In grateful memory of the Men of the Parish of Rockcliffe and Cargo and of this district who lost their lives in the service of their country in the Great War and in World War Two, and of their comrades who returned, having done their duty manfully.

It is not the critic that counts, not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or whether the doer of deeds could have done better. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena…. who strives…. who spends himself…. and who at worst, if he fails, at least he fails in daring, so that his place will never be with those timid souls who know nothing of either victory or defeat.

At the going down of the sun, And in the morning We will remember them.

A cross of sacrifice stands in all Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries on the Western Front.

The War Memorial of the Parish of Rockcliffe and Cargo. It is 2010. In far off Afghanistan young men and women of various nations are putting their lives at risk as they struggle to defeat a tenacious enemy. We receive daily reports of the violent death of some while still in their teens. Others, of whom we hear little, are horribly maimed for life. We here, in the relative safety of the countries we call The British Isles, are free to discuss from our armchair or pub stool the rights and wrongs of such a conflict. That right of free speech, whatever our opinion or conclusion, was won for us by others, others who are not unlike today’s almost daily casualties of a distant war. In virtually every corner of our still beautiful land we will find a war memorial. It could be an elaborate artefact in the centre of a town or city, or a cenotaph in a public park. It may be a simple cross or granite stone at a village crossroads, or a sandstone plaque in a churchyard or on a factory wall. It could be a brass plate in a quiet corner within that church or in the assembly hall of your school. Wherever it is it is planted securely and solidly in the fabric and history of our nation. Its structure or position is not, however, of critical importance. What is important is that the men and women to whom it is dedicated are not simply names we may or may not notice as we pass by. It will soon be 100 years since the first of the names on our local memorial made the supreme sacrifice. This document is to make the husbands, sons and fathers who went off to war all those years ago more personal, and to remind us that young men and women of our nation are still prepared to accept that sacrifice. We must also remember that many more served and, although enabled to return to their families, would bear the physical and mental scars of their ordeal for the rest of their lives.

The brief descriptions within this booklet of the men of this district who perished in the two World Wars make references to various cemeteries and memorials. These cemeteries are the last resting places of those who were identified or whose bodies were recovered although unidentifiable. The many memorials perpetuate the memory of those who were never found and who still lie in unknown graves on the battlefield or in the depths of the ocean. There are hundreds, possibly thousands, of such burial places and commemorative gardens scattered around the world. In many cases allies and enemies lie side by side, as do private soldiers and senior officers. In such places all are equal.

“Death closes all: but something ere the end, Some work of noble note, may yet be done, Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods. The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks: The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends, 'Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Push off, and sitting well in order smite The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Of all the western stars, until I die. It may be that the gulfs will wash us down: It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles, And see the great Achilles, whom we knew Tho' much is taken, much abides; and though We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.” Alfred Lord Tennyson. Ulysses

“War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things. The decayed and degraded state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks that nothing is worth war is much worse. The person who has nothing for which he is willing to fight, nothing which is more important than his own personal safety, is a miserable creature and has no chance of being free unless made and kept so by the exertions of better men than himself”. - John Stewart Mill –

Sacred to the Memory of: Boy First Class Joseph Rogerson Percival. Private William Armstrong. Sergeant Thomas Beaty Private Joseph Hind Private Robert Hind Private William Graham Private James McMurray Lance Corporal John McMurray Private 41513 Edward McMurray Private 43519 Edward McMurray Private George Waller Private Robert Ferguson Gunner George Stanley Maxwell Lt Colonel Richard Rolls Gubbins DSO Flight Sergeant Thomas Dennis Ingle Seaman Isaac Tribe Private George William Hetherington Private William Boyd …… and to all who strive to make our world a better place.

In Memory of Ordinary Seaman JOSEPH ROGERSON PERCIVAL J/26891, RN HMS Formidable. Royal Navy who died age 18 on January 1st 1915. Son of Abraham and Elizabeth Percival, of Ivy Cottage, Rockcliffe, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour PLYMOUTH NAVAL MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Boy First Class J/26891 Joseph Rogerson Percival, Royal Navy, died on January 1st 1915 while serving on HMS Formidable, a pre-dreadnought battleship which was torpedoed on that date by German U-boat U-24 off the Devon coast. HMS Formidable was the first battleship to be sunk in WW1. Joseph Percival’s body was not recovered and he was declared lost at sea. He is commemorated on the Plymouth Naval Memorial on Panel 6 as Ordinary Seaman J.R. Percival. He was 18. Joseph Rogerson Percival was the eldest son of Abraham (or Arthur) and Elizabeth Percival of Ivy Cottage, Rockcliffe. Their address in 1903 when their second son was baptised was given as Rockcliffe Cross. Abraham had the occupation of bootmaker. Joseph Percival is commemorated on the grave of his parents in the churchyard.

PLYMOUTH NAVAL MEMORIAL After the First World War, an appropriate way had to be found of commemorating those members of the Royal Navy who had no known grave, the majority of deaths having occurred at sea where no permanent memorial could be provided. An Admiralty committee recommended that the three manning ports in Great Britain - Chatham, Plymouth and Portsmouth - should each have an identical memorial of unmistakable naval form, an obelisk, which would serve as a leading mark for shipping. The memorials were designed by Sir Robert Lorimer, who had already carried out a considerable amount of work for the Commission, with sculpture by Henry Poole. After the Second World War it was decided that the naval memorials should be extended to provide space for commemorating the naval dead without graves of that war, but since the three sites were dissimilar, a different architectural treatment was required for each. The architect for the Second World War extension at Plymouth was Sir Edward Maufe (who also designed the Air Forces memorial at Runnymede) and the additional sculpture was by Charles Wheeler and William McMillan. In addition to commemorating seamen of the Royal Navy who sailed from Plymouth, the First World War panels also bears the names of sailors from Australia and South Africa; the governments of the other Commonwealth nations chose to commemorate their dead elsewhere, for the most part on memorials in their home ports. After the Second World War, Canada and New Zealand again chose commemoration at home, but the memorial at Plymouth commemorates sailors from all other parts of the Commonwealth. Plymouth Naval Memorial commemorates more than 7,000 sailors of the First World War and almost 16,000 from the Second World War. Boy 1st Class RN (Ordinary Seaman) Joseph Rogerson Percival is named on Panel 6 on the Plymouth Memorial.

In Memory of Private 466 WILLIAM ARMSTRONG 13th Bn., Australian Infantry, AIF. who died age 27 on May 9th 1915. Remembered With Honour LONE PINE MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 466 William Armstrong served with the 13th Bn Australian Imperial Infantry and died on 9th May 1915. He had emigrated just before the war began. He enrolled in the AIF on 12th September 1914 and gave Cargo, Carlisle as his place of birth, and labourer as his occupation. He was then 27 years and one month old. His next-of-kin is declared as Mrs M Armstrong, of Moss-side Cottage, Cargo Beck. He died during the ill-fated Dardanelles campaign and is commemorated on Lone Pine Memorial (Panel G36) at Gallipoli, Turkey. The 13th Bn was part of the 4th Australian Brigade, 1st Div. of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. On 25th April 1915 the Corps assaulted what was to be known ever since as “ANZAC Beach”. The casualties were horrendous and many were killed by sniper fire as they moved to support comrades or bring supplies forward. Pte Armstrong was one of more than 4,900 ANZACs who fell here and have no known grave. LONE PINE MEMORIAL stands on the site of the fiercest fighting at a strategic plateau known to the Allies as Lone Pine and to the Turks as ‘Kanli Sirt’ (Bloody Ridge).

