Biology 20: Final Exam Review Package Name: _________________________ Date: __________________

Study Tips In preparation for your Biology 20 final exam (worth 30% of your final mark) you may want to consider doing the following things:

-Organize your notes & materials -Access all materials for the course from www.boutestein.net - Prioritize study areas (spend more time on your weakest areas) - Re-read appropriate sections in the textbook and your notes if required. - Use online resources like www.boutestein.net, www.hippocampus.org or www.albertabiology.com - Quiz yourself online at alberta.exambank.com/grade11.html#bi20 (username: mchs, password: prairie) - Study with friends – explain concepts and ask each other questions - Have your parents quiz you from your notes or textbook - Create index flip cards and quiz yourself - Review your unit exams with Mr. Boutestein (by appointment only after school) - Ask lots of questions to Mr. Boutestein – that’s what he’s getting paid for! - Come to the Bio 20 Final Review Session (date to be provided on the website) and bring any last minute questions you might have This booklet is not due and is not for marks. If you can honestly answer these questions and you understand the concepts that these questions cover, you should do very well on the final exam. FYI... The review booklet is based on the chapter order in your textbook, not the order that we covered material during the class. Good luck!

Chapter 1 - Energy Transfer in the Biosphere (pp. 6-31) 1. What are the first two laws of thermodynamics? 2. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? 3. Draw a food chain with 5 organisms. What will happen to the population of organisms in the fourth trophic level if the population of organisms in the third trophic level increases? Decreases? 4. Draw a food web containing three trophic levels. For each organism, identify the trophic level, whether it is a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer etc or whether it is a top consumer. 5. Explain the difference between a food chain and a food web. 6. How does the amount of energy change from one trophic level to the next in a food chain? Why does that happen? 7. Draw a hypothetical pyramid of numbers for your food chain in question 2. 8. What does the size of the box represent in a pyramid of numbers? 9. Would the pyramids of energy & biomass be the same shape or different? Why? 10. Which eco-pyramid can be inverted (not pyramid shaped)? 11. Which organism in your food chain from question 2 should be most concerned about bio-magnification & why?

Chapter 2 - Cycles of Matter (pp. 32-67) 1. Draw a flowchart depicting the water / hydrologic cycle. Include the following steps / processes on your diagram: evaporation, condensation, transpiration, precipitation, seepage, runoff, groundwater, infiltration. 2. Draw a flowchart depicting the carbon cycle. Include the following steps on your diagram: photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, consumption, burning of fossil fuels. 3. Draw a flowchart depicting the nitrogen cycle. Include the following steps on your diagram: Nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification(x2), denitrification, consumption and decomposition. 4. Identify 3 different types of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle. For each, identify the chemical reaction / conversion that they contribute to the nitrogen cycle. Add these bacteria to your nitrogen cycle from question 3. 5. Describe how a farmer might rotate crops to maximize the amount of nitrogen in the soil. Give examples of the types of crops, and the name given to “nitrogen-enriching” crops. 6. Draw a flowchart depicting the phosphorous cycle. Include the following steps on your diagram: sedimentation, geological uplifting, consumption, decomposition, weathering. 7. Describe the three phases of eutrophication. List four differences between an oligotrophic and eutrophic body of water.

Chapter 3 - Ecosystems (pp. 76-111) 1. List 5 biotic factors that could influence a population’s growth. 2. List 6 abiotic factors in an environment. For each, indicate what would happen to overall biomass if the factor was increased or decreased. 3. Draw a cross-section of the edge of a lake. Identify the limnetic, benthic, profundal and littoral zones. 4. List in order the 8 levels of taxonomy (from broadest to most specific). Identify the taxonomic levels for the horse and the brown bat (you don’t need to memorize these) and identify at what level the horse & brown bat diverge. 5. Describe how organisms are named using binomial nomenclature. 6. Create a dichotomous key for four organisms of your choosing. 7. List in order the 6 levels of ecological complexity. At what level does this factor in both biotic and abiotic factors. 8. Identify and briefly describe the four major biomes in Canada.

