Bio182
2/7/12
1
Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, and Plants These questions correspond pretty closely to your power point outline. Therefore there is no key. 1. What is a prokaryote? List several characteristics of prokaryotes. Name two domains that are prokaryotes. 2. What is a eukaryote? List several characteristics of eukaryotes. Name the domain of eukaryotes. Give 4 examples of this domain. 3. Draw a cladogram showing the relationship among the 3 domains of life. State verbally, the hypothesis in this cladogram. (See last slides from exam 1.) 4. List several characteristics of the Domain Archaea. What are methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles? 5. What is peptidoglycan? How does this molecule play into gram + versus gram – bacteria? 6. Identify characteristics of the following: photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs. 7. Name the 3 common shapes found in bacteria. 8. Distinguish between binary fission and conjugation. How are plasmids used in bacteria sex? What are endospores? 9. What are several ecological/economic benefits of bacteria? 10. Name 5 groups of bacteria and give an example of each. 11. Name 3 characteristics of the Cyanobacteria. Draw Nostoc and label photosynthetic and heterocysts. What is the function of heterocysts? 12. How are cyanobacteria ecologically important? What is eutrophication? 13. What characters help define a protist? What are biologists called that study the animal-like forms? What are biologists called that study the plant-like forms? 14. What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis for organelle origin. What is some supporting evidence? What are some other ways organelles may have originated? How does this origin hypothesis make figuring out phylogenetic relationships difficult? 15. Make a list of the 6 major protist groups and give at least one example of subgroups within each group. 16. What character(s) identify the Parabaslids. Give two examples of organisms found in this group.
Bio182
2/7/12
2
17. What characters identify the Amoebozoa. Give two examples of organisms found in this group. What is a pseudopodium? How do these organisms form pseudopodia? With which multicellular Kingdom do amoebozoans share the closest common ancestry. How do the archaeamoebas differ from the true (gymn) amoebas? 18. Describe the natural history of Amoeba proteus. Use the following terms in your description: pseudopodia, phagocytosis, ectoplasm, endoplasm, vacuoles, lysozomes, exocytosis, binary fission. Draw a picture and label it. 19. What characters identify the Euglenozoa. Give two examples of organisms found in this group. What are the kinetoplastids? How are they ecologically significant? 20. Describe the natural history of Euglena. Use the following terms in your description: flagellum, reservoir, eyespot, pyrenoid, pellicle, mixotroph. Draw a picture and label it. 21. What character(s) identify the Alveolata. Give an example of an organism found in this group. What character gives this group its name? 22. What does the name “ciliophora” mean? 23. Describe the natural history of Paramecium. Use the following terms in your description: cilia, gullet, cytostome, phagocytosis, lysosomes, cytopyge, exocytosis, macronucleus, micronucleus, sexual and asexual reproductions. Draw a picture and label it. 24. What character(s) identify the Stramenopila. Give an example of an organism found in this group. What character gives this group its name? 25. Describe the natural history of Diatoms. Use the following terms in your description: cell walls, diatomaceous earth, asexual and sexual reproduction. 26. What characters define the Kingdom Fungi? How do hyphae differ from a mycelium? Fungi are the sister taxon to which group? 27. List and describe how fungi are ecologically and economically important. 28. Describe the life cycle of Rhizopus. 29. What are lichens? How are they ecologically important? 30. Name the 3 main groups in the Kingdom Viridiplantae. Why is it important to include the green algae? 31. List 4 characters that define the Kingdom Viridiplantae.
Bio182
2/7/12
3
32. Draw a cladogram using the green algae, charophyceans, and land plants. List and give examples of the 4 land plant phyla that we study in Bio 182. 33. During terrestrialization of land plants, identify the costs and benefits to getting out on land. 34. What characters make the Chlorophytes (green algae) more ancestral than the land plants? Name 4 lineages that arose from a single-celled ancestor. What is this single-celled ancestral type called? 35. Describe the sexual and asexual life cycle of Chlamydomonas. Which stage, haploid or diploid, is the dominant part of the life cycle? Draw and label (nucleus, chloroplast, eyespot) a Chlamydomonas. 36. Describe the Volvicine lineage. Describe the sexual and asexual cycles of Volvox. Draw and label a Volvox. What do the gametes of this species look like? 37. Distinguish between oogamy and isogamy. Distinguish between and egg and a sperm. What does “division of labor” mean? 38. Describe the sexual and asexual life cycles of Ulothrix. What do the gametes of this species look like? 39. What characters link the charophyceans to the land plants? Give an example of a charophycean. 40. Draw a cladogram of the 4 phyla of land plants. 41. Name 4 characters that identify all land plants. 42. Draw and verbally describe alternation of generations in land plants. Distinguish between gametophyte and sporophyte stages. 43. What is an apical meristem? How do algae grow in comparison to land plants? 44. What is sporopollenin and how is it important to land plants? 45. What are antheridia and archegonia? What are these structures called in seed plants? 46. What are some characters of Bryophytes? What is the significance of the biflagellated sperm? 47. Draw and label the life cycle of a moss. Identify gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Label the following on a moss: leafy gametophyte, seta, capsule, and sporophyte. 48. How are pterophytes economically and ecologically important? 49. What are some characters of the Phylum Pterophyta? 50. Draw and label the life cycle of a fern. Identify gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Label the following on a fern: thallus, archegonia,
Bio182
2/7/12
4
antheridia, young sporophyte, fiddlehead, mature sporophyte, sorus, and sporangia. How do sperm travel from the antheridium to the archegonium? 51. How are pterophytes economically and ecologically important? 52. What are some characters of the Phylum Coniferophyta? How many sperm are involved in the reproductive process? What stage is the sporophyte? What are the male and female reproductive structures called? What shape are the leaves? Why? What does gymnosperm mean? 53. How are coniferophytes economically and ecologically important? 54. List 3 unique characters of the Phylum Anthophyta. 55. What are the two main classes of the Phylum Anthophyta? 56. Name the 4 whorls of a general flower from innermost to outermost. These 4 whorls are attached to the: ______________________. 57. Name the units of each whorl. 58. Name the 3 parts of a carpel and give the function(s) for each part. 59. Name the 2 parts of a stamen and give the function for each part. 60. What are the units of the corolla and what function(s) do they have? 61. What are the units of the calyx and what function(s) do they have? 62. Distinguish between complete and incomplete flowers. How do wind pollinated flowers differ from animal pollinated flowers? Name 3 ways that flower design is modified. 63. Describe and draw the process of microsporogenesis. a. Where does this take place? b. What is a pollen grain? c. Identify in each stage if cells are haploid or diploid. d. Which parts are gametophyte? e. What does “micro” mean? f. What does “genesis” mean? g. What does the tube cell control? h. What does the generation cell do? 64. Describe and draw the process of megasporogenesis. a. Where does this take place? b. Distinguish between cytokinesis and karyokinesis. c. Identify in each stage if cells are haploid or diploid. d. Which parts are gametophyte? e. Which part is the mature female gametophyte? f. What does “mega” mean? g. What is the function of synergids? h. What is the function of the polar nuclei?