LONE PINE MEMORIAL The Lone Pine Memorial is at the east end of Lone Pine Cemetery. Lone Pine Cemetery stand on the plateau at the top of Victoria Gully. The eight month campaign in Gallipoli was fought by Commonwealth and French forces in an attempt to force Turkey out of the war, to relieve the deadlock of the Western Front in France and Belgium, and to open a supply route to Russia through the Dardanelles and the Black Sea. The Allies landed on the peninsula on 25-26 April 1915; the 29th Division at Cape Helles in the south and the Australian and New Zealand Corps north of Gaba Tepe on the west coast, an area soon known as Anzac. On 6 August, further landings were made at Suvla, just north of Anzac, and the climax of the campaign came in early August when simultaneous assaults were launched on all three fronts. Lone Pine was a strategically important plateau in the southern part of Anzac which was briefly in the hands of Australian forces following the landings on 25 April. It became a Turkish strong point from May to July, when it was known by them as 'Kanli Sirt' (Bloody Ridge). The Australians pushed mines towards the plateau from the end of May to the beginning of August and on the afternoon of 6 August, after mine explosions and bombardment from land and sea, the position was stormed by the 1st Australian Brigade. By 10 August, the Turkish counter-attacks had failed and the position was consolidated. It was held by the 1st Australian Division until 12 September, and then by the 2nd, until the evacuation of the peninsula in December. The LONE PINE MEMORIAL stands on the site of the fiercest fighting at Lone Pine and overlooks the whole front line of May 1915. It commemorates more than 4,900 Australian and New Zealand servicemen who died in the Anzac area - the New Zealanders prior to the fighting in August 1915 - whose graves are not known. Others named on the memorial died at sea and were buried in Gallipoli waters. The memorial stands in LONE PINE CEMETERY. The original small battle cemetery was enlarged after the Armistice when scattered graves were brought in from the neighbourhood and from Brown's Dip North and South Cemeteries, which were behind the Australian trenches of April-August 1915. There are now 1,167 Commonwealth servicemen of the First World War buried or commemorated in this cemetery. 504 of the burials are unidentified. Special memorials commemorate 183 soldiers (all but one of them Australian, most of whom died in August), who were known or believed to have been buried in Lone Pine Cemetery, or in the cemeteries at Brown's Dip. Pte William Armstrong, originally of Cumberland but serving in the Australian Infantry following emigration, has no known grave and is commemorated on Panel G36 of the Lone Pine Memorial.

In Memory of Sergeant S/4796 THOMAS BEATY 9th Bn., Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) who died age 25 on September 25th 1915. Son of Margaret Ann Beaty, of Kingmoor Railway Crossing, Carlisle, and the late William Beaty. Remembered With Honour LOOS MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Sergeant S/4796 Thomas Beaty died on 25th Sept 1915. He served with 9 th Bn. The Royal Highlanders (The Black Watch). He was aged 25 and was baptised in Rockcliffe parish church on 18th May 1890. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Loos Memorial Panel 78/83 at the Pas de Calais. He was the son of Margaret Ann Beaty and William Beaty, a platelayer, of Kingmoor Railway Crossing, (known as Westmoor) Carlisle. His father predeceased him. Thomas Beaty, whose battalion was part of 9th Brigade of 15th (Scottish) Division, died in the opening hours of the Battle of Loos. This major assault on the German defences north of Loos cost his battalion 680 casualties. The battle ended with 7,766 British and Commonwealth dead. Most of those killed in the early days of the battle have no known grave and are commemorated on the memorial within the cemetery at what was known to the troops as “Dud Corner”. The Army lost so many officers and experienced NCOs in this battle that it had difficulty recovering. This was also the first time the British Army used gas as a weapon.

LOOS MEMORIAL Loos-en-Gohelle is a village 5 kilometres north-west of Lens in the Pas de Calais, and Dud Corner Cemetery is located about 1 kilometre west of the village, to the north-east of the N43 on the main Lens to Bethune road. Dud Corner Cemetery, which includes the Loos Memorial, stands almost on the site of a German strong point, the Lens Road Redoubt, captured by the 15th (Scottish) Division on the first day of the battle. The name "Dud Corner" is believed to be due to the large number of unexploded enemy shells found in the neighbourhood after the Armistice. The Loos Memorial forms the sides and back of Dud Corner Cemetery, and commemorates over 20,000 officers and men who have no known grave, who fell in the area from the River Lys to the old southern boundary of the First Army, east and west of Grenay. On either side of the cemetery is a wall 15 feet high, to which are fixed tablets on which are carved the names of those commemorated. At the back are four small circular courts, open to the sky, in which the lines of tablets are continued, and between these courts are three semicircular walls or apses, two of which carry tablets, while on the centre apse is erected the Cross of Sacrifice. The memorial was designed by Sir Herbert Baker with sculpture by Charles Wheeler. It was unveiled by Sir Nevil Macready on 4 August 1930. The Loos Memorial identifies 20586 casualties who have no known grave. The name of Sergeant Thomas Beaty appears on Panel 78/83

In Memory of Private 18150 JOSEPH HIND 7th Bn., King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) who died age 21 on July 21st 1916. Son of John and Frances Hind, of Cargo, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 18150 Joseph Hind served with the 7th Bn. King’s Own (Royal Lancaster Regt) and died on July 21st 1916. He was 21 and was baptised in Rockcliffe parish church on 14th July 1895. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial Pier Face 5, Somme. He was the younger of two soldier sons of John and Frances Hind of Cargo. His elder brother died on 16th Sept 1916. His father’s occupation is stated as fisherman. Joseph Hind’s battalion, the 7th King’s Own, was attached to 19th (Western Division) for the Battle of the Somme. 19th Div. was a reserve division placed at Albert in a position to support the main British thrust through Thiepval and Pozieres. Pte Joseph Hind died during the division’s deployment to support the units which had been fighting there from when the battle commenced on the 1st July 1916. This battle would continue until November over ground littered with the fallen of both sides. Many were never found or were unidentifiable. The Thiepval Memorial commemorates the many thousands of the “missing” of this and later battles there.

THIEPVAL MEMORIAL The Thiepval Memorial, in the Somme region, will be found on the D73, next to the village of Thiepval, off the main Bapaume to Albert road (D929). Each year a major ceremony is held at the memorial on 1 July. The Panel numbers (or Pier and Face) quoted at the end of each entry relate to the panels dedicated to the Regiment served with. In some instances where a casualty is recorded as attached to another Regiment, his name may alternatively appear within their Regimental Panel (or Pier and Face). On 1 July 1916, supported by a French attack to the south, thirteen divisions of Commonwealth forces launched an offensive on a line from north of Gommecourt to Maricourt. Despite a preliminary bombardment lasting seven days, the German defences were barely touched and the attack met unexpectedly fierce resistance. Losses were catastrophic and with only minimal advances on the southern flank, the initial attack was a failure. In the following weeks, huge resources of manpower and equipment were deployed in an attempt to exploit the modest successes of the first day. However, the German Army resisted tenaciously and repeated attacks and counter attacks meant a major battle for every village, copse and farmhouse gained. At the end of September, Thiepval was finally captured. The village had been an original objective of 1 July. Attacks north and east continued throughout October and into November in increasingly difficult weather conditions. The Battle of the Somme finally ended on 18 November with the onset of winter. In the spring of 1917, the German forces fell back to their newly prepared defences, the Hindenburg Line, and there were no further significant engagements in the Somme sector until the Germans mounted their major offensive in March 1918. The Thiepval Memorial, the Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, bears the names of more than 72,000 officers and men of the United Kingdom and South African forces who died in the Somme sector before 20 March 1918 and have no known grave. Over 90% of those commemorated died between July and November 1916. The memorial also serves as an AngloFrench Battle Memorial in recognition of the joint nature of the 1916 offensive and a small cemetery containing equal numbers of Commonwealth and French graves lies at the foot of the memorial. The memorial, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, was built between 1928 and 1932 The dead of other Commonwealth countries, who died on the Somme and have no known graves, are commemorated on national memorials elsewhere. There are 72099 names on the Memorial. Private Joseph Hind, of Cargo, has no known grave and is commemorated on Pier Face 5 on the Thiepval Memorial.

In Memory of Private 3506 ROBERT HIND 5th Bn., Border Regiment who died age 23 on September 16th 1916. Son of John and Frances Hind, of Cargo, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour ADANAC MILITARY CEMETERY, MIRAUMONT

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 3506 Robert Hind served with 5th Bn The Border Regt and died on Sept 16th 1916. He was aged 25, not 23 as stated on the Memorial, and was baptised in Rockcliffe parish church on 13th Dec 1891 . He is buried in Adanac Military Cemetery, Miraumont, Somme, in Grave VII B.5. (Adanac is “Canada” reversed, the name adopted for a major concentration cemetery of the fallen of many nations). He was the elder of two soldier sons of John and Frances Hind of Cargo. Their other son, Joseph, also died. Miraumont was in German hands for much of the war and Robert was probably a casualty of the ongoing battles on the Somme. Adanac is a group of concentration cemeteries and holds burials from all over the north-western area of the battlefield. The bodies were collected from small, scattered burial plots when the Germans withdrew after the Armistice. It is difficult to know where Robert died but at least he was identified.