Chapter 4 - Mechanisms of Population Change (pp. 112-147) 1. Explain the difference between a “variation” and an “adaptation” 2. What are the five main theories that Charles Darwin outlined in his book On the Origin of Species? 3. Using an example, explain how natural selection occurs. How do new, advantageous traits arise? 4. What’s speciation? How does it occur? 5. Explain at least 5 pieces of evidence that support the theory that we have descended/evolved from common ancestors through the process of natural selection. 6. Explain the difference between the two models for the rate of evolution: punctuated equilibrium and gradualism. 7. Name four scientists that preceded Darwin, who played a role in the evolution of evolutionary theory. What did each scientist bring to the table?

Chapter 5 - Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (pp. 160-197) 1. Write the balanced formulas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Be sure to include the energy sources and/or energy released. Which process makes CO2 and which makes O2? Which uses CO2 and which uses O2? 2. What are enzymes? What role do they play in photosynthesis and cellular respiration? 3. Create a overview diagram of the two phases of photosynthesis. What are the inputs (reactants) and what are the outputs (products) 4. What products from the light dependent part of photosynthesis does the lightindependent phase depend on? 5. Answer the following questions related to molecule output in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. a. ___ Number of PGAL molecules made by one rotation of Calvin cycle b. ___ Number of PGAL molecules needed to make a glucose c. ___ Number of ATP produced during glycolysis d. ___ Number of NADH created by the breakdown of glucose e. ___ Number of FADH2 created by the breakdown of glucose f. ___ Number of ATP produced in the ETS of cellular respiration g. ___ Total number of ATP produced in aerobic respiration h. ___ Total number of ATP produced in anaerobic respiration i. ___ Number of CO2 molecules produced by the Krebs cycle 6. Identify the location of the following processes: a. Light Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis b. Light Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis c. Glycolysis d. Krebs Cycle e. Chemiosmosis / Electrochemical Gradient (2 locations – one in photosynthesis and one in cellular respiration) 7. Identify two types of anaerobic respiration and describe where and when they occur. 8. Was is chromatography and what is it used for in relation to studying photosynthesis?

Chapter 6.1 - The Molecules of Living Systems (pp. 206-216) 1. Explain hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis for proteins, carbs, and lipids (which components are joined, or broken apart) 2. Choose from either Carbs, Lipids, or Proteins a. _____ Used as primary energy source in living things b. _____ Enzymes are an example of this c. _____ No hormones are this type of molecule d. _____ Contains nitrogen e. _____ Primary component of cell membranes f. _____ Made of amino acids g. _____ Makes up cell wall in plants h. _____ Contains a glycerol molecule 3. Identify two monosaccharide isomers, two dissacharide isomers, and two different types of starches. 4. What is the approximate pH for each digestive organ: oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine 5. What is CHNOPS? What’s it’s significance to biological life on the planet? 6. Describe monomers and polymers. 7. What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? 8. Sketch out diagrams of a generic lipid and amino acid molecule. Be sure to label them. 9. What’s the difference between denaturation and deamination?

Chapter 6.2 - The Digestive System (pp. 217-241) 1. What’s the approximate pH for each digestive organ: oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. 2. Create a flow chart to show how carbohydrates are digested in the digestive system. Include the following: amylase, sucrase & lactase. Be sure to show where each of these enzymes are active. 3. Create a flow chart to show how proteins are digested in the digestive system. Include the following: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, enterokinase, trypsin & erepsin. Be sure to show where each of these enzymes are active and how they are activated in the first place. 4. Create a flow chart to show how lipids are digested by the digestive system. Include the following: bile & lipase. Be sure to show where each is active, and where they come from. 5. What’s the name of the circular muscles that control the movement of food through the digestive system? Name & locate three of them? 6. Identify the location & function of the following structures: pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, villi, large intestine. 7. Explain the difference between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion. Identify where both occur. 8. Identify three functions of the liver. 9. How does the absorption of lipids differ from the absorption of sugars and amino acids in the small intestine? Where does this occur? 10. Identify and describe the function of four hormones that regulate digestion. 11. Identify and describe at least six digestive disorders.


