Chapter 7 Life in Spanish Texas 1775-1825 (Pages 140-159) Essential Question: What evidence can be found today that the Spanish left their mark on Texas?

Section 1 Life in the Missions and Presidios To secure its hold on Texas, Spain sent colonists to the northern frontier of its colonial empire. Many settled in missions and presidios, where they experienced a whole new way of life.

Section 1 Vocabulary • Hacienda: a large estate or ranch in Spanish territory • Oppressive: unjust or cruel due to abuse of power • Subject: one who is under the authority of a king or queen • Compound: a fenced or walled in area that contains houses and other buildings • Commissary: store where military people can buy equipment and food

The Spanish Texans • In late 1700s, about 3500 colonists lived in what is now Texas • Who were these colonists? See chart on page 143

• Concentrated in 3 areas

– Missions at San Antonio (about 2000) – La Bahia Mission by Goliad (about 1000) – Nacogdoches (about 500)

• Why did Spanish colonists come to Texas? – – – – –

Escape cruel conditions of haciendas in New Spain Driven to area by drought or other natural disasters Driven to area by oppressive tax system Colonists wanted to make money by trading with the French Hoped to get better jobs on northern ranches

4 Types of Frontier Settlements 1. 2. 3. 4.

Missions Presidios Pueblos (towns) Ranchos (ranches)

Missions •

Main way used to colonize Texas, Spaniards wanted to • Convert Native Texans • Teach Native Texans how to be good subjects to Spanish king/queen • Teach Native Texans how to be good farmers and laborers…gave them land for farming • If all went well, missions would be able to form own government

•

El Patronato Real • Agreement between Spain and priests • Catholic church provided priests; Spain provided funding • Spain owned mission lands; church owned buildings, etc • Goal: missions to be self-supporting…able to make money instead of costing Spain money

Missions, con’t • Inside the Missions – – – – – – –

Consisted of a compound enclosed by 4 walls Lookout towers on corners Offices for priests Workshops for spinning, weaving, etc Carpentry, ironworking, and tailoring shops Land around missions used for livestock and crops Mission chapel important for both mission residents and surrounding community • Baptisms, funerals, and Sunday church services

– See Texas voices: page 144

Missions, con’t • Daily life inside a mission – Very routine • • • • •

Morning prayers and 30 minutes of Catholic instruction, etc Work in fields or shops Women worked in kitchen or with cloth Children went to school Evening meal, religious instruction, prayer and then to bed

– Very difficult for Native Texans • New things to learn and new way of life • Priests would punish uncooperative Native Texans • Most did not like mission life…many ran away but got caught and then punished • If the did adapt to mission life, many married and raised families there

Missions, con’t • Hard times in the missions – Missions not as successful as Spain hoped • Native Texans population in missions dwindled – – – –

Very hard work Women died giving birth European diseases Didn’t adjust to new diet (red meat, starches, etc)

• Very expensive for Spain to operate – Missions never became self-supporting – Maintaining presidios to protect missions very expensive

Presidios • Purpose – Provide military support for missions and settlements until they could become self-supporting – Main purpose: protect colonists from attacks by Indians – Bring back run-away Indians – Protect groups bringing supplies from Rio Grande – Guarded herds of cattle and horses to keep them from being stolen by Native Texans

• What Presidios looked like – Made from adobe, logs, or stone – Rectangular compounds with lookouts at each corner – Barracks for soldiers, separate sleeping quarters for officers, a chapel, and storage rooms – Only entrance: huge main gate

Presidios, con’t • Presidio Life – – – – –

– – – –

Soldiers enlisted for 10 years Dull, boring, harsh, unpleasant life Hard work, dangers from hostile Indians Didn’t get along with priests…distrust and resentment Very low pay…had to buy own uniforms, weapons, etc at Commissary…very expensive Many soldiers had to take extra jobs to support themselves Some brought wives and children with them Others married women from local community Many stayed in area after 10 years were up • Got land grants for houses

Section 2 Life in Towns and on Ranches Not all Spanish colonists lived in missions or presidios. Eventually, settlements and ranches grew around these institutions (missions and presidios), attracting even more people to Texas.