ADANAC MILITARY CEMETERY Miraumont and Pys are villages and adjoining communes in the Department of the Somme. They were occupied by the Allies on the 24th-25th February, 1917, in the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line. They were retaken by the enemy on the 25th March 1918, but fell to the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division on the following 24th August. Adanac Military Cemetery (the name was formed by reversing the name "Canada") was made after the Armistice by the concentration of graves from the battlefields and small cemeteries surrounding Miraumont, and particularly from the Canadian battlefields round Courcelette. One grave (Plot IV, Row D, Grave 30) was left where it is. The cemetery covers an area of 10,401 square yards; and contains the graves of 1,973 soldiers (and airmen, sailors and Marines of the Royal Naval Division) from the United Kingdom, 1,071 from Canada, 70 from New Zealand and 53 from Australia; five whose Unit in our forces could not be ascertained; and one German prisoner. The unnamed graves are 1,712 in number, and special memorials are erected to thirteen soldiers from the United Kingdom known or believed to be buried among them. The cemetery stands among cultivated fields, and commands views of five villages and of the Australian monument at Pozières. The Register records particulars of 3,172 British and Dominion burials. Among those commemorated here is 20 year old Private (Piper) James Clelland Richardson VC of 16th (Manitoba) Regiment of the Canadian infantry. He won his VC when he piped his wavering battalion forward under withering enemy fire. He returned to allied lines with a wounded comrade only to find he had left his pipes on the battlefield. He insisted on retrieving them but was never seen again. The more prominent burial grounds concentrated into Adanac Military Cemetery were the following:- PYS BRITISH CEMETERY, PYS NEW BRITISH CEMETERY, AQUEDUCT ROAD CEMETERY, PYS, NEW ZEALAND CEMETERY, GREVILLERS, and SHRINE CEMETERY, GREVILLERS Private Robert Hind, of Cargo, is interred in grave VII/B.5.

In Memory of Private 23824 WILLIAM GRAHAM 2nd Bn., Border Regiment who died age 26 on August 3rd 1916. Native of Todhills, Blackford, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour BOULOGNE EASTERN CEMETERY

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 23824 William Graham died on August 3rd 1916. He served with 2nd Bn The Border Regt and is interred in Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, Plot 3681, Pas de Calais. He enlisted on 12th Dec 1915 and stated he was 26 years and one month old. His address was stated as Todhills and his occupation as carpenter. He nominated a sister, Molly Graham, as next-of-kin. However a Miss Catherine Graham, described as his foster-mother in his records, was the recipient of his personal property on his death. His records also state that he was unmarried and did not have any known blood relatives. His CWG Certificate describes him as “a native of Todhills” unlike the more usual “son of…” He arrived in France to join his Battalion on 9th July 1916 and was seriously wounded six days later. He is reported as Died from Wounds at Boulogne on 8th Aug 1916. His medical report lists a variety of injuries to head, leg, arms, and eyes, probably caused by shrapnel from shellfire.

BOULOGNE EASTERN CEMETERY Boulogne-sur-Mer is a large Channel port. Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, one of the town cemeteries, lies in the district of St Martin Boulogne, just beyond the eastern (Chateau) corner of the Citadel (Haute-Ville). The cemetery is a large civil cemetery, split in two by the Rue de Dringhem, just south of the main road (RN42) to St Omer. The Commonwealth War Graves plot is located down the western edge of the southern section of the cemetery, with an entrance in the Rue de Dringhen. Car parking is available along the Rue de Dringhen. Boulogne, was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the Western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on the 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the German advance, but was opened again in October and from that month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the chief hospital areas. Until June 1918, the dead from the hospitals at Boulogne itself were buried in the Cimetiere de L'Est, one of the town cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a long, narrow strip along the right hand edge of the cemetery. In the spring of 1918, it was found that space was running short in the Eastern Cemetery in spite of repeated extensions to the south, and the site of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen. During the Second World War, hospitals were again posted to Boulogne for a short time in May 1940. The town was taken by the Germans at the end of that month and remained in their hands until recaptured by the Canadians on 22 September 1944. Boulogne Eastern Cemetery contains 5,577 Commonwealth burials of the First World War and 224 from the Second World War. The Commonwealth plots were designed by Charles Holden. The cemetery register names 5743 identified casualties. Private William Graham of Todhills is interred in Plot 3681

In Memory of Private S/2654 JAMES McMURRAY 1st Bn., Gordon Highlanders who died age 23 on November 13th 1916. Son of Thomas and Rachel McMurray, of Todhills, Rockcliffe. Remembered With Honour RAILWAY HOLLOW CEMETERY, HEBUTERNE

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte S/2654 James McMurray served with 1st Bn The Gordon Highlanders and died on 13th November 1916. He was 23 and is buried in Plot A9, Railway Hollow Cemetery, Hebuterne, Pas de Calais. He was born at Rockcliffe, the second son of Thomas and Rachel McMurray of Todhills and is commemorated on his parent’s grave in the churchyard. The Battle of the Somme was drawing to a close when James McMurray died. He probable became a casualty of those final days in the straggling battles around Serre and could well have succumbed to wounds while being evacuated. His burial in the little cemetery at Hebuterne, then well behind the Allied lines, suggests this. Hebuterne was close to being overrun, however, in the final German push of 1918. There are a number of Gordon Highlanders in this cemetery.

RAILWAY HOLLOW CEMETERY, HEBUTERNE Hebuterne is a village in the Department of the Pas-de-Calais. The cemetery is adjacent to Serre Road Cemetery No 1 and is accessible through the Sheffield Memorial Park. The laneway is not suitable for vehicles. Hebuterne village remained in allied hands from March 1915 to the Armistice, although during the German advance of the summer of 1918 it was practically on the front line. The Cemetery takes its name from a light military railway which once ran through the nearby valley. Railway Hollow Cemetery is in the British support line of July 1916, about 1,100 metres west of Serre and 200 metres west of the plantation called Mark Copse. It was made by V Corps (as V Corps Cemetery No 3) when the Somme battlefields were cleared in 1917 and contains the graves of soldiers of the 3rd, 19th, and 31st Divisions who died on 1st July and 13th November 1916 and 5th Feb 1917. The cemetery contains 107 Commonwealth burials of the First World War, 44 of which are unidentified. There are also two French graves. Sixty-five graves are identified. The register of this cemetery is of an older type and covers a number of other cemeteries in the area. Private James McMurray of Todhills, is interred in Plot A9 in this cemetery.

In Memory of 28358 Lance Corporal JOHN McMURRAY 153rd Coy., Machine Gun Corps (Infantry) who died age 22 on September 21st 1917. Son of Michael and Mary McMurray, of Floriston Cottage, Rockcliffe, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour DOZINGHEM MILITARY CEMETERY

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission L/Cpl 28358 John McMurray served with 153 Coy (Inf) The Machine Gun Corps and died on 21st Sept 1917. He was aged 22 on his death and is buried in Plot V1/C4 Dozinghem Military Cemetery, Poperinge, Belgium. This was near a Field Hospital, suggesting he died of wounds while being evacuated. He was the second son of Michael and Mary McMurray of Floriston Cottage. They were to lose another son some four months later. L/Cpl John McMurray had a specialised role. His company was equipped with Vickers, and later Lewis, machine guns. These were the kings of the battlefield of WW1. In Sept 1917 Cpl McMurray and his comrades would have been part of a desperate battle to force the Germans back after they had made some initial gains in a determined but doomed assault around the Ypres salient. The military hospitals at Poperinge would have been very busy looking after the wounded and John McMurray would seem to have been one of these. The Memorial to the Machine Gun Corps in Hyde Park depicts “The Boy David” (He who slew the Philistines and became King David of Israel.)

