LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Bacteria and Molds: types of colonies ..................................................................................................................... 3 TASK 1: Number of colonies ................................................................................................................................ 3 TASK 2: Observation of colonies of molds and bacteria ...................................................................................... 4 Bacterial Sensitivity to Antibiotics ............................................................................................................................ 4 TASK 3: Testing Bacterial Sensitivity to Antibiotics ............................................................................................. 4 Photosynthetic bacteria: Cyanobacteria .................................................................................................................. 5 TASK 4: Oscillatoria ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Kingdom Protista ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Plant-like Protists: Algae........................................................................................................................................... 5 TASK 5: Diatoms .................................................................................................................................................. 6 TASK 6: Dinoflagellates ....................................................................................................................................... 6 TASK 7: Chlamydomonas .................................................................................................................................... 7 TASK 8: Spirogyra ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Animal-like Protists: Protozoa .................................................................................................................................. 7 TASK 9: Foraminiferans ....................................................................................................................................... 7 TASK 10: Radiolarians ......................................................................................................................................... 8 TASK 11: Euglena ................................................................................................................................................ 8 TASK 12: Amoeba ................................................................................................................................................ 8 TASK 13: Paramecium ......................................................................................................................................... 9 TASK 14: Trypanosoma ..................................................................................................................................... 10 TASK 15: Trichonympha .................................................................................................................................... 10 Kingdom Fungi .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Body structure ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Fungi Reproduction ................................................................................................................................................ 12 TASK 16: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) ............................................................................................................. 12 Review questions ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
Introduction Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi are all taxonomic groups. Bacteria constitute a domain of prokaryotes: unicellular organisms with cells that lack a nucleus; Protista and Fungi are two of the four kingdoms included in the domain Eucarya: unicellular or multicellular organisms having cells with nuclei. Bacteria are unicellular or colonial (a group of cells that stay together, something between a unicellular and multicellular organism we may say). Protista is basically a kingdom composed of all those eukaryotes that do not fit the other three kingdoms. As a consequence, there is not even one common characteristic to all the organisms grouped in this kingdom. Protista are mostly unicellular, though seaweeds are included in the same group and is perfectly clear they are multicellular. Fungi are mostly multicellular; the exceptions are yeasts that we know well, because they are used in baking or brewing.
1) What are the main differences between bacteria and all the eukaryotes? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
Bacteria and Molds: types of colonies Even if most humans are not aware of it, we share the world with billions of living things so small that are invisible to our eyes. We need a microscope in order to observe them and a common microscope like the ones we normally used (compound microscope) may not have enough resolution in order to observe some of these small organisms, we generically call them microbes. Last week we exposed some Petri dishes with nutrient agar (the food for the microbes) to several types of surfaces. Those petri dishes have been incubating for several days in order to grow living things. What living things could possibly be present in a coin, or in the knob of a door? Well, bacteria are so small that are everywhere and molds have a very efficient way of reproduction and propagation: spores. Both types of organisms rapidly multiply when conditions (like the agar medium) are favorable. If everything went OK, each bacterium or spore that landed in the surface of the agar grew during the incubation time to make a colony, a circular disk with thousands of cells big enough as to be seen by the naked eye. Mold colonies are normally larger in size with fibrous or cotton-like texture and a gray or black color. Bacteria colonies tend to be more numerous but smaller in size, with smooth to slimy texture and more diverse colors (bright white, yellow, cream, orange, pink, or even red) 2) What taxonomic group do true molds belong to? ……………………………………………………………….. TASK 1: Number of colonies The number of colonies present in each petri dish is a measure of the concentration of microorganisms in the particular habitat whose surface we put in contact with the agar medium if we assume that every bacterium or spore that landed in the petri dish gave origin to a colony. Procedure 1. Get one of the petri dishes available and count the number of colonies of bacteria and molds present. In order to do that, consider each disk you can differentiate counts as a colony, even if you see some that overlap. As some colonies may have grown so close together that they now look like a single big colony, use the outline of the “lobes” on the big colony to estimate how many colonies were originally present in that area. 2. Write the number of colonies in your disk on the table available on the blackboard and complete the table below when all the information is available from all groups GROUP
HABITAT (Exposed to what?)
NUMBER OF COLONIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3) What habitat seems to have the smallest microbial population? ………………………………………….….. 4) What habitat seems to have the largest microbial population? ………………………………………………..
