AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK Ronald K. Jürgen

Editor in Chief

McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

CONTENTS

Contributors Preface xvii

Part 1

xv

Introduction

Chapter 1. Introduction

Ronald K. Jürgen

1.3

1.1 The Dawn ot' a New Era / 1.3 1.2 The Microcomputer Takes Center Stage / 1.4 1.3 Looking to the Future / 1.5 References / 1.6

Part 2

Sensors and Actuators

Chapter 2. Pressure Sensors 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Randy Frank

Automotive Pressure Measurements / 2.3 Automotive Applications for Pressure Sensors / 2.5 Technologies for Sensing Pressure / 2.15 Future Pressure-Sensing Developments / 2.23 Glossary / 2.24 Bibliography / 2.24

Chapter 3. Linear and Angle Position Sensors 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Paul Nickson

3.1

Introduction / 3.1 Classification of Sensors / 3.1 Position Sensor Technologies / 3.2 Interfacing Sensors to Control Systems / 3.16 Glossary / 3.17 References / 3.17

Chapter 4. Flow Sensors 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

2.3

Robert E. Bicking

4.1

Introduction / 4.1 Automotive Applications of Flow Sensors / 4.1 Basic Classification of Flow Sensors / 4.3 Applicable Flow Measurement Technologies / 4.4 Glossary / 4.8 Bibliography / 4.9

vii

VÜi

CONTENTS

Chapter 5. Temperature, Heat, and Humidity Sensors 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

Randy Frank

5.1

Temperature, Heat, and Humidity / 5.1 Automotive Temperature Measurements / 5.5 Humidity Sensing and Vehicle Performance / 5.12 Sensors for Temperature / 5.14 Humidity Sensors / 5.21 Conclusions / 5.22 Glossary / 5.23 Bibliography / 5.23

Chapter 6. Exhaust Gas Sensors Hans-Martin Wiedenmann, Gerhard Hötzel, Harald Neumann, Johann Riegel, and Helmut Weyl 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

Basic Concepts / 6.1 Principles of Exhaust Gas Sensors for Lambda Control / 6.5 Technology of Ceramic Exhaust Gas Sensors / 6.11 Factors Affecting the Control Characteristics of Lambda = 1 Sensors / 6.14 Applications / 6.18 Sensor Principles for Other Exhaust Gas Components / 6.20 Bibliography / 6.22

Chapter 7. Speed and Acceleration Sensors 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8

7.1

William G. Wolber

8.1

Introduction / 8.1 The Knock Phenomenon / 8.2 Technologies for Sensing Knock / 8.4 Summary / 8.9 Glossary / 8.9 References / 8.9

Chapter 9. Engine Torque Sensors 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5

William C. Dünn

Introduction / 7.1 Speed-Sensing Devices / 7.2 Automotive Applications for Speed Sensing / 7.6 Acceleration Sensing Devices / 7.8 Automotive Applications for Accelerometers / 7.18 New Sensing Devices / 7.22 Future Applications / 7.24 Summary / 7.26 Glossary / 7.27 References / 7.28

Chapter 8. Engine Knock Sensors 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

6.1

William G. Wolber

Introduction / 9.1 Automotive Applications of Torque Measurement / 9.3 Direct Torque Sensors / 9.6 Inferred Torque Measurement / 9.8 Summary / 9.13 Glossary / 9.13 References / 9.14

9.1

CONTENTS

Chapter 10. Actuators 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4

Klaus Müller

IX

10.1

Preface / 10.1 Types of Electromechanical Actuators / 10.2 Automotive Actuators / 10.19 Technology for Future Application / 10.27 Acknowledgments / 10.30 Glossary / 10.30 Bibliography / 10.31

Part 3 Control Systems Chapter 11. Automotive Microcontrollers 11.1 11.2 11.3 IIA 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8

David S. Boehmer

11.3

Microcontroller Architecture and Performance Characteristics / 11.3 Memory / 11.24 Low-Speed Input/Output Ports / 11.31 High-Speed I/O Ports / 11.36 Serial Communications / 11.41 Analog-to-Digital Converter / 11.45 Failsafe Methodologies / 11.49 Future Trends / 11.51 Glossary / 11.54 Bibliography / 11.55

Chapter 12. Engine Control and Shari Stottler

Gary C. Hirschlieb, Gottfried Schiller, 12.1

12.1 Obj ectives of Electronic Engine Control Systems / 12.1 12.2 Spark Ignition Engines / 12.5 12.3 Compression Ignition Engines / 12.32

Chapter 13. Transmission Control and Werner Brehm 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6

13.1

Introduction / 13.1 System Components / 13.2 System Functions / 13.7 Communications with Other Electronic Control Units / 13.17 Optimization of the Drivetrain / 13.18 Future Developments / 13.19 Glossary / 13.20 References / 13.20

Chapter 14. Cruise Control 14.1 14.2 14.3 IAA 14.5

Kurt Neuffer, Wolfgang Bullmer,

Richard Valentine

Cruise Control System / 14.1 Microcontroller Requirements for Cruise Control / 14.3 Cruise Control Software / 14.4 Cruise Control Design / 14.6 Future Cruise Concepts / 14.7 Glossary / 14.8 Bibliography / 14.8

14.1

* X

CONTENTS

Chapter 15. Braking Control 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4

Armin Czinczel

16.1

Introduction / 16.1 Forces Affecting Wheel Traction: Fundamental Concepts / 16.3 Controlled Variables / 16.5 Control Modes / 16.6 Traction Control Components / 16.11 Applications on Heavy Commercial Vehicles / 16.13 Future Trends / 16.14 Glossary / 16.14 Bibliography / 16.15

