Exam #4 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____

1. The group that met in 1787 to discuss tax reform was the a. Estates General. b. Assembly of Notables. c. National Assembly. d. National Convention. e. Parlement of Paris

____

2. During the Reign of Terror, the dominant person on the Committee of Public Safety was a. Abbé Sieyès. b. Napoleon Bonaparte. c. Georges Danton. d. Charles Fourier. e. Maximilien Robespierre.

____

3. During the Hundred Days, a. the sans-culottes committed the September Massacres. b. Napoleon was driven from Russia. c. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly. d. the Reign of Terror executed 30,000 people. e. the National Assembly wrote France's first constitution.

____

4. Napoleon seized power in a. 1799. b. 1802. c. 1789. d. 1812. e. 1793.

____

5. The Declaration of Pillnitz a. was issued by Austria and Prussia to intimidate French revolutionaries. b. abolished the Holy Roman Empire. c. affirmed the rights of French men and women. d. insured the continuation of slavery in French colonies. e. declared war on the French revolutionary government.

____

6. All of the following were aspects of the influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolu-

tion except a. providing young men with a taste of revolutionary action and ideals. b. providing a revolutionary role model. c. increasing the class conflict between nobility and bourgeoisie. d. increasing the financial burdens of the state. e. providing the example of a revolutionary government producing a written constitution.

____

7. The Stamp Act of 1765 a. required residents of the British colonies in North America to pay a tax on a long

list of legal documents, publications, dice, playing cards, and so on. b. required residents of the British colonies to pay for a special “colonial” stamp in

their passports. c. established the first nationwide postal service in Great Britain. d. placed high taxes on tea imported to the Americas. e. allowed the king to rule the colonies by decree, bypassing Parliament. ____

8. Mary Wollstonecraft argued that a. women were naturally inferior to men. b. thorough reform in France would lead to anarchy. c. women's place in society was in the private sphere. d. men and women would benefit from sexual equality. e. children under the age of seventeen ought not to be employed in factories.

____

9. Which of the following occurred first? a. Napoleon founds the Bank of France. b. Napoleon overthrows the Directory. c. France signs the Treaty of Amiens with Britain. d. Britain defeats France at the Battle of Trafalgar. e. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain form the Quadruple Alliance.

____ 10. Which of the following occurred last? a. Napoleon founds the Bank of France. b. Napoleon invades Russia. c. Napoleon crowns himself emperor. d. France signs the Treaty of Amiens with Britain. e. Britain defeats France at the Battle of Trafalgar. ____ 11. In 1801 Napoleon signed a Concordat with a. King George III. b. Alexander II. c. King Emanuel III. d. Pope Pius VII. e. the National Assembly. ____ 12. According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary

governments a. out of an ideological commitment to liberate all of Europe from aristocratic domination. b. out of fear that without French intervention Russia would dominate the continent. c. because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas. d. because the nationalistic populace demanded this. e. to prevent the French people from asking questions about the Terror of 1793 to 1794.

____ 13. The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789–1791 passed laws that a. eliminated women's right to hold property. b. made divorce more difficult. c. banned Catholic priests from marrying couples. d. broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property. e. made men and women equal. ____ 14. The Treaty of ___________ (1802) left France in control of Holland and the Austrian Netherlands. a. Amiens b. Munich c. Amsterdam d. Antwerp e. Brussels ____ 15. Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question “What is the Third Estate?” was that it was a. a bunch of rabble-rousers. b. the true strength of the French nation. c. those who adhered to liberalism. d. the business and professional elite. e. a parasitic class that robbed the peasantry and artisans of the just fruits of their

labor. ____ 16. During the early years of the French Revolution a. peasant women were among the most radical revolutionaries. b. common Parisian women played key roles in a number of Revolution events. c. some French women were elected to posts in the Estates General, the National As-

sembly, and the Legislative Assembly. d. women all over France were politically passive. e. Marie Antoinette, wife of King Louis XVI, came out in support of the revolution-

aries. ____ 17. The distinctiveness of North American society included all of the following except a. great political equality compared to European societies. b. probably the highest living standards in the world. c. personal freedom in questions of religion. d. a tradition of self-government. e. a high degree of social and economic equality. ____ 18. Between 1778 and 1780, the former British colonies in North America were joined in their war

against Britain by a. France. b. France and Spain. c. France, Spain, and the Netherlands. d. France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Sweden. e. Russia. ____ 19. Opponents of the U.S. Constitution were called a. Loyalists.

b. c. d. e.