General Biology
3
Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
TASK 2: Observation of colonies of molds and bacteria Your lab instructor will set up two demo slides with bread mold (rhizopus) and bacterial types for observation under the microscope 5) Compare the detail you can observe in a bacterial colony versus a mold colony. Which one shows more details? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6) What can you deduce from this observation regarding the cell size of each type of organism? What organism has bigger cells? Why is that? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Bacterial Sensitivity to Antibiotics The term "antibiotic" (from the Greek: anti="against" and bios="life") is any substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits the growth of other micro-organisms. In a general sense, we used antibiotic to treat pathogen (harmful) bacteria. Many antibiotics can prevent bacterial growth with different degree of success, so how do we know what antibiotic produces the best effect against a particular type of bacteria? One way is to have different bacteria growing in different Petri dishes with nutrient agar, a jelly-like medium, and then place onto the agar a little disk that has been soaked in an antibiotic. The drug will diffuse out into the agar and, where the drug is strong enough, it will inhibit bacterial growth creating a zone of inhibition around the antibiotic sample where no bacteria are present. This is seen as a clear area around the antibiotic. The radius of the zone of inhibition is directly proportional to the efficiency of that particular antibiotic on one particular type of bacteria. TASK 3: Testing Bacterial Sensitivity to Antibiotics 7) Analyze the different Petri dishes with bacterial colonies and antibiotics available, measure the radius of the zone of inhibition and record your measurements in the table below Radius of zone of inhibition for… Antibiotic (name)
Bacteria 1 (name):……………………………………
Bacteria 2 (name):…………………………………
1. 2. 3. 4. 8) What antibiotic is most effective against bacteria 1? ……………………………………………………………. 9) What antibiotic is most effective against bacteria 2? ……………………………………………………………. 10) What causes the zone of inhibition to form? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
11) If you get no zone of inhibition, what do you conclude? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12) You get sick and you go to the doctor, who believes is a bacterial infection. Which one of the previous antibiotics will she prescribe to you an why? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Photosynthetic bacteria: Cyanobacteria These bacteria are still generically called “blue-green algae” because of the typical color the present; they normally have a colonial level of organization, being organized in filaments of identical cells. The importance of these photosynthetic bacteria was largely ignored until more efficient systems to sample water in the ocean were developed. Today it is clear that more than 50% of the photosynthesis that takes place in the oceans is due to the activity of these bacteria. Some of the most common cyanobacteria are shown below. TASK 4: Oscillatoria 13) Sketch, and label the types of cyanobacteria available
Oscillatoria (400x) Label: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM, 14) What taxonomic group do bacteria belong to?............................................................................................... 15) How is this green color distributed, evenly or in discrete sections? …………………………………………. 16) Do bacteria have chloroplasts? How can you explain the even distribution of the green color in the bacterial cell then? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Kingdom Protista Plant-like Protists: Algae The term “algae” is a general name for photosynthetic eukaryotes not being plants. They are plant-like because they have chloroplasts with chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and they normally have a cell wall made of cellulose like in plant cells. Most microscopic algae are part of the phytoplankton (phyto=plant, plankton=drifter). Most phytoplankton is too small to be individually seen with the unaided eye. However, when present in high numbers, their presence may appear as discoloration of the water, the color depending on the type of General Biology
5
Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
phytoplankton present. By means of photosynthesis, phytoplankton, seaweeds (the macroscopic algae), and terrestrial plants are responsible for much of the oxygen present in the Earth's atmosphere. In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) diatoms, and dinoflagellates, although many other groups of algae exist. TASK 5: Diatoms Diatoms are delicate unicellular algae that have a yellow-brown chloroplast that enables them to photosynthesize. Their cell walls are made of silica almost like a glass house. The construction of the cell wall, called the frustule, consists of two valves that fit into each other like a little pill box. Diatoms constitute the main components of what is normally called “net” phytoplankton, which is the phytoplankton we get when sampling the water with phytoplankton nets. There are two different groups of diatoms, pennates diatoms are pen-shaped, and centric diatoms are like a cylinder. In fresh water most diatoms are of the pennate type. The holes you observed in the frustule of diatoms give an extraordinary resistance to the two-part glass like wall of silica. The wall provides 2 protection from predators, and can withstand pressure up to 1.4 million kg/m , hard to believe right? 17) Use the prepared slides and sketch one pinnate and one centric diatom.
