Argentina Energy efficiency report
Objectives:
– 5.4% energy savings in industry by 2016 – 6% energy savings in electricity consumption by 2016
Overview
2009
Primary intensity (EU=100) 1 CO2 intensity (EU=100)
117 119
-
-1.5% -1.9%
-
4.1 2009 41 14 349 2009* 142 0.70
++
0.9% 2000-2009 (% / year) 0.9% -1.3% 0.3% 2000-2009* (% / year) -2.9% -2.0%
--
CO2 emissions per capita (in tCO 2 / cap) Power generation Efficiency of thermal power plants (in %) Rate of electricity T&D losses (in %) CO2 emissions per kWh generated (in gCO 2 / kWh) Industry Energy intensity (EU=100) Unit consumption of steel (in toe / t) *2008 and 2000-2008 for steel
++ Among best countries
+ Better than the EU average 1
- Below the EU average 1
Latest update: February 2011
1
The European Union, as the best-performing region, is used as the benchmark.
1 Argentina | Country reports | Trends in global energy efficiency 2011
2000-2009 (% / year)
+ ---
-- Among countries with lowest performances
+ -+ --
Figure 1: Total and final energy consumption trends 80 75
Primary consumption
70
Final consumption
65 60 Mtoe
1. Overview 1.1. Policies: energy savings targets by sector In December 2007 the government launched the National Program for Rational and Efficient Use of Energy (PRONUREE). The PRONUREE includes short- and long-term objectives to improve energy efficiency in industry, transport, the household sector (10 percent energy savings target for 2016) and the services sector (12 percent energy savings target for 2016), as well as in public buildings (10 percent energy savings target for 2016). PRONUREE aims to decrease electricity consumption by 6 percent compared with a reference projection and to save 1,500 MW by 2016.
55 50 45 40 35 30
It also supports educational programs on energy efficiency, regulations to expand cogeneration activities, labeling of appliances, energy efficiency regulations, and broader utilization of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to support the development of energy efficiency projects. 1.2. Energy consumption trends: rising per capita consumption Total energy consumption per capita increased on a regular basis until 2000 when it reached 1.7 toe / cap, and then fell following the economic crisis of 2001 (1.5 toe / cap). It started to increase again in 2002 and reached 1.9 toe in 2009, ie, slightly higher than the world average of 1.8 toe. This per capita consumption is among the highest in Latin America, after Venezuela. Primary energy consumption has been increasing since 2002 (4.6 percent / year). Prior to that, the national crisis in 2001 had a significant negative impact: primary consumption decreased by 5 percent per year over 2000 / 2002. The pace was again affected over 2008-2009, this time by the global economic downturn in 2009, which led to a 2 percent decline. Final energy consumption followed the same trend as primary energy consumption. Natural gas consumption is increasing to the detriment of oil. The market share of gas grew from 40 percent in 1990 to 51 percent in 2009, while the share of oil fell from 46 percent to 36 percent. Biomass and coal play a relatively small role (4 percent and 2 percent, respectively); the rest of the energy consumption is supplied by nuclear power and hydroelectricity (7 percent). The rate of connection to the natural gas network is relatively high (approximately 60 percent).
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
Source: Enerdata
The households, services and agriculture sector accounts for a third of final consumption, industry for 41 percent (including non-energy uses) and the transport sector for 26 percent. Figure 2: Distribution of final energy consumption by sector 100%
80%
Households Services Agriculture
60% Transport 40% Industry (including non energy uses)
20%
0% 1990
2000
2005
2009
Source: Enerdata
Electricity demand per capita is approximately 2,600 kWh, which is close to the world average. Electricity consumption is growing strongly (7 percent / year since 2002). Industry is the largest electricity consumer (45 percent), ahead of the households sector (29 percent). These shares have been stable since 2000.
Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 | Country reports | Argentina 2
Argentina Energy efficiency report
120 Industry
100
Others
TWh
80 60 40 20 0 1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
Source: Enerdata
1.3. Energy efficiency and CO 2 trends: introduction of new technologies Primary energy intensity (total energy consumption per unit of GDP), measured at purchasing power parity, is 26 percent lower than the world average. Between 1990 and 2009 primary energy intensity decreased by 1.6 percent / year. Final energy intensity (final energy consumption per unit of GDP) decreased at a slower pace than primary energy intensity (1.2 percent / year). That gap is explained by the deployment of gas combined cycle plants, which led to energy savings in power generation. CO2 emissions per unit of GDP (CO 2 intensity) decreased at almost the same pace as primary energy intensity over the period 1990-2009, which implies that fuel substitutions play a negligible role in the decrease in CO 2 intensity. Figure 4: Energy and CO 2 intensity trends
2. Power generation 2.1. Policies: 8% share of renewable energy in electricity consumption by 2016 A 2006 law aims to increase the share of renewable energies to 4 percent of electricity production by 2013 and 8 percent by 2016. The law also includes feed-in tariffs for energy production from renewable sources: 129 Argentine cents / kWh (US$0.33 / kWh) for photovoltaics and 20 Argentine cents / kWh (US$0.51 / kWh) for wind and other sources (geothermal, biomass, biogas and small hydro). It involved a 15-year payment period. Furthermore, the objective of the National Plan for Renewable Energy (GENREN) is to install 1,000 MW of renewable capacities, including 500 MW of wind. 2.2. Power generation trends by source: increase in carbon-based power generation The shares of hydroelectricity and nuclear power in electricity production are falling (from 36 and 14 percent, respectively, in 1990, to 28 percent and 6 percent, respectively, in 2009), to the benefit of gas (52 percent of production in 2009) and recently oil (electricity production from oil fell from 10 percent in 1990 to 3 percent in 2000; it then increased, reaching 10 percent in 2009). Carbon-free power generation accounted for 36 percent of electricity production in 2009. Figure 5: Power generation by source 140 120 Other*
100
Wind TWh
Figure 3: Electricity consumption trends by sector
80
Hydro Nuclear
60
Gas 40
Oil Coal-Lignite
20
0.0%
0 1990-2009
2000-2009
1990
2000
2009
*Including biomass, geothermal and solar
-0.5%
%/year
Source: Enerdata -1.0%
-1.5%
-2.0% Primary energy intensity -2.5%
Final energy intensity CO2 intensity
Source: Enerdata
3 Argentina | Country reports | Trends in global energy efficiency 2011
2.3. Efficiency of the power sector: improvement in the efficiency of thermal plants The efficiency of the thermal sector has increased by 10 percentage points since 1990, reaching 41 percent in 2009. That improvement was achieved through a switch in the power generation mix to natural gas and to the rise in gas combined cycle plants since 1995. In 2009, combined cycle plants accounted for more than 40 percent of the country’s thermal capacity.
Figure 6: Efficiency of power generation and thermal power plants
Figure 8: Electric T&D losses
55 28 50 23 45 18 %
% 40
13 35 8
Total power generation
30
Thermal power plants 3
25 1990
1995
2000
2005
1990
2009
Source: Enerdata
1995
2000
2005
2009
Source: Enerdata
Figure 7: Thermal electricity capacity, by technology
The average CO2 emission factor for power generation was 350 gCO2 / kWh in 2009, which is about 10 percent below its 1990 level. It has been increasing since 2002 and in 2009 was 35 percent higher than in 2002. The trend seen since 2002 is explained by the increasing shares of oil and gas in power generation, and by the correlative decline in the share of carbon-free power generation (hydroelectricity and nuclear).
25 Steam
Gas turbines
Combined cycles
20
GW
15
10
Figure 9: CO 2 emission factor for power generation 5
1995
2000
2005
400
2009
Source: Enerdata
The rate of T&D losses in the Argentinian grid has fallen from above 18 percent in 1990 to 13 percent in 2009, which is still above the world average.
gCO2 / kWh
0 1990
450
350
300
250
200 1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
Source: Enerdata
Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 | Country reports | Argentina 4
Argentina Energy efficiency report
3. Industry 3.1. Policies: an energy savings target of 5.4% by 2016 The objective of the PRONUREE is to reach 5.4 percent energy savings in industry by 2016. To date, no specific measures have been implemented.
Figure 11: Energy consumption of industry, by source 100% 90% 80%
Biomass
70%
3.2. Energy consumption trends: a twofold increase between 1990 and 2009 Industrial energy consumption doubled between 1990 and 2009, while the country’s total energy consumption increased only slightly (+15 percent). Industrial energy consumption did not decline in 2001 despite the national economic recession. Likewise, the global crisis appears not to have affected industry’s consumption in 2009. Figure 10: Industrial energy consumption
60%
Electricity
50%
Gas
40%
Oil
30%
Coal/Lignite
20% 10% 0% 1990
2000
2005
2009
Source: Enerdata
30
Figure 12: Energy consumption of industry, by branch
25
100%
20
Mtoe
90% 80%
15 10 5 0
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
70%
Other
60%
Paper
50%
Non metallic minerals
40%
Steel
30% 20%
Source: Enerdata
10% 0% 1990
The dominant fuel in industry is gas. Nevertheless, its consumption has decreased by 10 percent, reaching 37 percent in 2009. On the contrary, the use of oil increased from 13 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 2009. The share of electricity is rather large and stable (22 percent). Coal accounts for just 6 percent of energy consumption. The share of energy-intensive industries in the overall energy consumption of industry is quite low and has remained stable since 1995 (21 percent in 1995 compared with 22 percent in 1990). The steel industry’s share of energy consumption has increased slightly and now stands at 15 percent. The share of the paper industry is stable, and the share of the non-metallic minerals sector (cement, ceramics, etc.) has decreased slightly, accounting for 8 percent of total energy consumption in 2008.
5 Argentina | Country reports | Trends in global energy efficiency 2011
2000
2005
2008
Source: Enerdata
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