Caregiver Demographics LONGSCAN 1991 Description of Measure Purpose To gather demographic information from caregivers. Conceptual Organization The form begins with a series of items to intended to gather information on the respondent's educational background, followed by the current employment status and occupations of both maternal caregivers and husbands or partners who are living in the home. Respondents are then asked to report their total family income, collapsed into a number of ranges, and to indicate each source of that income. The number of persons dependent upon this income is also gathered so that per capita household income may be calculated. The last section gathers basic demographic information including age, race, marital status, and religious affiliation and involvement. Materials LONGSCAN utilized an A-CASI administration. Time Required 10 minutes Administration Method Interviewer-administered Training Minimal Scoring Score Types Individual item scores are most useful. Occupational status is scored using the 9-point Hollingshead Occupational Scale (Hollingshead, 1975). Education was measured by number of years of schooling as well as by degrees or certification attained. Annual income was measured in $5,000 increments up to ‘greater than $50,000 per year.’ Score Interpretation The Hollingshead Occupational Scale ranges from 1 (menial jobs) to 9 (major professional jobs) (Hollingshead, 1975). Explicit coding instructions are found in the LONGSCAN scoring manual. LONGSCAN Use Data Points Pre-Age 4: MW & NW sites only Age 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, & 16: all sites
Respondent Primary maternal caregiver Mnemonic and Version DEMA (Pre-Age 4/Age 4) DE6A (Age 6) - Modified to include questions about the educational status of the caregiver’s partner. Also, the order of the questions was changed slightly. DEA (Age 8) - Caregiver race is omitted. DEMB (Ages 12, 14 & 16) - Racial/ethnic background is included again. Also asks for the number of rooms in the caregiver’s home. Rationale Information gathered on this form is needed to examine research questions related to the socio-demographic characteristic of the child's caregiver(s). The Hollingshead Index (1975) is widely used as a measure of socioeconomic status. Results Descriptive Statistics For descriptive statistics of the age 4 -8 Caregiver Demographics, please refer to the 1st and 2nd volumes of the measures manuals (Hunter et al., 2003). Race/Ethnicity. Table 1 shows the racial distribution of caregivers at the age 12 and 14 interviews. As seen at the earlier ages, the majority of caregivers were African American at both age 12 and 14, followed by Caucasians. Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for the Age 12 and 14 Caregiver Race/Ethnicity
Overall
N 935
White/ Caucasian % 32.4
Age 12 Black/ African American % 55.5
Hispanic % 6.5
Other* % 5.5
Study Site EA MW SO SW NW
186 160 172 227 190
5.4 15.6 32.6 41.4 62.1
94.6 65.0 66.9 35.7 22.6
0.0 13.7 0.0 14.5 3.2
0.0 5.6 0.6 8.4 12.1
N 832
White/ Caucasian % 32.7
Age 14 Black/ African American % 56.0
Hispanic % 5.8
Other* % 5.5
196 82 173 202 179
5.6 19.5 30.6 37.1 65.4
93.4 61.0 68.8 37.6 21.2
0.0 17.1 0.0 15.0 2.2
1.0 2.4 0.6 10.4 11.2
Source. Based on data received at the Coordinating Center through January ’07. * Includes Asian, Native American, and Mixed Races.
Age Distribution. Figure 1 displays the mean age of LONGSCAN caregivers at the Age 12 and 14 interviews. Caregiver’s at the age 12 interview had an overall mean age of 41.5 (SD = 10.5), and 43 at the age 14 interview (SD = 10.5).
Figure 1. Distribution for Caregivers Age at the Age 12 and 14 Interviews
250 Age 12
Age 14
# of Caregivers
200 150 100 50 0 20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
51-55
56-60
>60
Age Groups
Source. Based on data received at the Coordinating Center through January ’07.
Educational Attainment. Tables 2 shows selected caregiver educational attainment by race and study site, based on responses at the Age 12 and 14 interviews. A little over 75% of LONGSCAN caregivers had obtained a high school diploma or equivalency certificate (GED) at both the age 12 and 14 interviews. Table 2. Descriptive Statistics for the Age 12 and 14 Caregiver Education
Overall
Obtained H.S. Diploma/GED Age 12 Age 14 % % 75.1 76.4
Obtained Vocational Certificate Age 12 Age 14 % % 36.8 41.1
Obtained Associate Degree Age 12 Age 14 % % 9.8 8.8
Obtained Bachelor Degree Age 12 Age 14 % % 3.3 3.8
Masters and or Doctorate Degree Age 12 Age 14 % % 1.5 2.0
Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic Other *
83.5 71.3 67.2 71.1
82.6 75.7 62.5 60.9
29.7 40.7 32.7 44.2
40.6 42.5 29.2 41.3
11.2 8.7 6.6 15.4
7.4 9.0 6.3 17.4
6.3 1.2 3.3 7.7
7.4 1.5 6.3 4.3
2.6 1.2 0.0 0.0
4.4 1.1 0.0 0.0
Study Site EA MW SO SW NW
67.9 68.5 67.4 81.6 86.4
75.1 66.7 68.6 80.2 85.5
35.5 40.0 22.8 42.5 41.4
38.6 37.8 30.2 50.2 45.3
6.4 6.2 11.7 12.7 11.0
7.1 11.0 7.0 8.9 11.2
0.0 1.9 1.8 6.1 5.8
0.5 3.7 1.2 6.4 7.3
2.1 0.0 0.6 3.1 1.0
2.0 0.0 1.2 3.4 2.2
Source. Based on data received at the Coordinating Center through January ’07. Overall sample size for age 12 N = 936 and Age 14 N= 833. * Includes Asian, Native American, and Mixed Races.