Pennate diatom (400x)
Centric diatom (400x)
Label: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, CHLOROPLAST
Label: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, CHLOROPLAST
18) Read again the intro for this group, what particular feature diatoms have in their cellular structure? …………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19) What would the utility of the “holes” in the frustules (shells) be? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… TASK 6: Dinoflagellates This group of unicellular algae constitutes the second group in importance as “net” phytoplankton in the ocean after the diatoms. Dinoflagellates have flagella and plates of cellulose. When nutrients are abundant, some marine species “bloom” and the population reaches such enormous number that the water may turn reddish in color, a condition called “red tides”. About 6% of the species that produce red tides also produce toxic compounds that accumulate in filter feeder animals like clams and mussels. The ingestion of one of these animals having a high concentration of toxins in its body may be very harmful for humans and other mammals, sometimes even deadly. General Biology
Dinoflagellate (400x) Label: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
TASK 7: Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas is a type of unicellular green algae; it is very small and has the shape of a pear TASK 8: Spirogyra Spirogyra is a colonial green alga that may form thick mats growing on the surface of ponds and has a spiral shaped chloroplast, hence its name. a “colonial” level of organization is something in between unicellular and multicellular: cells just “live together”, but they really do not make a multicellular organism
Chlamydomonas (400x)
Spirogyra (400x)
Label: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, CHLOROPLAST
Label: CELL WALL, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, CHLOROPLAST
Animal-like Protists: Protozoa We defined plankton as composed of organisms that drift in the water column. The term zooplankton refers to the animal (or animal-like) organisms that are part of the planktonic community. Animal-like protists that are part of the zooplankton are protozoa (proto: first, and zoa: animal). All protozoans are unicellular, they can be marine or freshwater, free-living (living on their own) or symbiotic. They are called animal-like because all protozoans have cells like those of real animals: they do not have a cell wall and are ingestive heterotrophs: ingest their food by means of endocytosis. TASK 9: Foraminiferans Foraminiferans are examples of marine protozoans, whose hard shells can accumulate in large quantities at the bottom of the ocean when they die. Foraminiferans and Radiolarians both get their food by means of cytoplasmatic extensions they project out of the shell. Foraminiferans have pseudopods (pseudo=false, pod=leg), cytoplasmatic extensions used for feeding. The specimens you will observe under the microscope die a long time ago, and you can only observe the remaining shell, but those alive may look somehow like this, with the hair-like extensions being the pseudopods (pseudo=false, pods=legs) or cytoplasmatic extensions pseudopod
Uses of foraminiferans The small size of most foraminifera may make them difficult to see, but it makes them much more useful than larger fossils for applications. Foraminiferans are also used for radiometric dating, the age estimation of a particular fossil. They can be used for,
General Biology
7
Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
1) Petroleum exploration, because there can be thousands of specimens in the small chips of rock collected when drilling 2) They can be used to reconstruct past climate by examining the stable isotope ratios of oxygen (relative amount of each isotope of oxygen) 3) History of the carbon cycle and oceanic productivity by examining the stable isotope ratios of carbon 4) Geographic patterns seen in the fossil records of planktonic foraminiferans are also used to reconstruct ancient ocean currents. Because certain types of foraminifera are found only in certain environments, they can be used to figure out the kind of environment under which ancient marine sediments were deposited TASK 10: Radiolarians Radiolarians also are marine protozoans with a hard shell covering the cell. The pseudopods in this case radiate from the center of the cell, hence their name “axopods”.
Foraminifera (400x)
Radiolaria (400x)
TASK 11: Euglena Euglenoids are a group of unicellular Protists that are part “animal like” and part “plant like”. Their cells are flexible (no cell wall) and have flagella. They contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, though sometimes there may be absent. Euglena is a single-celled protist with chloroplasts. In the presence of light euglena will normally make photosynthesis, but it can actually survive by ingesting food like other heterotrophs protists if there is not sufficient light to drive photosynthesis. As a result, many biologists view the euglena as the ancestor of the cells of both plants and animals 20) What characteristic makes Euglena different to all the other protists observed in this lab? ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… TASK 12: Amoeba Amoebas are unicellular animal-like protists or protozoans, they move around extending the cell membrane and the cytoplasm in one direction. These projections are called pseudopods, similar to those of Radiolarians and Foraminiferans. The amoeba you will observe belongs to a group of free-living organisms, but there are others that live as parasites, infecting all types of vertebrates and some invertebrates. One type of amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica, is spread by means of contaminated water or food and causes amebic dysentery. 100,000 people die worldwide every year, this disease being the third most important disease caused by parasites after malaria (caused by another protozoan: plasmodium) and schistosomiasis (caused by flukes, a type of flatworm)
General Biology
8
Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
Euglena (400x)
Amoeba (400x)
Label: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS
Label: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS
21) What other protozoans observed so far also use pseudopods for feeding? ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… 22) How is amoeba different from those 2 groups you mentioned in the previous question? ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… TASK 13: Paramecium Paramecium is a large protozoan common in pond water; it is covered by a thick coat of cilia that used for locomotion. A distinctive characteristic of ciliates is the presence of two types of nuclei, with the large macronuclei’s genes controlling the everyday functions of the cell and small micronuclei participating in a kind of sexual reproductive process. Ciliates normally reproduce asexually, by just splitting in two, by they produce genetic variability by means of a process called conjugation in which two mating types (individuals with different genotypes) exchange micronuclei.