Vocabulary • Civil Settlement: people in a town who are not priests or soldiers • Acequia: canal or ditch used for irrigation • Literacy: ability to read and write • Alcalde: Spanish official who was also mayor, sheriff, or judge • Ayuntamiento: local government in a Spanish town • Vaquero: Spanish cowboy (livestock herder or cowhand)

Spanish Towns Develop • Spanish had 4 Civil Settlements (people who were not priests or soldiers) in colonial Texas – San Antonio de Bexar (San Antonio) – La Bahia (Goliad) – Nacogdoches – Laredo

http://www.goliadtx.net /

Pueblos (Spanish Towns) • Pueblos – Colonists who lived in the town: pobladores – Made buildings in towns out of materials from surroundings • Adobe, logs, stone • If didn’t have these things, they would build jacals (huts with thatched roofs and walls made from upright poles covered with mud or clay) • Pobladores built acequias to bring water to towns/fields

http://rothenbach.org/PicMex/huala17.jpg

http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/Economy.htm

Pueblos, con’t • Life in the towns – As routine as in missions or presidios – Many pobladores were former presidio families – Some pobladores were Native Americans who adopted Spanish culture – Worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, gunsmiths, masons, baker, tailors, shoemakers, store owners, farmers, etc

Pueblos, con’t • Education – Limited…very few teachers and only wealthy could afford books

– Literacy (ability to read and write) was often limited to priests, government officials, and wealthy families

Pueblos, con’t • Women’s Roles (see picture on page 150) – Women helped in stores, on farms, cooked, sewed, made soap, were midwives…delivered babies – Women were responsible for teaching morals and values to the children – Women held quite a bit of power – Married women kept property they owned before they got married – Women could own property, make investments separate from husbands – Women could file lawsuits

Pueblos, con’t • Governing the People – Colonists/settlers wanted to form own town governments – Spanish leaders wanted to maintain Spanish government in towns – Government Structure in Towns • Alcalde (Spanish official) was mayor, sheriff, judge in criminal and civil cases • The alcalde was aided by the ayuntamiento…kind of like a town council – Carried out royal orders and planned town’s growth

Pueblos, con’t • Leisure Activities – Horse racing – Festivals and outdoor activities – Loved folktales and singing corridos or ballads (would tell a story) – Dancing to guitar or fiddle music – See picture on page 151

Pueblos, con’t • Problems in the Towns – – – –

– – – –

No running water No sewage system Led to epidemics of cholera, smallpox, etc Muddy streets and standing water=breeding ground for mosquitoes (carried diseases) Very few doctors and very little medicine Always threat of Indian raids, outlaw or smuggler attacks Lacked basic necessities Towns grew slowly • Read Texas Voices page 152

Ranchos (Ranches) • Some colonists wanted to live outside of settlements but they wanted to stay close to missions, presidios, and pueblos…for protection • These people lived on Ranchos (farms and ranches) • Ranches helped colonists by – Raising cattle, horses, mules, sheep, goats, hogs…provided food for colonists and wool, animal hides as well as fat for soap and candles – Ranches raised and provided horses for soldiers in presidios

Ranchos, con’t • Cattle Industry Begins in Texas

• Read Lone Star Legends…page 152 – Cattle brought to Texas by people who first came to colonize Texas…priests, etc – Cattle multiplied…lots of wild cattle (and horses) roamed Texas – Wild animals (known as mestenos) were captured by Indians and used for transportation, heavy labor, and food

Ranchos, con’t • Cattle Industry, con’t – Early 1700s, king of Spain gave land grants to ranchers to develop cattle industry in Texas – By mid-1700s, land between San Antonio and Guadalupe Rivers became most productive ranching region in Texas • This area was called the “cradle of Texas ranching”

– Another area important for ranching was Nuevo Santander – In both areas many ranching traditions were started which added to history and culture of Texas

Ranchos, con’t • Vaqueros (Spanish cowboys) developed techniques that are still used today to control livestock (Read Language of the Vaqueros…page 154) – Rounding up cattle – Working herds from horseback – Roping livestock – Driving cattle to market – See pictures and Then and Now on page 153