DOZINGHEM MILITARY CEMETERY The cemetery is located to the north-west of Poperinge near Krombeke. From Ieper follow the directions to Poperinge along the by-pass. At the end of the by-pass at the traffic lights turn right into Oostlaan. Follow Oostlaan over the roundabout to the end of the road. Turn left into Veurnestraat and follow along here to the first turning on the right. (From Poperinge centre, follow the directions to Veurne along the Veurnestraat to the second turning on the left.) Turn into Sint-Bertinusstraat and follow this road up the rise and round a left hand bend. After the bend, take the right hand turning in the direction of Krombeke along the Krombeekseweg. Follow the Krombeekseweg past the "De Lovie" centre where the road name changes to Leeuwerikstraat and then past a cafe on the left. Approximately 500 meters after the cafe on the left, you will see a sign for the cemetery pointing to a track on the right into the woods. The cemetery is along here at the end of the track. Westvleteren was outside the front held by Commonwealth forces in Belgium during the First World War, but in July 1917, in readiness for the forthcoming offensive, groups of casualty clearing stations were placed at three positions called by the troops Mendinghem, Dozinghem and Bandaghem. The 4th, 47th and 61st Casualty Clearing Stations were posted at Dozinghem and the military cemetery was used by them until early in 1918. There are now 3,174 Commonwealth burials of the First World War in the cemetery and 65 German war graves from this period. The cemetery also contains 73 Second World War burials dating from the Allied withdrawal to Dunkirk in May 1940. The cemetery was designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield. The register names 3306 identified casualties. Lance Corporal John McMurray of Floriston Cottage is interred in plot V1/C4, having succumbed to wounds while in hospital.

In Memory of Private 41513 EDWARD McMURRAY 2nd Bn., Royal Scots who died age 26 on October 20th 1917. Son of Thomas and Rachel McMurray. of Todhills, Blackford, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour WIMEREUX COMMUNAL CEMETERY

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 41513 Edward McMurray served with 2nd Bn Royal Scots and died on 20th Oct 1917. He was aged 26 and is interred in Wimereux Communal Cemetery. Boulogne, near a major military hospital, suggesting he may have died of wounds during evacuation. He was the eldest son of Thomas and Rachel McMurray of Todhills. His birthplace is stated as Westlinton, indicating his parents had moved from there to Todhills before the birth of their second son James. He, like his brother, is commemorated on his parent’s grave in the churchyard. Wimereux was an important hospital centre and the headquarters of the Queen Mary’s Army Auxiliary Corps. Most of the burials here are identified as they were mainly of injured soldiers who succumbed to their wounds. Edward McMurray was probably injured (possibly on the Somme) some days earlier and would have had a miserable journey to this hospital. Lt. Col John McCrae, who wrote, In Flanders Fields, is buried here.

WIMERAUX COMMUNAL CEMETERY Wimereux is a small town situated about 5 kilometres north of Boulogne in the Pas de Calais . The Commonwealth War Graves are situated to the rear of the Communal or public civilian cemetery. This was a common arrangement when casualties were in small numbers, particularly in the early stages of the war or when the deaths occurred in places far from the more active regions. CWGC headstones are to be found in many public cemeteries. Such graves are of course cared for just as tenderly as those in the larger cemeteries. Wimereux was the headquarters of the Queen Mary's Army Auxilliary Corps during the First World War and in 1919 it became the General Headquarters of the British Army. From October 1914 onwards, Boulogne and Wimereux formed an important hospital centre and until June 1918, the medical units at Wimereux used the communal cemetery for burials, the south-eastern half having been set aside for Commonwealth graves, although a few burials were also made among the civilian graves. By June 1918, this half of the cemetery was filled, and subsequent burials from the hospitals at Wimereux were made in the new military cemetery at Terlincthun. During the Second World War, British Rear Headquarters moved from Boulogne to Wimereux for a few days in May 1940, prior to the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk. Thereafter, Wimereux was in German hands and the German Naval Headquarters were situated on the northern side of the town. After D-Day, as Allied forces moved northwards, the town was shelled from Cap Griz-Nez, and was re-taken by the Canadian 1st Army on 22 September 1944. Wimereux Communal Cemetery contains 2,847, Commonwealth burials of the First World War, two of them unidentified. Buried among them is Lt.-Col. John McCrae, author of the poem "In Flanders Fields." There are also five French and a plot of 170 German war graves. The cemetery also contains 14 Second World War burials, six of them unidentified. The Commonwealth section was designed by Charles Holden. Because of the sandy nature of the soil, the headstones lie flat upon the graves. Private Edward McMurray of Todhills is interred in this cemetery. He is one of 3022 casualties named here. The high ratio of identified burials is explained by the large number of wounded soldiers who succumbed while under treatment in the hospitals. The medical sciences and advanced surgical skills we now in the 21st century take for granted would have saved many of these young men. Unfortunately they were denied that. Nevertheless the medical staff of the time gave their all, within their comparatively limited resources, to ensure as many as possible survived.

In Memory of Private 43519 EDWARD McMURRAY 9th Bn., Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) who died age 25 on February 2nd 1917. Son of Michael and Mary McMurray, of Floriston Cottage, Rockcliffe, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour FAUBOURG D, AMIENS CEMETERY, ARRAS

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 43519 Edward McMurray served with the 9th Cameronians (The Scottish Rifles), and died on 2nd Feb 1917. He was aged 25 and is buried in Plot I11/C14 Fauberg D’Amiens Cemetery, Arras. He was the son of Michael and Mary McMurray of Floriston Cottage. Arras, where Edward McMurray died, was at that time a relatively quiet sector. There had been much activity of course and casualties were not unusual. The Second Battle of Arras did not begin until April 1917, so it appears that Edward was a victim of a raid or sniper attack. The shock to the parents of losing their eldest son was to be compounded nine months later when Edward’s brother John was reported “died of wounds”. They would probably have first received notification that he was badly injured.

FAUBOURG D’AMIENS CEMETERY, ARRAS Faubourg-d'Amiens Cemetery is in the western part of the town of Arras in the Boulevard du General de Gaulle, near the Citadel, approximately 2 Kms due west of the railway station. The French handed over Arras to Commonwealth forces in the spring of 1916 and the system of tunnels upon which the town is built were used and developed in preparation for the major offensive planned for April 1917. The Commonwealth section of the FAUBOURG D'AMIENS CEMETERY was begun in March 1916, behind the French military cemetery established earlier. It continued to be used by field ambulances and fighting units until November 1918. The cemetery was enlarged after the Armistice when graves were brought in from the battlefields and from two smaller cemeteries in the vicinity. The cemetery contains 2,650 Commonwealth burials of the First World War. There are 10 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War. In addition, there are 30 war graves of other nationalities, most of them German. The graves in the French military cemetery were removed after the war to other burial grounds and the land they had occupied was used for the construction of the Arras Memorial and Arras Flying Services Memorial. The ARRAS MEMORIAL commemorates almost 35,000 servicemen from the United Kingdom, South Africa and New Zealand who died in the Arras sector between the spring of 1916 and 7 August 1918, the eve of the Advance to Victory, and have no known grave. The most conspicuous events of this period were the Arras offensive of April-May 1917, and the German attack in the spring of 1918. Canadian and Australian servicemen killed in these operations are commemorated by memorials at Vimy and Villers-Bretonneux. A separate memorial remembers those killed in the Battle of Cambrai in 1917. The ARRAS FLYING SERVICES MEMORIAL commemorates more than 1,000 airmen of the Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps, and the Royal Air Force, either by attachment from other arms of the forces of the Commonwealth or by original enlistment, who were killed on the whole Western Front and who have no known grave. During the Second World War, Arras was occupied by United Kingdom forces headquarters until the town was evacuated on 23 May 1940. Arras then remained in German hands until retaken by Commonwealth and Free French forces on 1 September 1944. The cemetery contains seven Commonwealth burials of the Second World War. Both cemetery and memorial were designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, with sculpture by Sir William Reid Dick. The 1939-1945 War burials number 8 and comprise 3 soldiers and 4 airmen from the United Kingdom and 1 entirely unidentified casualty. The register names 2670 identified casualties. Private Edward McMurray of Floriston Cottage is interred in Plot I11/C14

