Alzheimer's Disease Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.

While Alzheimer ’s disease (AD) was once considered a rare disorder, it is now seen as a major public health problem that has a severe impact on millions of older Americans and their families. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about this disease? a. AD is an irreversible, progressive brain c. AD is caused by a disease that affects the disease that slowly destroys memory and brain, and in the absence of disease, the thinking skills, eventually even the ability human brain often can function well into to carry out the simplest tasks the 10th decade of life b. In the majority of people with AD, symptoms first appear after age 65

d. AD is the most common cause of dementia among older people, and it presents a major problem for our health care system and society as a whole

2. Our aging society makes Alzheimer’s an especially critical issue, and recent estimates of how many people in the United States currently have AD range from _____________________ depending on how AD is measured. a. 3.5 million to 5.8 million b. 4.2 million to 6.1 million

c. 1.7 million to 3.6 million d. 2.4 million to 4.5 million

3. A 2005 Census Bureau report on aging in the United States notes that the population age 65 and older is expected to double in size to about 72 million people within the next 25 years, and this is especially critical for a neurodegenerative disease like AD because the number of people with the disease triples for every 5-year age interval beyond age 65. a. True

b. False

4. In 1906, Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German neurologist and psychiatrist, described the case of a 51-year-old woman, Auguste D., who had been admitted to a hospital 5 years earlier with a cluster of unusual symptoms, including problems with comprehension and memory, an inability to speak, disorientation, behavioral problems, and hallucinations. Since then a great deal about Alzheimer’s Disease has been learned, as accurately demonstrated by which of the following: a. In the 1950s, scientists discover a link between dementia and the number of plaques present in the brain, and AD is recognized as a distinct disease, not a normal part of aging

c. Diagnostic criteria for AD are established and genetic links to early-onset AD begin to surface in the 1980’s

b. In the 1970s, scientists find that levels of d. In the 1990’s, the U.S. Food and Drug dopamine, a neurotransmitter important in Administration (FDA) approves memory formation, falls sharply in people rivastigmine (Exelon) as the first drug with Alzheimer’s, and this discovery is used to treat AD and begins to use

one of the first to link AD with biochemical changes in the brain

memory and cognitive tests, structured interviews, and other technologies to identify people at high risk of AD

5. To understand Alzheimer’s Disease, it is important to be able to identify important brain functions. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the structure and function of the brain? a. The brain is made of nerve cells called c. The frontal lobe of the brain deals with the neurons and an enormous network of perception and integration of stimuli from the senses, while the parietal lobe controls blood vessels, and it receives 20 percent of activities like thinking, organizing, the body’s blood supply planning, and problem solving, as well as memory, attention, and movement b. Two cerebral hemispheres account for 75 percent of the brain’s weight, and the left hemisphere appears to focus on details, while the right focuses on broad background

d. The hypothalamus, located at the top of the brain stem, receives sensory and limbic information, while the thalamus monitors activities such as body temperature and food intake

6. Groups of neurons in the brain have special jobs including being involved with thinking, learning, and memory, receiving information from the sensory organs, and: a. Processing and remembering strong c. Communicating with muscles, stimulating emotions such as fear them into action b. Controlling our heart rate, blood pressure, d. None of the above and breathing 7. Over the past several decades, investigators have learned much about what happens in the brain when people have a neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s Disease, AD, or other dementias, as well as what happens during healthy aging. Each of the following represents an accurate statement about the healthy aging process of the brain EXCEPT: a. Certain parts of the brain shrink, especially the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus

c. Changes in the brain’s blood vessels occur, and blood flow can be reduced because arteries narrow and less growth of new capillaries occurs

b. Changes in neurons and neurotransmitters d. Inflammation, which is the complex affect communication between neurons, process that occurs when the body and in certain brain regions, responds to an injury, disease, or abnormal communication between neurons can be situation, increases reduced because gray matter is degraded or lost 8. Some people remain cognitively healthy as they get older while others develop cognitive impairment or dementia, perhaps because the healthier adults have a greater amount of “cognitive reserve”, which increases their amount of tolerance and ability to adapt to change and damage that occurs during aging.

a. True

b. False

9. Alzheimer’s Disease disrupts critical metabolic processes that keep neurons healthy, and these disruptions cause nerve cells in the brain to stop working, lose connections with other nerve cells, and finally die. The brains of people with AD have an abundance of two abnormal structures which are: a. Glial cells and temporal bundles b. Myelin vesicules and beta receptors

c. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles d. None of the above

10. The AD process not only inhibits communication between neurons but can also damage neurons to the point that they cannot function properly and eventually die. As neurons die throughout the brain, affected regions begin to shrink in a process called brain atrophy, and by the final stage of AD, damage is widespread, and brain tissue has shrunk significantly. a. True

b. False

11. The time from diagnosis with Alzheimer’s Disease to death varies from as little as 3 or 4 years if the person is older than 80 when diagnosed, to as long as 10 or more years if the person is younger. Several other factors besides age also affect how long a person will live with AD, and these include all of the following EXCEPT: a. The person’s sex b. The presence of other health problems

c. The severity of cognitive problems at diagnosis d. The level of dementia prior to AD diagnosis