Bio182
2/7/12
5
65. Distinguish between cross and self pollinations. Define pollination. What was the evolutionary advantage for plants of using animals to pollinate? Name 3 mechanisms of pollination. How is flower design important to pollination? 66. Why are wind-pollinated plants often the cause of allergies? What kind of communities are wind-pollinated plants found in? 67. Describe double fertilization. a. Define typical fertilization. b. How are stigmas important? c. Where does the pollen tube enter the embryo sac? d. Where do the two sperm cells come from? e. What draws the pollen tube to the right place to deliver the sperm? 68. Describe and draw the process of embryogenesis in eudicots. a. Define embryogenesis. b. How is the endosperm mother cell important? c. What is the function of endosperm? d. Why does the zygote divide after the endosperm forms? e. When the zygote first divides, what pattern of division is formed? f. After the initial divisions of the zygote, how does this pattern change? g. What is a seed? 69. How does a seed differ from the fruit? Which phylum of plants form fruits? How are fruits important? 70. List 4 mechanisms seeds use to disperse and give examples of each. 71. Define germination. What are the requirements that all seeds need to germinate? What are some other requirements needed by seeds? 72. Name the two main classes of the Phylum Anthophyta and give examples of each. 73. Give a function and description of the following embryo or seed parts: a. cotyledons b. seed coat c. radicle d. plumule e. epicotyl f. hypocotyl g. hilum 74. What are some structural differences between monocot and eudicot seeds?
Bio182
2/7/12
6
75. Name the 3 parts of a flowering plant sporophyte. 76. Distinguish between terminal and axillary buds. 77. What is an apical meristem? What kind of growth do they cause? 78. What is secondary growth? What tissues cause this kind of growth? 79. Name 3 kinds of meristematic tissues. 80. Name 3 embryonic tissues that arise from apical meristems. What adult tissues come from each of these? 81. What is a root? List 5 functions of roots. 82. Distinguish between primary and secondary roots. How do fibrous differ from tap root systems? What are the advantages of each root system? What kind of plants have each of these root systems? 83. Name, describe, and give the function(s) of the 4 regions of a longitudinal root section. What are some ways to recognize each region? 84. Draw and label a eudicot root in cross section. Give the functions of each part. What are the two major regions? 85. What is a stem? Give 5 functions of stems. 86. Draw and label eudicot and monocot stems in cross-section. a. What is a vascular bundle? b. How are their arrangements different in eudicots and monocots? c. What is meant by cortex and pith? d. Distinguish between primary and secondary cell walls. e. Which tissues are vascular? f. Which tissues are dermal? g. Which tissues are ground tissues? h. How can you tell sclerenchyma from xylem? i. Give function(s) of any tissues not covered in question 83. j. What cells represent the “tracheo” in tracheophyte? h. Name two kinds of xylem cells. i. Distinguish between primary and secondary xylem. j. How do phloem cells carry out basic functions without a nucleus? k. How many kinds of phloem cells are there? l. Distinguish between primary and secondary phloem. m. What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle? n. Where does the cuticle come from? o. What are trichomes? p. List some functions of trichomes? q. What purpose do guard cells serve? r. What is transpiration?
Bio182
2/7/12
7
87. What is wood? Where does it come from? 88. Where does the vascular cambium form? When cells of the vascular cambium divide, what tissues are formed and where do these tissues form? 89. What is bark? What is it made of? Why is stripping the tree of its bark so damaging? 90. What are annual rings? Why and how do these form? 91. Distinguish between heartwood and sapwood. Explain the difference in terms of location, color, and metabolic activity. 92. What causes wood grain? Distinguish between hardwoods and softwoods. Which taxa are characterized by hardwoods or softwoods? 93. Define a leaf. List 8 functions of leaves. 94. Define the following: blade, petiole, and veins. 95. Distinguish between simple and compound leaves; parallel and netted venation. 96. What is a vein? A midrib? 97. Draw the outlines of a root, stem, and leave in cross-section. 98. Draw and label a leaf blade in cross-section. Identify the 4 layers and give the function of each layer. 99. Which layer usually has the most stomata? Why? 100. Draw and label and leaf bud. What are leaf primordia? 101. What happens when bud scales fall off the bud? Why do bud scales fall off the bud? What is a node? What is an internode? How is it possible to age a branch of a tree (besides using annual rings). 102. What are lenticels? What is their function? 103. What is auxin? What functions does it have? How is it used in agriculture?