In Memory of Private 1650 GEORGE WALLER llth Bn., Australian Infantry, AIF. who died age 28 on April 16th 1917. Son of Arthur J. and Mary Waller, of Rockcliffe, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour VILLERS-BRETONNEUX MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 1650 George Waller enlisted on 5th Jan 1915 and served with 11th Bn Western Australian Imperial Infantry (AIF). He died on the 16th April 1917 aged 28. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Villiers Bretonneaux Australian Memorial in the Somme region. He had immigrated from Rockcliffe to Australia before the outbreak of war and enlisted in the AIF. His service included a spell at Gallipoli from 24th July 1915 from where he was posted to France. He arrived, in France (Etaples) on 23rd Oct 1916 and joined his Battalion on 2nd March 1917. There is, however, a poignant story of the initial discovery of the body of this young man. A Miss M Waller (thought to be his sister), whose address was Crown and Thistle, Rockcliffe, received a letter from a Pte 21889 L Hallas of B Coy, 11th Bn. The Border Regiment. Pte Hallas states that with another soldier he found Pte Waller’s body and buried it and placed a marker on the grave. Miss Waller eventually received her brother’s personal effects in October 1917. It has been suggested that Pte Hallas, himself from this area, may have recognised someone with whom he could have been at school. The grave was lost and George Waller is listed as missing in action. George Waller’s record shows he had spent considerable time in various hospitals. Although described as 5 feet 7inches tall he was slightly built and probably not sufficiently robust for what was demanded of him. He was the son of Arthur and Mary Waller of Rockcliffe. Arthur was the innkeeper of the Crown and Thistle public house. George Waller’s younger brother, serving with the Border Regiment, survived to be discharged a Sergeant.

VILLERS-BRETONNEAUX MEMORIAL Villers-Bretonneux is a village in the Somme region 16 kilometres east of Amiens on the straight main road to St Quentin. Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery is about 2 kilometres north of the village on the east side of the road to Fouilloy. The Memorial stands within the Military Cemetery. Names of those with no known grave are engraved on the memorial in order of battalion, then alphabetically under rank. Villers-Bretonneux became famous in 1918, when the German advance on Amiens ended in the capture of the village by their tanks and infantry on 23 April. On the following day, the 4th and 5th Australian Divisions, with units of the 8th and 18th Divisions, recaptured the whole of the village and on 8 August 1918, the 2nd and 5th Australian Divisions advanced from its eastern outskirts in the Battle of Amiens. The VILLERS-BRETONNEUX MEMORIAL is the Australian national memorial erected to commemorate all Australian soldiers who fought in France and Belgium during the First World War, to their dead, and especially to those of the dead whose graves are not known. The 10,770 Australian servicemen actually named on the memorial died in the battlefields of the Somme, Arras, the German advance of 1918 and the Advance to Victory. The memorial stands within VILLERS-BRETONNEUX MILITARY CEMETERY, which was made after the Armistice when graves were brought in from other burial grounds in the area and from the battlefields. Plots I to XX were completed by 1920 and contain mostly Australian graves, almost all from the period March to August 1918. Plots IIIA, VIA, XIIIA and XVIA, and Rows in other Plots lettered AA, were completed by 1925, and contain a much larger proportion of unidentified graves brought from a wider area. Later still, 444 graves were brought in from Dury Hospital Military Cemetery. There are now 2,141 Commonwealth servicemen of the First World War buried or commemorated in this cemetery. Six hundred and eight of the burials are unidentified but there are special memorials to five casualties known or believed to be buried among them, and to 15 buried in other cemeteries whose graves could not be found on concentration. The cemetery also contains the graves of two New Zealand airmen of the Second World War. Both the cemetery and memorial were designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. The memorial was unveiled by King George VI on 22 July 1938. The cemetery and memorial registers name 10773 identified casualties. Private George Waller, who has no known grave, is commemorated on the VILLERS-BRETONNEAUX AUSTRALIAN MEMORIAL.

In Memory of Private 10841 ROBERT FERGUSON 6th Bn., Border Regiment who died age 30 on July 24th 1917. Son of David and Elizabeth Ferguson, of Longtown, Cumberland. Remembered with honour LA BRIQUE MILITARY CEMETERY No.2

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 10841 Robert Ferguson served with 6th Bn The Border Regt and was initially reported dead on 18th July 1917. The death was finally confirmed as 24th July. He first served at Gallipoli but died at Ypres. His records state, Killed in Action on 24th July 1917. His grave is in Plot I A.6, in La Brique Military Cemetery No 2, near Ypres. He was the only son of David and Elizabeth Ferguson of 25 Mary Street, Longtown. He had a sister Jessie. Robert Ferguson died between the end of the Battle of Messines, 14th June 1917, and the start of the Third battle of Passchendale on 31st July. He may have been the target of a sniper or some similar incident during what was actually a relatively quiet period. His body was recovered and buried in an identified grave.

LA BRIQUE MILITARY CEMETERY NO 2 The cemetery is located to the North-East of the town of Ieper. From the station turn left and drive along M.Fochlaan to the roundabout, turn right and go to the next roundabout. Here turn left into M.Haiglaan and drive to the next roundabout. Here turn right into Oude Veurnestraat, this then changes to Diksmuidseweg and Brugseweg drive along this road to the traffic lights, at the lights turn left into Industrielaan then turn first right into Pilkemseweg, the cemetery is approx 400 metres on the left. La Brique is a small hamlet named from an old brick works that used to stand nearby before the First World War. LA BRIQUE CEMETERY No.2 was begun in February 1915 and used until March 1918. The original cemetery consisted of 383 burials laid out in 25 irregular rows in Plot I. After the Armistice, graves were brought in from the battlefields to create Plot II and extend the original plot. There are now 840 Commonwealth servicemen of the First World War buried or commemorated in this cemetery. 400 of the burials are unidentified, but special memorials commemorate four casualties known or believed to be buried among them. Across the road is LA BRIQUE CEMETERY No.1, which was begun in May 1915 and used until the following December. It contains 91 First World War burials, four of them unidentified. Both cemeteries were designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield. There are 454 named casualties in this cemetery. Private Robert Ferguson is interred in Plot 1/A6

In Memory of Gunner 192561 STANLEY MAXWELL

"A" Bty. 331st Bde., Royal Field Artillery who died aged 22 on April 4th 1918 Remembered With Honour POZIERES MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Gunner 19281 George Stanley Maxwell served with the Royal Field Artillery and died on April 4th 1918. He was born in Rockcliffe, baptised in Rockcliffe Parish Church on Dec 8th 1895, and was 22 years old when he died. He enlisted on 18th July 1915. He was the son of George Maxwell, who was a “beerhouse keeper” (and a blacksmith before this occupation), and his wife Mary Jane Maxwell, of Three Crowns Inn, at Three Crown’s Yard, Rockcliffe. George has no known grave and is commemorated on the Pozieres Memorial, Panel 7 to 10, Somme Region. He is also commemorated on his parent’s gravestone in Rockcliffe churchyard. George Maxwell died as the Allies were forcing the retreating Germans across what were the old Somme battlefields. The fact that he has no known grave suggests that the Germans were still putting up considerable resistance, so that in the turmoil of battle his body was not recovered. The war was to end in eight months after many more losses.