12. As some people grow older, they develop memory problems greater than those expected for their age, but they do not experience the personality changes or other problems that are characteristic of AD. These people may have a condition called mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and they are a critically important group for research because about _____ percent who fit the definition of amnestic MCI go on to develop AD within 7 years, while only _____ percent of people older than 65 who have normal cognition will develop AD in any one year . a. 90; 5 to 7 b. 85; 9 to 11

c. 80; 1 to 3 d. 75; 3 to 5

13. Scientists are investigating whether changes in older adults’ ability to move about and use their bodies might be a sign of early AD. Researchers found that older adults with mild cognitive impairment had more movement difficulties than the cognitively healthy participants but less than those with AD, and those with MCI who had lots of trouble moving their legs and feet were more than three times as likely to develop AD as those with good lower body function. a. True

b. False

14. As AD spreads through the brain, memory loss continues and changes in other cognitive abilities begin to emerge. The clinical diagnosis of AD is usually made during this stage, and signs of mild AD can include confusion about the location of familiar places, trouble handling money and paying bills, poor judgment leading to bad decisions, and: a. Shortened attention span b. Inappropriate outbursts of anger

c. Difficulty organizing thoughts and thinking logically d. Loss of spontaneity and sense of initiative

15. Hallucinations, delusions, suspiciousness or paranoia, irritability, and loss of impulse control usually occur during the advanced stage of Alzheimer’s Disease, and more intensive supervision and care become necessary, which can be difficult for many spouses and families. a. True

b. False

16. In the final stages of Alzheimer’s Disease, people cannot recognize family and loved ones or communicate in any way, and they are completely dependent on others for care. Near the end, the person may be in bed much or all of the time, and the most frequent cause of death for people with AD is: a. Aspiration pneumonia b. Chronic infections

c. Respiratory disease d. Cerebrovascular disease

17. When comparing a healthy brain to the brain of a patient with severe Alzheimer’s, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the brain of a patient with severe AD? a. Extreme shrinkage of the cerebral cortex b. Severely enlarged ventricles

c. Extreme shrinkage of the hippocampus d. Extreme enlargement of the entrohinal cortex

18. In 1998, Northwestern University’s Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center began a buddy program to match first-year medical students with people diagnosed with AD or another form of dementia. The students spend at least 4 hours a month with the AD patient and attend monthly meetings with the program coordinators, and the program has shown clear benefits including a hands-on way for students to learn about AD and related dementias and an opportunity for the patients to experience friendship and socializing and an outlet for sharing their experiences with a sympathetic listener. a. True

b. False

19. Although the causes of AD are not fully understood, it is believed it develops because of a complex series of events that take place in the brain over a long period of time. Genetic studies of complex neurodegenerative diseases such as AD have shown that early onset AD tends to run in families, and children have about a 30 percent chance of developing the disease if one of their parents has it. a. True

b. False

20. Neurodegenerative diseases like AD, Parkinson’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and dementia share clinical characteristics including difficulty moving, sleep-wake disorders, delusions and: a. Repetitive motions and muscle twitches c. Restlessness and agitation b. Psychiatric disturbances and memory loss d. All of the above 21. Insights about the cause of AD come from the most basic of all risk factors—aging itself . Each of the following is an accurate statement about the aging process EXCEPT: a. Cells and compounds that are known to be c. Age-related reductions in levels of involved in age-related inflammation are particular growth factors, such as tissue found in AD plaques, so some researchers growth factor and vascular endotheial factor, also may cause important cell think that components of the inflammatory populations to be compromised and may process may play a role in AD effect the development of AD b. The brain’s unique characteristics, d. Age-related changes in the working ability including its high rate of metabolism and of synapses in certain areas of the brain its long-lived cells, may make it especially may reduce the ability of neurons to communicate with each other, leading to vulnerable to oxidative damage over the increased neuronal vulnerability in regions lifespan, and may contribute to AD of the brain important in AD 22. AD vascular research has studied a constellation of factors that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, including obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance, as these may be related to an increased risk of cognitive impairment and accelerated cognitive decline. This group of factors is known as: a. Metabolic syndrome b. Anabolic disorder

c. Glycogen resistance syndrome d. None of the above

23. Physical activity and a nutritious diet can help people stay healthy as they grow older, and a growing body of evidence now suggests that various lifestyle factors may be related to cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s Disease. Which of the following is an accurate statement about these factors? a. Clinical trials show some evidence of short-term positive effects of exercise on cognitive function, especially reasoning functions

c. One study evaluated older people who were involved in significant information processing activities such as listening to the radio, reading newspapers, playing puzzle games, and going to museums, and showed that the risk of developing AD was 37 percent lower in the people who participated most frequently compared with the people who did the activities least frequently

b. One study showed that old dogs perform d. Studies indicate that older adults who have better on learning tasks when they eat a full social network and participate in diets high in DHA, a type of healthy many social activities tend to have less

omega-3 fatty acid found in fish

cognitive decline and a decreased risk of dementia than those who are not socially engaged

