Chapter 7 Section 2 – The Spanish-American War (p. 268-275) MAIN IDEAS The Coming of War (p. 268)

Cuba (p. 268-269)

NOTES  Last Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere (1898) = Cuba and Puerto Rico  Cuba had tried to revolt against Spain several times  See “Primary Source – Causes of the Spanish-American War” on p. 269

1.) Cuba was a _______________________________________________________________________________  Sugarcane plantations  Mid-1800s = produced 1/3 of world’s sugar  1/3 of Cuba was slaves until 1886  1886 = Spain abolished slavery  2nd to last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery (Brazil was the last) 2.) 1868-1878 =_______________________________________________________________________________ 3.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________  1880s = exiles planned an invasion of Cuba  Early 1890s = US and Cuba linked economically  Cuba exported sugar to US  US invested $50 million in plantations, mines, and railroads  US placed a tariff on sugar that hurt Cuba’s economy 4.) Feb. 1895 = Marti __________________________________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________  Jose Marti died in the fighting 5.) Sept. 1895 = Set up the ______________________________________________________________________

America Reacts (p. 269-270)

1.) USA was _________________________________________________________________________________  President Cleveland made the statement that the USA would stay neutral 2.) Americans were ___________________________________________________________________________ 3.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  exaggerated, sensationalist reporting to attract readers  Wrote stories about Spanish atrocities a.) New York Journal = ________________________________________________________________  Spanish fed Cuban prisoners to sharks and dogs b.) New York World = _________________________________________________________________  Cuba is a place with “blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!”

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Chapter 7 Section 2 – The Spanish-American War (p. 268-275)

Spain Reacts (p. 269-270)

1.) __________________________________________________________________________________ to Cuba a.) _____________________________________________________________ = appointed as governor  El Carnicero = The Butcher 2.) Cuban rebels ______________________________________________________________________________ a.) Hoped ___________________________________________________________________________  Hit-and-run raids destroyed plantations, sugar mills, tore up RR tracks, and attacked supply depots 3.) _________________________________________________________________________________________

Calls for War Against Spain (p. 270-271)

a.) used to ___________________________________________________________________________  General Weyler sent villagers to concentration camps  Hundreds of thousands men, women, and children died of starvation and disease  News reports of these camps angered Americans  1897 = William McKinley becomes president  Did not want to intervene in the war  Did not want to lose lives or hurt the economy

1.) Sept. 1897 = US asked Spain if the they could help ________________________________________________ in Cuba  Warned that if the war did not end soon, the USA would become involved a.) Spain ____________________________________________________________________________ b.) Spain offered ___________________________ to Cuba if they remained part of the Spanish empire 2.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.) Jan. 1898 = ________________________________________________ in Havana, Cuba_________________  Spanish loyalists were upset by the concessions that were offered by Spain to Cuban rebels a.) __________________________________ was sent to _____________________________________ 4.) Feb. 9, 1898 = New York Journal printed a Spanish letter that _______________________________________  written by the Spanish ambassador  It said President McKinley was “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”  Americans were upset at the insult to the president 5.) Feb. 15, 1898 = __________________________________________________ exploded in the Havana Harbor a.) Americans believed that the __________________________________________________________  “Remember the Maine” 6.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  jingoism = aggressive nationalism  Congress authorized $50 million for war and McKinley was pressured to declare war  April 11, 1898 = the president asked Congress to declare war 7.) April 19, 1898 = US Congress proclaimed _______________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________ b.) Gave the president _________________________________________________________________ 8.) April 24, 1898 = _________________________________________________________________ on the USA

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Chapter 7 Section 2 – The Spanish-American War (p. 268-275)

A War on Two Fronts (p. 271)

The Battle of Manila Bay Philippines (p. 271-272)

 Philippines were a Spanish colony 1.) US wanted to prevent the ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.) May 1, 1898 = Commodore _____________________________________ takes control of ________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________  They entered at midnight  At dawn, 4 US ships destroyed all 8 of the Spanish ships  US was surprised by Dewey’s quick victory 3.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  Troop were sent from San Francisco a.) _________________________________________________________________________________  Guam was a Spanish possession in the Pacific Ocean 4.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  Filipino rebel who had tried to stage an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in 1896  Joined with US troops after Dewey contacted him a.) Helped ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  Manila = Philippine capital

American Forces in Cuba (p. 272)

 Spanish troops weren’t prepared to fight in Cuba  Tropical diseases  Weakened from months of fighting rebels  Old warships  Poorly trained crews  Needed to keep their fleet strong to supply troops from Spain to Cuba  US troops were not prepared either  Poor resources to train and equip volunteers  Unsanitary conditions in training camps  More US soldiers died from epidemics than in battle with the Spanish  US navy’s North Atlantic Squadron blockaded Cuba 1.) June 14, 1898 = 17,000 US troops land _________________________________________________________  Spain had shore-based guns that protected their fleet at Santiago a.) to _______________________________________________________________________________ b.) force __________________________________________________________________________ to do battle