POZIERES MEMORIAL Pozieres is a village 6 kilometres north-east of the town of Albert. The Memorial encloses Pozieres British Cemetery which is a little south-west of the village on the north side of the main road, D929, from Albert to Pozieres. On the road frontage is an open arcade terminated by small buildings and broken in the middle by the entrance and gates. Along the sides and the back, stone tablets are fixed in the stone rubble walls bearing the names of the dead grouped under their Regiments. It should be added that, although the memorial stands in a cemetery of largely Australian graves, it does not bear any Australian names. The Australian soldiers who fell in France and whose graves are not known are commemorated on the National Memorial at Villers-Bretonneux. The POZIERES MEMORIAL relates to the period of crisis in March and April 1918 when the Allied Fifth Army was driven back by overwhelming numbers across the former Somme battlefields, and the months that followed before the Advance to Victory, which began on 8 August 1918. The Memorial commemorates over 14,000 casualties of the United Kingdom and 300 of the South African Forces who have no known grave and who died on the Somme from 21 March to 7 August 1918. The Corps and Regiments most largely represented are The Rifle Brigade with over 600 names, The Durham Light Infantry with approximately 600 names, the Machine Gun Corps with over 500, The Manchester Regiment with approximately 500 and The Royal Horse and Royal Field Artillery with over 400 names. The memorial encloses POZIERES BRITISH CEMETERY, Plot II of which contains original burials of 1916, 1917 and 1918, carried out by fighting units and field ambulances. The remaining plots were made after the Armistice when graves were brought in from the battlefields immediately surrounding the cemetery, the majority of them of soldiers who died in the Autumn of 1916 during the latter stages of the Battle of the Somme, but a few represent the fighting in August 1918. There are now 2,755 Commonwealth servicemen of the First World War buried or commemorated in this cemetery. 1,375 of the burials are unidentified but there are special memorials to 23 casualties known or believed to be buried among them. The cemetery and memorial were designed by W.H. Cowlishaw, with sculpture by Laurence A. Turner. The memorial was unveiled by Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien on 4 August 1930. The Memorial records 14679 casualties who have no known grave. Gunner George Stanley Maxwell of the Royal Field Artillery is commemorated on Panel 7-10. Within the Memorial is Pozieres British Cemetery which holds 1380 identified burials.

In Memory of Lieutenant Colonel RICHARD ROLLS GUBBINS, D S O Of the Somerset Light Infantry Attached to A.A.Q.M.G. Staff, General Staff, who died age 49 on January 25th 1918. He was the son of the late Rev. Richard Shard Gubbins; husband of Agnes Edith Gubbins, of The Old Hall, Rockcliffe. Remembered With Honour STE. MARIE CEMETERY, LE HAVRE

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Lt Col Richard Rolls Gubbins DSO, attached to the Kings Shropshire Light Infantry, died on January 25th 1918 while serving as a staff officer. He was aged 49. His home was The Old Hall, Rockcliffe, and he is a relative of the MounseyHeysham family, of Rockcliffe. He was the son of the Reverend Richard Shard Gubbins and the husband of Agnes Edith Gubbins, who died some four months later. He was lost at sea while returning to France after a visit to England. He was travelling on the S.S Normandy from Southampton to Cherbourg. The Normandy was torpedoed just off Cap de la Hague by German submarine U-90 with the loss of 14 crew and 13 passengers. The survivors, six crew and seven passengers, owed their lives to the captain and crew of a French destroyer, which went to their aid despite the risk of attack from the U-boat. Among those lost was Richard Rolls Gubbins DSO. He is commemorated, with the other non-naval personnel who perished, on the Normandy memorial in St Marie Cemetery, Le Havre.

STE.MARIE CEMETERY, LE HAVRE Ste. Marie Cemetery is one of the town cemeteries, but it is actually situated in the commune of Graville-St. Honorine, overlooking Le Havre from the north. The main entrance to the cemetery is on the Rue du 329ème Régiment d'Infanterie. There is another entrance on the west side of the cemetery which is closest to the main war graves plots and this can be accessed via the Rue Eugène Landoas. There is also a large number of French graves. During the First World War, Le Havre was one of the ports at which the British Expeditionary Force disembarked in August 1914. Except for a short interval during the German advance in 1914 it remained No 1 Base throughout the war and by the end of May 1917 it contained three general and two stationary hospitals, and four convalescent depots. The first Commonwealth burials took place in Division 14 of Ste Marie Cemetery in mid August 1914. Burials in Divisions 19, 3, 62 and 64 followed successively. A memorial in Plot 62 marks the graves of 24 casualties from the hospital ship 'Salta' and her patrol boat, sunk by a mine on 10 April 1917. The memorial also commemorates by name the soldiers, nurses and merchant seamen lost from the 'Salta' whose bodies were not recovered, and those lost in the sinking of the hospital ship 'Galeka' (mined on 28 October 1916) and the transport ship 'Normandy' (torpedoed on 25 January 1918), whose graves are not known. There are now 1,690 Commonwealth burials of the First World War in this cemetery, 8 of which are unidentified. During the Second World War, Le Havre was one of the evacuation ports for the British Expeditionary force in 1940 and towards the end of the war it was used as a supply and reinforcement base. There are now 364 burials of the Second World War here (59 of them unidentified) in Divisions 64 and 67 of the cemetery. The Commonwealth plots in the cemetery were designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield. The cemetery register includes 1993 identified casualties. Lt-Col Richard Rolls Gubbins is commemorated on the memorial to those lost when the SS NORMANDY was torpedoed.

In Memory of Flight Sergeant 1683129 THOMAS DENNIS INGLE 166 Sqn., Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve who died age 23 on November 28th 1944 Son of Clifford and Ivy Kathleen Ingle, husband of Jessie Ingle, of Rockcliffe. Remembered With Honour DURNBACH WAR CEMETERY

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Flt/Sgt (Navigator) Thomas Dennis Ingle served with the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He was aged 23. He died on a bombing mission over Freiburg Germany on the night of 27th Nov 1944 and is interred with the others of his crew in Durnbach Cemetery in Bad Toelz in a Collective grave. He is also named on his father’s gravestone in the churchyard of St John’s Church, Roundhay, in Leeds. He had three sisters. Flt Sgt Ingle, Dennis to his wife Jessie and TDI to his friends, had been seeing Jessie Ritchie, a farmer’s daughter, of Demesne Farm for some two years when they married in Rockcliffe Church in October 1944. She was then 18. One month later on a bombing mission to destroy a communications link in southern Germany Dennis’s Lancaster was struck by bombs from a plane above them. The crew of seven died when the plane crashed, the only aircraft lost on this raid. Jessie remarried after the war.

DURNBACH WAR CEMETERY, BAD TOLZ, BAYVERN. The small village of Dürnbach lies in the south of Germany approx 45kms south of Munich. From the A8 Munich to Salzburg motorway take exit 97 (Ausfahrt 97) HOLZKIRCHEN / TEGERNSEE / BAD WIESEE / BAD TÖLZ and follow the B318 direction GMUND AM TEGERNSEE. Continue for approx 14kms and then turn left (CWGC sign) onto the B472 direction MIESBACH. Continue for approx 1km and the cemetery can be found on the left. The cemetery address is:- Am Moos 83703 Gmund am Tegernsee Germany GPS Location is:N 47 46 41 E 11 44 46 The site for Durnbach War Cemetery was chosen, shortly after hostilities had ceased, by officers of the British Army and Air Force, in conjunction with officers of the American Occupation Forces in whose zone Durnbach lay. The great majority of those buried here are airmen shot down over Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Austria, Hessen and Thuringia, brought from their scattered graves by the Army Graves Service. The remainder are men who were killed while escaping from prisoner of war camps in the same areas, or who died towards the end of the War on forced marches from the camps to more remote areas. DURNBACH WAR CEMETERY contains 2,934 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War, 93 of which are unidentified. One grave in the cemetery (III. C. 22.) contains the ashes of an unknown number of unidentified war casualties recovered from Flossenburg. Also, one grave (IV. A. 21.) holds the remains of 6 unidentified U.K. airmen. There are also 30 war graves of other nationalities, most of them Polish. Within the Indian section of the cemetery will be found the DURNBACH CREMATION MEMORIAL, commemorating 23 servicemen of the army of undivided India who died while prisoners of war in various places in France and Germany, and who were cremated in accordance with their religion. The register identifies 2870 of those commemorated here. Thomas Dennis Ingle is interred in a Collective Grave in this cemetery together with five of his crewmates. A collective grave generally hold a number of casualties who died together in a single incident and whose remains could not be identified individually. Dennis Ingle and his comrades were such. His plane, Lancaster bomber Number NG200 AS-V, crashed to earth after catastrophic damage. There is evidence that some of the crew attempted to eject and parachute but were too close to the ground. The body of Flying Officer Gale, the seventh member of the crew, was found some months later and is buried in an identified grave.