Chapter 17. Suspension Control 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5

15.1

Introduction / 15.1 Vehicle Braking Fundamentals / 15.1 Antilock Systems / 15.8 Future Vehicle Braking Systems / 15.14 Glossary / 15.15 References / 15.16

Chapter 16. Traction Control 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7

JerryL.Cage

Akatsu Yohsuke

17.1

Shock Absorber Control System / 17.1 Hydropneumatic Suspension Control System / 17.4 Electronic Leveling Control System / 17.5 Active Suspension / 17.8 Conclusion / 17.17 Glossary / 17.18 Nomenclature / 17.18 Bibliography / 17.18

Chapter 18. Steering Control

Makoto Sato

18.1

18.1 Variable-Assist Steering / 18.1 18.2 Four-Wheel Steering Systems (4WS) / 18.15 Glossary / 18.33 References / 18.33

Chapter 19. Lighting, Wipers, Air Conditioning/Heating Richard Valentine 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5

Lighting Controls / 19.1 Windshield Wiper Control / 19.9 Air Conditioner/Heater Control / 19.15 Miscellaneous Load Control Reference / 19.20 Future Load Control Concepts / 19.25 Glossary / 19.26 Bibliography / 19.27

19.1

CONTENTS

xi

Part 4 Displays and Information Systems Chapter 20. Instrument Panel Displays 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7

Ronald K. Jürgen

20.3

The Evolution to Electronic Displays / 20.3 Vacuum Fluorescent Displays / 20.3 Liquid Crystal Displays / 20.4 Cathode-Ray Tube Displays / 20.6 Head-up Displays / 20.6 Electronic Analog Displays / 20.8 Reconfigurable Displays / 20.9 References / 20.9

Chapter 21. Trip Computers

Ronald K. Jürgen

21.1

21.1 Trip Computer Basics / 21.1 21.2 Specific Trip Computer Designs / 21.2 21.3 Conclusion / 21.4 References / 21.6

Chapter 22. On- and Off-Board Diagnostics Frieder Heintz, and Robert Hügel 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5

Wolfgang Bremer, 22.1

Why Diagnostics? / 22.1 On-Board Diagnostics / 22.6 Off-Board Diagnostics / 22.7 Legislation and Standardization / 22.8 Future Diagnostic Concepts / 22.15 Glossary / 22.18 References / 22.19

Part 5 Safety, Convenience, Entertainment, and Other Systems Chapter 23. Passenger Safety and Convenience

Bernhard K. Mattes

23.3

23.1 Passenger Safety Systems / 23.3 23.2 Passenger Convenience Systems / 23.11 Glossary / 23.13 Bibliography / 23.13

Chapter 24. Antitheft Systems

Shinichi Kato

24.1 Vehicle Theft Circumstances / 24.1 24.2 Overview of Antitheft Regulations / 24.2 24.3 A Basic Antitheft System / 24.3

24.1

• XÜ

CONTENTS

Chapter 25. Entertainment Products 25.1 25.2 25.3 25 A

25.1

Fundamentals of Audio Systems / 25.1 A Brief History of Automotive Entertainment / 25.4 Contemporary Audio Systems / 25.5 Future Trends / 25.12 Glossary / 25.17 References / 25.18

Chapter 26. Multiplex Wiring Systems 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4

Tom Chrapkiewicz

Fred Miesterfeld

26.1

Vehicle Multiplexing / 26.1 Encoding Techniques / 26.9 Protocols / 26.23 Summary and Conclusions / 26.53 Glossary / 26.56 References / 26.64

Part 6 Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility Chapter 27. Electromagnetic Standards and Interference James P. Muccioli

21.Z

27.1 SAE Automotive EMC Standards / 27.3 27.2 IEEE Standards Related to EMC / 27.11 27.3 The Electromagnetic Environment of an Automobile Electronic System / 27.13 Bibliography / 27.18

Chapter 28. Electromagnetic Compatibility 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6

James P. Muccioli

28.1

Noise Propagation Modes / 28.1 Cabling / 28.2 Components / 28.4 Printed Circuit Board EMC Checklist / 28.9 Integrated Circuit Decoupling—A Key Automotive EMI Concern / 28.10 ICProcessSizeAffectsEMC / 28.14 Bibliography / 28.19

Part 7 Emerging Technologies Chapter 29. Navigation Aids and Intelligent Vehicie-Highway Systems French 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4

Background / 29.3 Automobile Navigation Technologies / 29.4 Examples of Navigation Systems / 29.10 Other IVHS Systems and Services / 29.15 References / 29.18

Robert L. 29.3

CONTENTS

Chapter 30. Electric and Hybrid Vehicies Raymond S. Hobbs, and Donald B. Karner 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8

XÜi

George G. Karady, Tracy Blake, 30.1

Introduction / 30.1 System Description / 30.5 Charger and Protection System / 30.6 Motor Drive System / 30.8 Battery / 30.17 Vehicie Control and Auxiliary Systems / 30.19 Infrastructure / 30.21 Hybrid Vehicies / 30.23 Glossary / 30.24 References / 30.25

Chapter 3 1 . Noise Cancellation Systems

Jeffrey N. Denenberg

31.1

31.1 Noise Sources / 31.1 31.2 Applications / 31.5 Glossary / 31.10 Bibliography / 31.10

Chapter 32. Future Vehicie Electronics 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6

Randy Frank and Salim Momin

Retrospective / 32.1 IC Technology / 32.1 Other Semiconductor Technologies / 32.5 Enabling the Future / 32.11 Impact on Future Automotive Electronics / 32.15 Conclusions / 32.20 Glossary / 32.21 Bibliography / 32.23

Index / Li

32.1