection as opposed to the lower quality Composite video.
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COMPONENT VIDEO Component video is the better of all analog formats available, where the components of the video signal are separated to an even greater extent than that of S-Video, so there’s less chance of them interfering with one another. Instead of simply separating the luminance/sync (Y) and the chrominance (C) information, with Component video the chrominance information is further separated into its own two components: the B-Y (blue minus luminance, also called Cb or Pb) and R-Y (red minus luminance, also called Cr or Pr). Although not available on all video equipment, this type of connection is becoming more popular as it produces the best picture quality. The connections you will find are three RCA/Phono sockets, generally marked Y/R-Y/B-Y or Y/Cr/Cb and often-coloured yellow, red and blue respectively.
RGB VIDEO RGB is similar to Component video and consists of the three basic colour components: red (R), green (G) and blue (B). Sometimes the sync information is combined with the green video, and sometimes it is separate again. It is used primarily in European equipment, where video connections between equipment are often made using multi-way SCART connectors (20 pin oblong connectors). Like Component video, RGB offers the potential of very high image quality. PLEASE NOTE: RGB and Component video are not interchangeable and you cannot feed one type directly into the other. Note also that equipment fitted with a SCART connector, does not necessarily mean it is capable of handling RGB video. SCART connectors are actually used to convey all three types of video; Composite, S-Video and RGB. Always refer to the manufacturers manual to determine the video formats supported.
THE DIGITAL TELEVISION SIGNAL The “digital” signal used for DTTB ‘Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting’ is very different to the familiar PAL analog signal, hence some understanding of the differences will aid in a quality installation and the explanation to others, including the consumer. DTTB utilises a form of modulation called COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) and is defined by DVB-T standards. The purpose of COFDM is to provide a vehicle for the carriage of the digital signal that is highly robust to the effects of echoes or ghosts that are created from multiple paths from the transmitter to the receive antenna. The result of the COFDM digital transmission is to provide a received picture that is always free of ghosts and noise, whereas the current analog signal may have annoying ghosts and noise corrupting the quality of the picture. The “magic” of the COFDM has its origin from spreading the data between many carriers. Either of two modes of COFDM may be employed, with the “2k mode” having 1705 carriers and the “8k mode” having 6817 carriers.
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The power is spread evenly over a 6.7MHz portion of the 7MHz channel, in contrast to an analog service with its concentration of power in the vision carrier at the lower end of the spectrum. The difference in power distribution has important consequences for the measurement of signal level.
HOW DTTB IS TRANSMITTED Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) is transmitted using digital modulation in the channels available in Bands III, IV and V, sharing the spectrum with the current analog transmissions. Unlike analog transmissions, there will be no Band I or Band II transmissions for DTTB. Existing transmitter sites will generally be used for DTTB transmissions. Although successful reception via current antennas will normally be experienced, optimum and robust reception of DTTB may require some modifications.
DIGITAL SERVICES Each “Service” will occupy a 7 MHz channel and may contain a HDTV programme, a SDTV programme or multiple programmes, all available in 16:9 display format. Associated with the picture will be sound up to “5.1” channels, together with text and data information, closed captions for the hearing impaired and potential interactive enhancements.
SPECTRUM UTILISATION For those VHF allocations in State capital cities, a spectrum arrangement has been adopted where the adjacent channels will be used to transmit DTTB-DVB-T at a lower power than the existing VHF analog-PAL transmissions. The actual ratios between analog and DTTB will depend upon the detailed planning and interference restrictions in and around the particular city.
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SAME COVERAGE A planning requirement for all service areas is the concept of ‘same coverage’ where the introduced DTTB service is to be received by the viewers currently successfully receiving an analog service within its service area. The high power of DTTB services, or low power ratios relative to analog services to be used in Australia as compared to that in Europe, is a consequence of quite different definitions of same coverage, greater reliance on antennas as compared to cable and satellite in Europe and different receive antenna types. Hence, it is important to ensure the tolerance of signal level variation is adequate for the long-term robustness of the DTTB reception, rather than installing a “just adequate” antenna system. This requirement for successful long-term DTTB reception may usually be met by ensuring the receiving antenna actually provides successful and robust analog reception. The greater efficiency of digital modulation, in comparison to the current analog modulation, results in a need for less power to provide the ‘same coverage’. Depending on the planning requirements of the particular area’s digital coverage, the power for digital may be down to one-tenth of the analog power. The digital services will, in the majority of cases, be transmitted via the same antennas as the current analog services, hence the ratios of digital to analog powers will be similar in all directions The received signal level required in a particular location to achieve long-term successful reception of all digital services will be dependent upon the following factors
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THE DIGITAL CLIFF EDGE Unlike analog TV signals, which can be viewed down to weak signal strengths or in corrupted conditions, DTTB TV signal’s pictures and sound will either be perfect, in the process of breaking up or non-existent. The penalty for the potential of obtaining perfect pictures and sound all the time is that DTTB reception exhibits a very rapid change from being excellent to disappearing. This phenomenon in general is referred to as the digital cliff edge or threshold.