In Memory of Cook Steward ISAAC TRIBE S.S. Oriskany (London), Merchant Navy Who died age 20 on February 24th 1945 Remembered With Honour TOWER HILL MEMORIAL

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Isaac Tribe served with the Merchant Navy as a Cook/Steward. He was lost when his ship, the S.S. Oriskany, was torpedoed during an attack on a convoy approaching Land’s End. He was 20 when he died on 24th Feb 1945. He is commemorated on Panel 76 of the memorial to those of the Merchant Navy who have no known grave, on Tower Hill, London. The Oriskany was carrying a cargo of coal from Newport in Wales to London when it was torpedoed by U-480. Thirtyfour men perished. A few hours later the convoy escorts found and sunk U-480 with the loss of its crew of forty-seven. Isaac was the son of Alfred, a fitter, and Jane Tribe, of Todhills, and was baptised in Rockcliffe Parish church on 25th May 1924. Jane Tribe’s maiden name is believed to have been Percival or Ritchie.

TOWER HILL MEMORIAL The Tower Hill Memorial commemorates men and women of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets who died in both World Wars and who have no known grave. It stands on the south side of the garden of Trinity Square, London, close to The Tower of London. The Memorial Register may be consulted at Trinity House Corporation, Trinity Square (Cooper's Row entrance), Tower Hill, London EC3N 4DH, which will be found behind the Memorial. Tel: 020 7481 6900. In the First World War, the civilian navy's duty was to be the supply service of the Royal Navy, to transport troops and supplies to the armies, to transport raw materials to overseas munitions factories and munitions from those factories, to maintain, on a reduced scale, the ordinary import and export trade, to supply food to the home country and - in spite of greatly enlarged risks and responsibilities - to provide both personnel and ships to supplement the existing resources of the Royal Navy. Losses of vessels were high from the outset, but had peaked in 1917 when in January the German government announced the adoption of "unrestricted submarine warfare". The subsequent preventative measures introduced by the Ministry of Shipping - including the setting up of the convoy system where warships were used to escort merchant vessels - led to a decrease in losses but by the end of the war, 3,305 merchant ships had been lost with a total of 17,000 lives. In the Second World War, losses were again considerable in the early years, reaching a peak in 1942. The heaviest losses were suffered in the Atlantic, but convoys making their way to Russia around the North Cape, and those supplying Malta in the Mediterranean were also particularly vulnerable to attack. In all, 4,786 merchant ships were lost during the war with a total of 32,000 lives. More than one quarter of this total were lost in home waters. The First World War section of the Tower Hill Memorial commemorates almost 12,000 Mercantile Marine casualties who have no grave but the sea. The memorial was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens with sculpture by Sir William Reid-Dick. It was unveiled by Queen Mary on 12 December 1928. The Second World War extension, designed by Sir Edward Maufe, with sculpture by Charles Wheeler, commemorates almost 24,000 names. The memorial register records 35802 identified casualties. Twenty year old Issac Tribe, of Todhills, is commemorated on panel 76 of the Memorial.

In Memory of Private GEORGE WILLIAM HETHERINGTON 3601133, 4th Bn., Border Regiment who died age 21 on May 24th 1940. Son of John William and Catherine Hetherington, of Carlisle. Remembered With Honour AILLY-SUR-SOMME COMMUNAL CEMETERY

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 3601133 George William Hetherington served with 4th Bn The Border Regiment. He died aged 21 on 24th May 1940 and is interred in Ailly-sur-Somme Communal Cemetery, Somme region. He enlisted on 28th June 1939 and was the fifth child of the family of ten children of John and Katherine (nee Bone) Hetherington who ran the smallholding of Lane End Farm, Cargo. It is not generally known that considerable numbers of British units fought on in France well after the main evacuation at Dunkirk. One of these was 4th Bn., The Border Regiment, attached to 23rd Brigade of 16th Armoured Division. On a beautiful spring morning of 24th May 1940 George William Hetherington and his comrades of the 4th Bn. began their allotted task of clearing the enemy from three bridges on the River Somme west of Amiens. While one bridge assault was successful the men of the Borders suffered heavy casualties at the other two. This is where George Hetherington died. The survivors fought a rearguard action and after many further tribulations the remnants of the battalion embarked from Brest to arrive in Southampton on 18th June 1940. George Hetherington is buried in the third grave from the left in the picture above.

AILLY-SUR-SOMME COMMUNAL CEMETERY Ailly-sur-Somme is a village on the south bank of the River Somme, 8 kilometres north-west of Amiens, on the road to Abbeville (N235). The Communal Cemetery (i.e. the civilian cemetery) is on the southern side of the village on the road to Borelles. The war graves are near the northern corner of the Cemetery. Ailly-sur-Somme Communal Cemetery contains three Commonwealth burials of the First World War and seven from the Second World War. WW2 burials in this cemetery include : Pte. George William HETHERINGTON, Border Regt. 24th May 1940, aged 21. Son of John William and Katherine Hetherington of Carlisle.

Private George William Hetherington died in a very fluid battle as the British Army fought a desperate rearguard action after the main evacuation of Dunkirk. He and his comrades would have felt horribly alone as the victorious German Army swept through France. However his sacrifice, and that of others, gained time and space for much of his unit to return to England to prepare for better days.

In Memory of Private 14518191 WILLIAM BOYD 9th (The Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons) Bn., King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry who died age 35 on May 29th 1944 Son of Joseph and Christine Boyd, husband of Jessie Boyd, of Stanwix, Carlisle. Remembered With Honour BEACH HEAD WAR CEMETERY, ANZIO

Commemorated in perpetuity by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Pte 14518191 William Boyd served with 9th Bn King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. He died on 29th May 1944 aged 35. He is interred in Beach Head War Cemetery, Anzio, in Italy. He was the son of Joseph and Christine Boyd and husband of Jessie Boyd of Stanwix. William Boyd was part of a combined force of British and American units which carried out the landing at Anzio in Italy in 1944, the action known as Operation Shingle. The battle began on 22nd January and despite heavy losses, by 23rd May 1944 the Allies were successfully established on the Italian mainland. Although the Italians were wavering by this time and indeed were on the point of joining the Allies German units were proving to be a considerable obstacle. It was on 29th May during the advance into Italy that William Boyd was killed in action.

BEACH HEAD WAR CEMETERY, ANZIO Anzio is a coastal town 70 kilometres south of Rome. To reach Anzio take the Route No.148 Superstrada Motorway, which runs between Rome and Latina. Turn off the Superstrada at the No.207, following the signs towards Anzio. The route is well signposted from the Superstrada. The Cemetery lies 5 kilometres north of Anzio town on the No.207 and Commission signs are visible 150 metres from the cemetery. There is a small parking area at the main entrance. Beach Head War Cemetery should not be confused with Anzio War Cemetery which lies just off the No.207, 1 kilometre north of Anzio. Cemetery address: Via Nettunense km 34 - 00040 Anzio (RM) Lazio. GPS Co-ordinates: Latitude: 41.482355, Longitude: 12.625456. On 3 September 1943 the Allies invaded the Italian mainland, the invasion coinciding with an armistice made with the Italians who then re-entered the war on the Allied side. Progress through southern Italy was rapid despite stiff resistance, but by the end of October, the Allies were facing the German winter defensive position known as the Gustav Line, which stretched from the river Garigliano in the west to the Sangro in the east. Initial attempts to breach the western end of the line were unsuccessful. Operations in January 1944 landed troops behind the German lines at Anzio, but defences were well organised, and a breakthrough was not actually achieved until May. The site of the cemetery originally lay close to a casualty clearing station. Burials were made direct from the battlefield after the landings at Anzio and later, after the Army had moved forward, many graves were brought in from the surrounding country. Beach Head War Cemetery contains 2,316 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War, 295 of them unidentified. There is also one First World War burial which was brought into the cemetery from Chiete Communal Cemetery near Rome. The register identifies 2022 of those commemorated here. Private William Boyd is interred in Beach Head War Cemetery