Mexican Vaqueros

Ranchos, con’t • Ranching vs Farming – Ranching showed that Spaniards were able to adapt their lifestyle to Texas geography – Dry areas were better for ranching than farming…why? – Ranching didn’t require as many workers – Longhorn cattle (breed that developed) very well suited to Texas…could handle very extreme weather and sparse grasses – If Indians got to be a problem, just move cattle…couldn’t move farms – But, most colonists still tried to make a living from farming • Could grow things like corn, beans, pumpkins for own use but couldn’t sell much food for income • Farmers had to compete with missions for workers • Farming required a lot of work on the land to get it ready to plant, irrigation ditches dug, etc • Most farmers ended up just growing enough for their family and not enough to sell to make a living

Section 3 The Colonists Rebel Although Spanish settlements were growing, the Spanish crown provided little support. Instead, it imposed harsh laws and taxes that turned people against Spanish rule. Texans helped fight for Mexico’s independence from Spain.

Vocabulary • Liberation: the act of becoming free • Conspire: to join in a secret agreement

Colonists Grow Unhappy with Spain • As Spanish settlements in Texas grew, settlers all learned to work together instead of waiting for Spanish officials to tell them what to do • They didn’t think Spain really understood what was going on with the colonists • In the meantime, Spain was at odds with England and France – These conflicts were expensive – Very little money to send to colonies – Started unfairly taxing the colonists and forced colonists to send money to Spain to support conflicts – Spain withdrew support of colonies but still forced royal laws that weren’t fair to colonists

The Enlightenment Comes to Mexico • By 1800, colonists were very unhappy with Spanish rule of the colonies • Enlightenment: movement spreading throughout Europe and world—people tried to apply reason and science to all aspects of life…including government • Idea didn’t go along with theory that kings had a God-given right to rule • Idea supported the idea that government should support people’s natural rights and interests • If governments couldn’t support people’s natural rights and interests, government should be replaced – French Revolution and American Revolution were examples

All About the Enlightenment

Father Hidalgo Calls for Independence • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (native of Mexico) strongly believed in ideals of The Enlightenment • He had worked with farmers in Delores…area north of Mexico City • He knew how these people struggled and saw how little concern Spain had for them…he knew things had to change • He called for the Liberation of the Mexican people from Spain

Father Hidalgo, con’t • Spain thought Father Hidalgo was conspiring to overthrow Spanish government…wanted to arrest him • He found out about this ahead of time and he saw he had 3 choices – Stay in Delores and be arrested – Hide out and hope he didn’t get caught – Begin a revolution

Father Hidalgo, con’t • On September 16, 1810…Father Hidalgo gave a speech called the Grito de Delores which means Cry of Pain • He called for Mexican citizens to rise up and fight for their independence from Spain • Read Texas Voices on page 157 • Many settlers in Texas supported Father Hidalgo’s ideas • Read Texas Tidbits and picture on page 156 – On his way to Texas to meet with them, he was arrested by Spanish government and executed – He had an incredible influence on the future of Mexico and Texas How/Why?

Hidalgo’s Supporters Rebel Against Spain • Even though Father Hidalgo had been killed, his supporters in Texas started a rebellion against Spain – Juan Bautista de las Casas overthrew Spanish government in San Antonio and took control of La Bahia and Nacogdoches – January 22, 1811…Las Casas declared Texas free from Spain – But then Spain captured and executed Las Casas and retook control of Texas

Mexican Unrest Continues • Even though attempts at rebellion by Father Hidalgo and Las Casas failed, the colonists in Texas realized that they could be free from Spain (Texas supported Mexico’s efforts in fight) • They knew with right plan and a strong army Spanish control of Texas could come to an end

• Fights continued for years • After many battles back and forth, Texas was finally free from Spain – August 24, 1821: Mexico was official freed from Spain and Texas became part of the new Republic of Mexico

Map of Mexico After Its Independence from Spain in 1821

Spanish Influence Lives On • For about 300 years, Spain controlled Texas • The Spanish culture permeated everything in Texas…still is strong today • Many religious festivals, customs, traditions, art, architecture, music, and literature are traced back to Spanish roots (see pictures on pages 158-159) • One of Spain’s most important contributions to Texas is Spanish language – Names of rivers, cities, landforms, foods, and everyday thing have been influenced by Spain – Spaniards brought cows, horses, sheep and pigs to Texas – Spaniards started the cattle industry in Texas