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Chapter 7 Section 2 – The Spanish-American War (p. 268-275)

2.) ______________________________________________________ advance towards _____________________  Western US volunteer cavalry unit made up of cowboys, minders and law officers  Led by Colonel Leonard Wood  Theodore Roosevelt was second in command 3.) July 1 = __________________________________________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________  El Caney - a village northeast of Santiago b.) _________________________________________________________________________________  All-black 8th and 10th Cavalry Regiments helped the Rough Riders at Kettle Hill o 1/4th of troops fighting in Cuba were African America o 4 received the Medal of Honor for their bravery c.) _________________________________________________________________________________  The Rough Riders took Kettle Hill and then helped to take San Juan Hill 4.) Spanish fleet ______________________________________________________________________________ a.) July 3 = US ships __________________________________________________________________  All Spanish ships were sunk or beached 5.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  Two weeks after Spanish fleet was destroyed 6.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  See “The Spanish-American War” on p. 270-271

An American Empire (p. 273)

Debate Over the Annexation of the Philippines (p. 273-274)

 Cuba would became independent as promised  US would annex Guam and Puerto Rico  Philippines = should the US make it independent or take it over?  Democracy or imperialism?

 See “Debates in History” on p. 272-273  See “Political Cartoons” on p. 274 1.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________ b.) _________________________________________________________________________________ o Stopover for trading ships going to China o Market for US goods c.) _________________________________________________________________________________ o Help “less civilized people” o “Surely this Spanish war has not been to grab for empire but a heroic effort [to] free the oppressed and to teach the millions of ignorant, debased human beings thus freed how to live.” – New England minister

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Chapter 7 Section 2 – The Spanish-American War (p. 268-275)

2.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________ o Cost of an empire outweighed economic benefits o Andrew Carnegie b.) _________________________________________________________________________________ o Imperialism violated American principles o Jane Addams and Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) c.) _________________________________________________________________________________ o American wages would be driven down by cheap Filipino labor o Samuel Gompers  William Jennings Bryan = See p. 273 “Debates in History” 3.) President _________________________________________________________________________________  see “Primary Source” quote on p. 274  “And one night late it came to me this way . . . (1)that we could not give them back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany . . . that we would be bad for business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves – they were unfit for self-government . . . and (4) that t here was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them.” – President McKinley in A Diplomatic History of the American People 4.) ______________________________________________________________ = Dec. 10, 1898 = US and Spain a.) _________________________________________________________________________________ b.) _________________________________________________________________________________ c.) _________________________________________________________________________________  Feb. 1899 = Senate ratified the treaty

The USA & Cuba (p. 274-275)

 Cuba was independent and made a new constitution  US wanted to make sure that Cuba had close ties with them 1.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.) _________________________________________________________________________________________  Submitted by Senator Orville Platt  Conditions added to the Cuban constitution by the US a.) Cuba could not make ________________________________________________________________ b.) Cuba had to _______________________________________________________________________ c.) Cuba had to keep __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ d.) _________________________________________________________________________________ 3.) _________________________________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 7 Section 2 – The Spanish-American War (p. 268-275)

US Territory Puerto Rico (p. 275)

1.) ____________________________________________ (1900) = set up a ______________________________ for Puerto Rico a.) _________________________________________________________________________________ b.) _______________________________________________________________ and executive council b1.) ________________________________________________________________________ o US president had final authority 2.) US Supreme Court ruled that _________________________________________________________________  Puerto Ricans did not have constitutional rights of citizens 3.) 1917 = Puerto Ricans granted ________________________________________________________________ 4.) 1947 = Puerto Ricans _______________________________________________________________________  Today = debate over state, independent country, or continue as self-governing commonwealth of the USA

US Territory The Philippines (p. 275)

1.) ______________________________________________________________________________ (1899-1902)  Also called the Philippine Insurrection 2.) Emilio Aguinaldo led _______________________________________________________________________  50,000-200,000 Filipinos died  126,000 US soldiers were sent to fight the rebels  4,300 US soldiers died from combat or disease 3.) US ______________________________________________________________________________________ a.) _________________________________________________________________________________  Thousands of civilians died of disease and starvation 4.) ______________________________________________________________ – first US __________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________  Tried to win over the Filipinos by making improvements a.) Improved _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b.) Helped to _________________________________________________________________________ c.) Reforms helped ____________________________________________________________________ 5.) March 1901 – _____________________________________________________________________________ 6.) July 4, 1902 = US __________________________________________________________________________ 7.) Mid-1930s = US ___________________________________________________________________________  They were allowed to elect their own congress and president 8.) _________________________________________________________________________________________

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