Work Status. Table 3 displays caregiver work status for the age 12 and 14 interviews. Forty-three percent of caregivers were working full time at the age 12 and 14 interviews, while 29% of caregivers reported that they didn’t work because they were either retired or disabled.
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics for the Age 12 and 14 Caregiver Work Status Work Part Time
Age 12 % 43.0
Age 14 % 43.4
Age 12 % 11.0
Age 14 % 12.0
Age 12 % 10.5
Age 14 % 10.3
Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic Other *
43.2 44.7 36.1 32.7
43.0 46.1 29.2 32.6
14.2 8.7 13.1 13.5
15.8 9.4 16.7 11.0
5.9 14.1 6.6 5.8
6.3 13.7 2.1 8.7
29.7 27.2 40.9 34.6
29.8 25.7 50.0 43.5
6.9 5.4 3.3 13.5
5.1 4.9 2.1 4.3
Study Site EA MW SO SW NW
47.8 34.4 50.6 34.6 48.7
47.7 37.8 56.1 34.5 39.1
7.5 13.1 9.3 14.0 10.5
9.6 12.2 9.8 16.3 11.7
16.1 20.0 8.1 4.0 6.8
14.7 13.4 10.4 5.4 9.5
24.2 25.6 25.6 41.2 26.7
21.3 32.9 23.1 36.4 34.6
4.3 7.0 6.4 6.1 7.3
6.6 4.0 0.6 7.4 5.0
Overall
Unemployed
Don’t work (i.e., retired, disabled) Age 12 Age 14 % % 29.4 29.4
Work Full Time
Other (i.e., student, work sometimes) Age 12 Age 14 % % 6.2 4.9
Source. Based on data received at the Coordinating Center through January ’07. Overall sample size for age 12 N = 937 and Age 14 N= 834. * Includes Asian, Native American, and Mixed Races.
Marital Status. Table 4 provides descriptive statistics on caregiver marital status at ages 12 and 14, by race and study site. Overall, approximately 34% of the maternal caregivers at the age 12 interview reported that they were single and had never married (32% at age 14), while almost 38% were married (39% at age 14). Table 4. Descriptive Statistics for the Age 12 and 14 Caregiver Marital Status Married
Single, never married Age 12 Age 14 % % 34.2 31.9
Age 12 % 38.1
Age 14 % 39.3
Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic Other *
58.7 25.3 45.0 38.5
57.9 27.0 52.1 41.3
14.5 48.3 30.0 13.5
Study Site EA MW SO SW NW
23.7 27.7 44.2 50.7 40.3
26.4 24.4 40.7 48.8 48.0
50.0 52.2 36.1 15.7 24.6
Overall
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
Age 12 % 8.1
Age 14 % 8.2
Age 12 % 15.3
Age 14 % 16.0
Age 12 % 4.3
Age 14 % 4.7
13.3 44.8 29.2 13.0
6.6 8.3 5.0 19.2
5.5 9.4 4.2 15.2
17.5 12.5 16.7 26.9
20.3 13.1 12.5 21.7
2.6 5.6 3.3 1.9
3.0 5.6 2.1 8.6
46.7 48.8 39.5 15.0 20.1
10.7 6.9 9.3 6.2 7.8
8.6 13.4 7.6 8.9 5.0
9.7 10.1 7.0 21.1 25.6
12.2 11.0 8.7 21.2 23.5
5.9 3.1 3.5 6.6 1.6
6.1 2.4 3.5 6.4 3.3
Source. Based on data received at the Coordinating Center through January ’07. Overall sample size for age 12 N = 935 and Age 14 N= 833. * Includes Asian, Native American, and Mixed Races.
Income. Figure 2 displays the distribution for household income reported by the primary caregivers at the age 12 and 14 interviews. On average, LONGSCAN families had slightly more than 4 household members dependent upon the family’s total yearly income for both the age 12 and 14 interviews. The median annual family income for LONGSCAN households was between $25,000-$30,000 at both the age 12 and 14 interviews.
Figure 2. Distribution for Caregivers Income at the Age 12 and 14 Interviews
140 Age 12
# of Caregivers
120
Age 14
100 80 60 40 20 0 < 5K
5-10K
10-15K
15-20K
20-25K
25-30K
30-35K
35-40K
40-45K
45-50K
> 50K
Household Income
Source. Based on data received at the Coordinating Center through January ’07.
References and Bibliography Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four-factor Index of Social Status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Hunter, W. M., Cox, C. E., Teagle, S., Johnson, R. M., Mathew, R., Knight, E. D., & Leeb, R. T. (2003). Measures for Assessment of Functioning and Outcomes in Longitudinal Research on Child Abuse. Volume 1: Early Childhood. Accessible at the LONGSCAN web site (http://www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/). Hunter, W. M., Cox, C. E., Teagle, S., Johnson, R. M., Mathew, R., Knight, E. D., Leeb, R. T., & Smith, J. B. (2003). Measures for Assessment of Functioning and Outcomes in Longitudinal Research on Child Abuse. Volume 2: Middle Childhood. Accessible at the LONGSCAN web site (http://www.iprc.unc.edu/longscan/).