Hence for a reliable long-term reception of a digital service the level and the quality of the signal needs to have sufficient margin away from the cliff edge!
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DIGITAL TV SIGNAL LEVELS The measurement of the signal level sometimes referred to as channel power, delivered to the input of the receiver will be the initial easy check on the suitability of the installation. The levels recommended below have allowances to cater for the requirements of reception in Band III, IV and V in most environments experienced in city and rural locations. The rule of thumb developed with experience in analog reception of 1mV or 60dB µV as an aim for a successful analog installation, has a potential equivalent for digital TV reception of 0.5mV or 54dB µV as a rule of thumb for a successful digital installation. This guide for the digital signal level is ONLY OK IF the analog service in the presence of the digital service is of fair quality. That is, the analog service only has moderate ghosting and little interference. NOTES: a) When the antenna system has an amplifier, the Maximum limit is still applicable to the receiver input but the Minimum and Preferred levels are now applicable to the amplifier’s input The Carrier to Noise (C/N) should be measured in amplified systems and is to be a minimum of 29 dB and preferably 43 dB. b) The lowest level that can be received, that is at the threshold or cliff edge but still providing picture and sound, is approximately 31dBµV when there is little multipath and no interference. c) The nominal modulation parameters are 64QAM with a 2/3 FEC. Other alternate modulations, for example of 64QAM with a 3/4 FEC, will have a different minimum reception level of approximately 33dBµV. The cliff edge characteristic of digital reception invites the definition of a margin the signal has to achieve before this failure level or cliff edge is reached. By the insertion of an attenuator or a “pad” in the input of the receiver or the system’s amplifier, the level margin may be found. d) The recommended minimum level margin is 9dB for the first level of caution to cater for short and long-term variations. Obtaining the Preferred level above, in ideal reception conditions, would produce a Preferred level margin of > 20dB, but with more complex multipath reception conditions and say with modulation using 3/4 FEC, this level margin may be reduced to perhaps 16dB. Importantly all the channels expected to be received must be received reliably. Hence the level margin must be checked on all channels. Further quality checking must be assessed also on all channels.
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IMPULSE NOISE INTERFERENCE Impulse noise from house appliances, vehicle ignitions or overhead power lines may interfere with the reception of the digital services causing intermittent picture blocking or freezing. The disturbance to the sound may be of greater annoyance. Both level and quality margins may be consumed by the interference caused by Impulse noise. If the interference is not being received via the antenna, increased level, either by use of an amplifier or a higher gain antenna may reduce the problem. Further improvement to reception quality may be provided by: a) Correct matching of the antenna cable to the antenna balun b) Use of double or quad screened cables between the antenna and outlet plate c) Use of double or quad screened fly-lead from the wall outlet to the receiver
INTERFERENCE FROM OTHER SERVICES Interference from adjacent channel or co-channel broadcast services may result in reduced margins. As experienced in analog reception, reduction in the level of the interference relative to the desired service is the first approach to a solution. Depending on the direction from which the interference is originating, antenna repositioning or antenna type may be the solution. The performance of the receiver to these types of interference may vary between models and brands of receivers.
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HOW TO MEASURE SIGNAL STRENGTH (THE CHEAP WAY) It is important that professional installers have all the right tools for the job. In terms of RF systems, installers should own a field strength meter. However you may not be able to justify the expense if you are not involved in these installations regularly. For a rough guide on signal strength you can use a variable attenuator, these are available from most electronic stores. The attenuators are surprisingly linear and by noting the position of the dial you can estimate the attenuation within a few dB. Marking the attenuator will assist in approximation, if the attenuator is variable from 0dB to 20 dB then mid way will be 10dB. NOTE: A. The attenuators do not come with 0-20dB markings B. The numbers refer to the amount that the signal is reduced C. DO NOT leave these in a system permanently.
APPROXIMATING SIGNAL LEVEL The tuner in modern television sets has a ‘knee’ in performance at about -10dBmV input signal strength (Note the minus sign). Below this ‘knee’, the noise begins to increase rapidly. Note: Noise is identifiable as snow. If there is a pattern to what you see, it is not noise.
1. Connect the variable attenuator to the TV set and tune to a station 2. Increase attenuation until you find the 'knee' (the point where noise begins to rapidly increase) Noise is easiest to see on a black background You may have to wait until the screen turns dark to perform this test 3. Note the amount of attenuation Add this number to -10dBmV 4. This is the signal strength of this station 5. Typical accuracy of this method is about +/- 3dB You can use this technique to identify stations that are far stronger than the other stations (these can cause problems when you use an RF amplifier).
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