Paramecium (400x) Label: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, CILIA 23) How is the locomotion system different in paramecium when compared to amoeba? How is it different from euglena? ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….………………… ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….………………… General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
TASK 14: Trypanosoma LABEL: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, FLAGELLUM
Trypanosomes protozoans having flagella, a type of cellular structure used for locomotion. Trypanosomes are parasites, as the ones causing chagas disease and sleeping sickness in humans. The life cycle of these parasitic protozoans typically involves two hosts, one of them being a blood sucking insect used as a vector. Trypanosomes live in the bloodstream and evade detection by the immune system by changing their coat: the cell surface of the parasite is covered with millions of copies of the same protein, but new generations have slightly different proteins. TASK 15: Trichonympha LABEL: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, FLAGELLA
Trychonympha are symbionts of termites, they live in the termites’ guts helping digesting the cellulose present in the wood. Both the insect and the protozoan are benefited from this relationship because the nutrients released by the protozoan provide food for both, a type of symbiosis called mutualism. Your instructor will make a water mount of a termite’s guts for observation under the microscope or use one of the prepared slides available. Observe the protozoans, which are big as a paramecium but shaped like a gourd or pear. Try observing the many flagella located along the pointed “neck” or end of the cell.
Trypanosoma (parasite) (400x)
Tryconympha (mutualistic) (400x)
Label: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, FLAGELLUM
Label: CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, NUCLEUS, FLAGELLA
24) How are the interactions trichonympha-host and trypanosome-host different regarding the way they affect the hosts? ……………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… 25) Where does trychonympha live? Where does Trypanosome live? ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………… 26) How do trypanosomes evade detection by the immune system? ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
27) How does trychonympha benefit the termite? ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………
Kingdom Fungi Fungi were once considered… plants that had lost the capacity of doing photosynthesis! Now, with the help of molecular tools, we know that fungi are more closely related to you and me (animals) than they are to plants. The mushrooms we eat are fungi, as are yeasts used in brewing and baking. Most Fungi are multicellular, composed of thin filaments called hyphae; even the mushrooms that we normally eat are composed of billions of hyphae. Yeasts, which we are familiar with, constitute the only group of unicellular fungi. Fungi cannot move of course, so they ensure their dispersal by means of reproductive structures called spores, which can be produced by means of both asexual and sexual reproduction in specific structures called sporangia. All fungi are haploid (N) in the cells, and only have a normally brief diploid (2N) stage in their life cycle when sexual reproduction occurs. At present, five different groups of fungi are recognized, the mushrooms that we normally eat belonging to one of the two most common groups. Even if the different groups may differ in their ecology and morphology of the reproductive structures, all of them share the basic design of the mycelium. 28) What are the main characteristics of Fungi? (MARK THE CORRECT OPTION)… 1.
UNICELLULAR / MULTICELLULAR / BOTH?
2.
MOTILE / NON MOTILE?
3.
HETEROTROPHS / AUTOTROPHS?
4.
REPRODUCTION IS… ASEXUAL / SEXUAL / BOTH TYPES?
5.
MAIN LIFE STAGE IS… HAPLOID (n) / DIPLOID (2n) ?
Fungi have diverse ecological roles in the ecosystems where they live, like SYMBIONTS with ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS MYCORRHIZAE (Mutualistic with plants roots) FREE-LIVING or PARASITES LICHENS (Mutualistic with algae)
Body structure Most fungi are multicellular; the ones that are single celled are used, for example, in baking and brewing. You may use them when making the dough for a pizza for example. We have already mentioned them in the introduction for this lab, 29) What name do unicellular fungi receive? …………………………. ……………………………………………. The typical body of multicellular fungi is composed of hyphae, which are a network of tiny filaments composed of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane. As hyphae maximize the ratio surface area/volume, they constitute a great deal for fungi considering that fungi “absorb” their food instead of “swallowing” it. Because of the structure of their cell walls, composed of CHITIN, a polymer also present in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi cannot engulf the food, cell walls prevent a fungus from doing endocytosis like protozoans, so they release digestive enzymes called “exoenzymes” that break down the food on the outside, the fungus then absorbs the remaining particles inside the cell. This is the reason why is better to build a huge network of hyphae or mycelium instead of a “big body” for a fungus: the surface area available for food absorption is maximized in this way. The strategy of fungi is then to concentrate the energy and resources in adding hyphal length and the overall absorptive surface area, more than increasing hyphal girth. Cells are separated by septa, cross walls that separate General Biology
11
Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
a fungal cell from another; the septa have pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of materials; ribosomes, mitochondria, even nuclei can pass through the pores!