24. The early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease has several advantages, and one of the biggest is the benefits of medication. The drugs now available to treat AD can help some people maintain their mental abilities for months to years, as well as changing the underlying course of the disease . a. True

b. False

25. Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning—thinking, remembering, and reasoning—to such an extent that it interferes with a person’s daily life and activities, and it is not a disease itself, but a group of symptoms that often accompanies a disease or condition. Which of the following is NOT one of the causes of dementia? a. Frontoparietal lobar degeneration b. Certain tumors or infections of the brain

c. Metabolic imbalances d. Chronic alcoholism

26. Four medications, tested in clinical trials, have been approved by the FDA for use in treating AD symptoms. In some people, the drugs maintain abilities to carry out activities of daily living and: a. Help to maintain higher levels of dopamine in the brain, which tend to fall sharply in people with AD

c. May help individuals maintain some thinking, memory, or speaking skills, and can help with certain behavioral symptoms

b. Prove to be effective for several years

d. All of the above

27. As AD begins to affect memory and mental abilities, it also begins to change a person’s emotions and behaviors. Between ________ percent of people with AD eventually develop one or more behavioral symptoms including sleeplessness, wandering and pacing, aggression, agitation, anger, depression, and hallucinations and delusions. a. 75 and 95 b. 70 and 90

c. 65 and 85 d. 60 and 80

28. Rapid advances in our knowledge about AD have led to the development of many promising new drugs and treatment strategies. However, before these new strategies can be used in clinical practice, they must be shown to work in people and this means that clinical trials—and volunteer participants—are an essential part of AD research. a. True

b. False

29. The main goals of Phase I drug trials are to establish the highest dose of a new drug that people can tolerate and to define the dose at which people may begin to experience harmful side effects, while studies that compare an experimental treatment with a placebo or standard treatment to determine safety and efficacy occur in Phase II. a. True

b. False

30. One of the greatest costs of AD can be the physical and emotional toll on family members, caregivers, and friends of people with the disease. On the other hand, research also has shown that caregiving can have important positive effects, including a new sense of purpose or meaning in life, fulfillment of a lifelong commitment to a spouse, and an opportunity to give back to a parent some of what the parent has given to them. a. True

b. False

31. AD caregivers do not all have the same psychological and physical response to caregiving, and research is beginning to discover effective ways to ease the burden of caregiving. Each of the following is an accurate statement about helping caregivers EXCEPT: a. The information and problem-solving needs of caregivers evolve over time as AD progresses, so support programs should be tailored to the needs of the caregiver at various stages of caregiving

c. Use of multiple types of support over an extended period of time has helped caregivers feel more confident in working with their loved ones, improved their caregiving ability, improved the care recipient’s life, and helped them keep their loved one at home

b. Traditions and attitudes about caregiving vary across cultural groups, as demonstrated by research that indicates that Hispanic and Asian Americans use fewer formal in-home services than other ethnicities, so programs and services for caregivers must be culturally appropriate and sensitive

d. It is very helpful if caregivers are taught how to read the emotional and physical cues of the person with AD, learn to understand the sequence of events that often leads to inappropriate behaviors, and know how to respond to the needs of the person with AD in a variety of creative ways

32. One clinical trial tested the effects of an enhanced counseling and support program on nursing home placement and caregiver health. This program for caregivers consisted of six sessions of individual and family counseling, support group participation, and on-demand telephone counseling, and participants in the program were able to delay placement of their loved ones in nursing homes by about ____ months. a. 6 b. 12

c. 18 d. 24

33. AD support groups provide a place where caregivers can seek respite, express concerns, share experiences, get tips, and receive emotional comfort, as well as an avenue for people in the early stages of the disease to educate themselves about AD, share common experiences, and break the potential barriers and isolation caused by their diagnosis. a. True

b. False

34. Apolipoprotein E is a protein that carries cholesterol in blood and that appears to play some role in brain function and in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease. a. True

b. False

35. An imaging technique using radioisotopes that allows researchers to observe and measure activity in different parts of the brain by monitoring blood flow and concentrations of substances such as oxygen and glucose, as well as other specific constituents of brain tissues, is known as: a. Functional magnetic resonance imaging

c. Magnetoencephalography

b. Positron emission tomography

d. Single photon emission computed tomography

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