Chapter 7 - The Respiratory System (pp. 242-265) 1. Identify the function and location of the following structures: pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm. 2. Describe the movement of gases in the alveoli using the terms “high concentration, low concentration, diffusion, oxygen and carbon dioxide”. 3. Create a graph of respiratory volumes to differentiate between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lunch capacity. 4. Describe what happens to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm when they contract, and how that changes air pressure in the lungs. What does this cause to happen in the lungs? 5. Describe the differences between how a majority of oxygen is transported through the blood as opposed to carbon dioxide. Based on this, what will build ups of carbon dioxide in the blood cause? 6. Identify and describe at least six disorders that impact the lower respiratory tract. What particular part of the respiratory tract do each of these disorders effect?

Chapter 8 - Circulation and Immunity (pp. 266-303) 1. Create a table to list the differences between veins and arteries. 2. Draw a picture of a heart with all major blood vessels. Draw arrows to show the flow of blood and label the following structures: vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, AV valves (ie. bicuspid & tricuspid), left ventricle, septum, semilunar valves (ie. pulmonary & aortic), aorta. 3. Using your picture of a heart, color the areas blue that contain deoxygenated blood, and color the areas red that contain oxygenated blood. 4. Explain the purpose of the heart valves and describe the part the cardiac cycle when each valve is open and when each valve is closed. 5. Which side of the heart has thicker muscle and why? 6. Describe the relationship between blood capillaries and lymph vessels. 7. Write a brief description of the function of each of the following types of cells: platelets, antibodies, macrophages, T Cells (killer, helper & suppressor), B cells (memory and plasma). 8. Describe the percentage breakdown of blood. What is each portion responsible for? 9. Blood Typing: a. Why do people have different blood types? In other words, what is different about our blood cells? b. What does agglutination mean? c. If a sample of a person’s blood agglutinates when exposed to anti-A antibodies and anti-Rh antibodies, what blood type are they? 10. How is blood pressure measured? What’s the blood pressure of a healthy person at rest? 11. Draw and label a typical ECG. Be sure to include the P, QRS and T wave. What do each of these represent about the heartbeat? 12. What causes the lub dub sound of the heart through a stethoscope? 13. Identify and describe at least six disorders that impact the circulatory or immune systems.

Chapter 9 - Excretion & the Interaction of Systems (pp. 304-329) 1. Describe osmosis in terms of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. 2. Sketch a diagram of a nephron, and label the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule and the collecting duct. 3. For each of the structures above, describe it’s primary function 4. Create a list of substances that are found in blood, and indicate which diffuse through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule. 5. In which of the nephron’s structures is water reabsorbed? 6. In which of the nephron’s structures does the most active transport take place? 7. Trace the pathway from urine formation to excretion (where urine exits the body). 8. List at least two waste products the kidney is responsible for eliminating. 9. Describe the function of ADH and Aldosterone. How are they the same and how are they different? 10. What is a diuretic and how does it affect the hormones in the question above? 11. List three functions of the mammalian kidney. 12. Describe the difference between the renal cortex and medulla. What structures are found in each? 13. Briefly describe the four processes in urine formation: glomerular filtration; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion and water reabsorption. 13. Describe the role that the kidneys play in pH balance in the body. 14. Explain the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus. 15. Explain the difference between hemodialysis and pertioneal dialysis. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of each?

Chapter 10 - The Muscular System & Homeostasis (pp. 330-355) 1. Describe two features each of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. 2. List (in the correct order) the hierarchy of a muscle, from largest section to the smallest. 3. Describe the sliding filament model. In other words, explain how actin and myosin myofibrils work together to cause muscles to contract. Which ones are the thin ones and which are the thick ones? 4. What’s the role of calcium in muscle contraction? 5. Describe three ways (in the correct order) that muscles can obtain ATP. 6. What is the the all-or-none response? How does affect muscles? 7. Outline (in the correct order) the three periods of a muscle twitch. 8. Which muscles store more ATP fast twitch or slow twitch muscles? Why? 9. Identify and describe at least six disorders that impact the muscular system.