COMMUNAL CEMETERIES, CONCENTRATION CEMETERIES, and COLLECTIVE GRAVES It was not unusual for casualties of war to be interred in civilian cemeteries. This could happen after a minor battle or engagement. If no military cemeteries were in the vicinity casualties would be interred in the local graveyard. Although many of these were moved to Concentration Cemeteries after the Armistice considerable numbers were left in their original resting places. Ailly-Sur-Somme is one such communal cemetery. A Concentration Cemetery is a formal military cemetery to which small scattered burial plots and individual graves were brought by special teams who, after the Armistice, searched the battlefield for temporary burials. Every combatant nation endeavoured to give each casualty some form of recognition. The fallen of Britain and the Commonwealth were, when possible, given individual graves. However the searches produced many unidentified burials as sometimes the remains of a number of soldiers might be found in a single shell-hole. Often as official identity discs had been lost many were identified only by unit from regimental buttons or badges, or as British only by rags of khaki uniform. Personal property such as engraved cigarette boxes and autographed diaries or bibles sometimes aided the searchers. Sadly many thousands were beyond identification and would receive only that simple but poignant memorial “An Unknown British Soldier” and, “Known unto God”. Their name, rank, and unit would appear in due course on one of the many memorials to the Missing. A Collective grave will often hold the remains of two or more casualties. Many such grave markers simply state “Two Unknown British Soldiers” (or three or more), indicating the difficulty which faced those tasked with identifying scattered body parts which had lain on the battlefield for months and even years. French casualties were often interred in “Ossuaries”, which are very elaborate mass tombs. Germany, at some disadvantage, gathered many of theirs into mass graves with rather more sombre memorials. All nations tried where possible to respect the differing religious beliefs of each soldier when placing gravestones or memorials on individual burials. Jewish, Hindu, Chinese, and other symbols appear among the predominantly Christian markings. The words “Known unto God” were suggested by Rudyard Kipling during discussions about the best way to mark the last resting place of the unidentifiable remains of what had once been a young vibrant human being. Kipling’s only son Jack is among those whose last resting place is, “Known unto God”. The admonition reiterated at every commemoration to the Fallen, and which appears in almost every CWGC cemetery, is also from Kipling. The words “Lest We Forget” are from his great hymn “Recessional” where he reminds us that true greatness and success can only come from humility and honest endeavour.

Arthuret Churchyard This small plain grave marker, generally of Portland limestone, but sometimes of granite or sandstone, is an example of that which stands in staggering numbers in a typical British or Commonwealth Military Cemetery. It is recognisable to virtually every adult of this nation. We will even find some in our own local churchyard. We may pass these by with little thought as we wander through the churchyard during a visit to the better-known graves of family or friend. However these plain and simple stones, often alone, often among more impressive memorials, are also the last resting places of the Fallen. We should stop and look at these, read the inscription, note the age of the young man or woman commemorated there, and pause to consider what this death meant to the grieving relatives. This burial (until recently when we began bringing our dead heroes back to their homeland) will often be that of someone who was wounded in battle, and who survived for a sufficient time to be brought home to family. Take a few steps back and look at this small white stone again. Picture thousands of these, in seemingly unending rows, in an astonishing number of countries, many bearing only the words “Known unto God” to tell us someone lies there. They are the last resting places of those who never returned. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission is charged in perpetuity to care for these graves and associated memorials. They do a magnificent job in conjunction with similar organisations of other nations, some of whom were once our enemies. In death we are equal.

With proud thanksgiving, a mother for her children, England mourns for her dead across the sea. Flesh of her flesh they were, spirit of her spirit, Fallen in the cause of the free. Solemn the drums thrill: Death august and royal Sings sorrow up into immortal spheres. There is a music in the midst of desolation And a glory that shines upon our tears. They went with songs to the battle; they were young, Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow. They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted: They fell with their faces to the foe. They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old: Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning We will remember them. They mingle not with their laughing comrades again; They sit no more at familiar tables at home; They have no lot in our labour of the day-time; They sleep beyond England's foam. But where our desires are and our hopes profound, Felt as a well-spring that is hidden from sight, To the innermost heart of their own land they are known As the stars are known to the Night; As the stars that shall be bright when we are dust, Moving in marches upon the heavenly plain; As the stars are starry in the time of our darkness, To the end, to the end they remain. Laurence Binyon

The brothers Robert and Joseph Hind, sons of John and Frances Hind of Cargo, Carlisle. Robert, on the left, was 25 when he died on Sept 16th 1916 in the ongoing battles on the Somme. He is buried in an identified grave, VII, B.5, in ADANAC Military Cemetery, Miraumont. Joseph, who died on July 21st 1916 at just 21, also on the Somme, has no known grave and is commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial to the Fallen. Robert served with the Border Regiment, and Joseph with the King’s Own (Royal Lancaster) Regiment. These two fine Regiments are embodied today in the modern Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment. Although there was then no military or regimental arrangement for recording the photograph of serving soldiers it was common for many to have this done at their own expense. Indeed there was no shortage of commercial studios willing to provide this service. The picture would generally be printed in postcard form and sent back to family. This, at a time when only the better off had formal family portraits would, in many cases, be the sole image of a lost father, son or husband. Many of these photographs, those taken in the early days of training, indicate the enthusiasm of the young man as he prepares for war. Others, perhaps following a period of harrowing action, show some of the stress he has endured.

This single CWGC marker stands just inside the entrance of a small churchyard on the north coast of Northern Ireland. It looks out over one of the most restful and scenic places one can imagine. Off in the distance is the North Atlantic and the route of the many convoys bringing much needed material to the British people in those dark years of 1914-1918. This sailor, seeing these friendly hills and glens, would have felt that his long journey from North America was nearly over. But his family would never see him again. His grave marker tells us that while his family does not know his fate, he is “Known unto God”. This burial, of an unknown mariner, is the last resting place of one those who perished near their journey’s end. Many of the churchyards around this coast contain such graves, flotsam washed in on the tide as the sea continued its perpetual cycle.

Sadly it was to happen again. In WWII the peace of this area was to be shattered as the defenders of the North Atlantic convoys gave their all to ensure the safety of the ships bringing those precious supplies to a beleaguered United Kingdom. And more Unknown graves in quiet churchyards.

The family of every fatality of The Great War would receive a copy of this scroll very soon after the death was confirmed. It would include name and rank and the regiment of the deceased. Army deaths were written in red ink, Navy in blue. Some were framed and proudly displayed, others were hidden away. Few families truly recovered from the loss of their brave young heroes. Personal effects would follow, sometimes months later, enclosed with a short letter from King George V, and a pre-paid receipt form. The War Department was generally thorough and efficient if sometimes a little impersonal.

Autumn on the River Eden at Rockcliffe

. . . . left all that was dear to them, endured hardness, faced danger, and finally passed out of the sight of men by the path of duty and self-sacrifice . . . . Peace Night is o’er England, and the winds are still; Jasmine and honeysuckle steep the air; Softly the stars that are all Europe’s fill Her heaven-wide dark with radiancy fair; That shadowed moon now waxing in the west Stirs not a rumour in her tranquil seas; Mysterious sleep has lulled her heart to rest, Deep even as theirs beneath her churchyard trees. Secure, serene; dumb now the night-hawk’s threat; The guns’ low thunder drumming o’er the tide; The anguish pulsing in her stricken side. . . . All is at peace. . . . but never, heart, forget: For these her youngest, best, and bravest died, These bright dews once were mixed with bloody sweat. Walter de La Mare

A ceremony of re-dedication of the refurbished War Memorial of the Parish of Rockcliffe and Cargo was conducted by the Bishop of Carlisle, the Right Reverend James Newcombe, on Remembrance Day 2009

To fallen comrades Eternally young, immune to times march They shall not age, nor whither away Forever youthful, golden memories beheld Life’s first steps taken, the journey begun Names recalled, faces blurring, the end is done Unchallenged in boxes festering, overgrown Lives crushed, extinguished the flames within Last breaths drawn, life’s blood drained The ultimate price paid, spirits given, souls taken Faceless suited men trading the naivety of youth Treacle laden lies concealing pomposity and folly Fearless and brave they knew not what they offered Forget them I won’t, their memories I carry Skyward I look through tear-laden eyes Their faces I see, their souls I feel To fallen comrades, rest well my friends Author unknown

This booklet was produced by James Henderson, Rockcliffe. October 2009. While every care has been taken with the collation of the information contained herein it is inevitable that at the distance in time involved there may be minor inaccuracies. Any additional details or amendments will be included in further issues. With thanks to the CWGC, the curators of the Border Regiment Museum, and everyone who provided information however small, and with acknowledgement of the works of Alfred Lord Tennyson, John Stewart Mill, Lawrence Binyon, and Walter de La Mare.