Fungi Reproduction Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually by releasing spores…reproductive structures that efficiently allow fungi to colonize new environments because they can be transported very easily by the wind or water 30) Spores of fungi are unicellular………………………………………………………… HAPLOID or DIPLOID? Spores are also encased by a tough cell wall; the spores are produced in special organs called sporangia. Asexual spores generate clones of the parent; they are produced when conditions are good for growth. If the parent cans growth under the present conditions, then the strategy is to produce more of the same genotype. TASK 16: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) Rhizopus is a fungus that normally grows in the bread, the “black bread mold”. These organisms were a big problem for bakers before mold inhibitors were used in commercial breads 31) Observe and sketch a prepared slide of Rhizopus, label the sporangia and spores inside Sexual spores, to the contrary, are produced when conditions change and growth slows. Fungi do not have sexes, but they have mating types in order to ensure genetic variability among the offspring. Both fungi fuse and the result is a temporary stage 2N, the zygote. Meiosis happens later and the resulting spores are in consequence haploid. 32) Look for the zygote in the slide of Rhizopus, the result of the sexual reproductive process after the fusion of two mating types, sketch and LABEL the mating types (N=haploid) and the zygote (2N=diploid)
Rhizopus (bread mold) – Asexual spores (400x)
Rhizopus (bread mold) – Sexual spores (400x)
Label: HYPAHE (N), SPORANGIA, SPORES (N
Label: MATING TYPE 1 (N), MATING TYPE 2 (N), ZYGOSPRANGIUM (2N)
Review questions 33) How are bacteria different from Protists and Fungi? Explain .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….……
General Biology
12
Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
34) Why algae are called “plant-like” protists? What similarities they have with plants? Explain .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… 35) Are all algae unicellular? Which ones are not? What are these called? .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… .……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… 36) Why protozoans are called “animal-like” protists? What similarities they have with animals? How are they different? Explain Similar:…….…………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….…… Different:.……………….……………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… 37) What are the main differences then between algae and protozoa? .…………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….…… .…………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….…… 38) How is a protozoan similar to a fungus-like protist or a real fungus (kingdom fungi)? How is it different? Similar:…….…………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….…… Different:.………………….…………….…………………………………………………………………………….…… 39) Which protozoa observed in class is a parasite? ………………………………………………………………… 40) Which one is symbiotic with termites?........................................................................................................... 41) Which one is free-living (lives on its own)?.................................................................................................. 42) How is an alga similar to a fungus-like protist or a real fungus? .………………..……………………………….………………………………………………………………………….…… 43) a) Name the reproductive structures of fungi. ………………………………………….………………………. b) What kind of reproduction occurs by mean of these structures? (SEXUAL / ASEXUAL / BOTH) c) Explain why fungi are said to have sexual reproduction if they do not have, actually, sexes! .……………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….…… .……………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….…… .……………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….……
General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
LAB Bacteria, Protista, and Fungi
Date:
Name:
44) Explain the difference in the feeding strategy between protozoans (animal-like protists) and funguslike protists and fungi (see introduction for both groups) Protozoans (Animal-like protists)
Fungus-like protits and Fungi
Are heterotrophic: INGESTIVE or ABSORPTIVE?
Are heterotrophic: INGESTIVE or ABSORPTIVE?
This means…………………………….………………
This means ……………………………………………….…
.……………………………………………….…………
..………………………………………………………….……
.……………………………………………….…………
..………………………………………………………….……
.……………………………………………….…………
..………………………………………………………….……
.……………………………………………….…………
..………………………………………………………….……
45) Fill in the following information for the different taxonomic groups and give examples of organisms observed in today’s lab Bacteria
Protista: Algae
Protista: Protozoa
Fungi: molds
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Photosynthetic Heterotrophic ingestive Heterotrophic absorptive Nucleus and organelles Cell wall Unicellular Multicellular
Examples
General Biology
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Instructor: Dr. Jose Bava