Federalists. AntiFederalists. Liberals. Republicans.

____ 20. In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on a. the military. b. the royal court. c. administrative functions. d. interest payments on the debt. e. bread subsidies for the poor. ____ 21. The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary Third Estate included a. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy. b. the clergy. c. the peasantry. d. the nobility. e. businessmen and artisans. ____ 22. Revisionist historians of the French Revolution stress all of the following except the a. fluidity and relative openness of the nobility. b. adoption of liberalism by many nobles. c. common economic goals of the nobility and the middle class. d. conflict between the nobility and the bourgeoisie. e. idea that the Old Regime had ceased to correspond with the social reality of the

1780s. ____ 23. The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarily a. provincial nobles. b. businessmen. c. lawyers and government officials. d. sansculottes. e. wealthy peasants. ____ 24. The grievance petitions from all three estates called for all of the following except a. an American-style republic. b. a constitutional monarchy. c. the guarantee by law of individual liberties. d. economic reforms. e. improvement in the living conditions of provincial clergy. ____ 25. The Tennis Court Oath was a. sworn by Maximilien Robespierre. b. sworn by King Louis XVI. c. sworn by members of the Paris parlement. d. sworn by all delegates of the Estates General. e. sworn by renegade delegates from the Estates General, most of them from the

Third Estate.

____ 26. The term “Great Fear” refers to the a. Reign of Terror (1793–94). b. murder of thousands of detainees in Paris prisons in the fall of 1792. c. fear of vagabonds and outlaws in the countryside that fanned the flames of rebel-

lion in the summer of 1789. d. horrific retreat of the Great Army from Russia in 1812. e. panic at the invasion of France by Austria and Prussia in the summer of 1792. ____ 27. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed all of the following except a. equality before the law. b. economic equality. c. representative government. d. individual freedom. e. the presumption of innocence in criminal investigations. ____ 28. According to the text the string of French military victories after the winter of 1793–1974 was

largely due to a. superior generalship. b. patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft. c. superior French technology and tactics. d. Austria's withdrawal from the First Coalition. e. French control of the seas. ____ 29. During the September Massacres, a. Robespierre crushed the Conspiracy of Equals. b. the Directory suppressed popular revolts. c. the king fled France. d. the Austrian army slaughtered civilians in eastern France. e. Parisian crowds slaughtered prison inmates. ____ 30. The life-and-death political struggle between the Girondins and the Mountain resulted mainly from a. profound differences on questions of policy. b. the Girondins' rejection of war. c. the Girondins' radical economic and social policies. d. personal hatred and jealousy. e. religious differences. ____ 31. According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical

action by a. Maximilien Robespierre's brilliant rhetoric. b. fear of attack by Austria and Prussia. c. King Louis XVI's attempted flight from France. d. revolutionary actions by French peasants and the common people of Paris. e. the completion of the American constitution. ____ 32. The Reign of Terror ended when a. the First Coalition armies entered Paris. b. the Pope threatened to excommunicate Robespierre.

c. members of the Convention, afraid Robespierre would turn the Terror on them,

had him arrested and executed. d. crowds of Parisians stormed the jails and released the prisoners. e. the French army mutinied. ____ 33. The __________ system was meant to exclude British goods from the continent. a. continental b. blockade c. exculsion d. French e. imperial ____ 34. The Committee of Public Safety was a. Napoleon's secret police. b. the Paris police department. c. King Louis XVI's secretariat for roads and public works. d. an emergency executive committee appointed by the Convention. e. the Parliamentary committee chaired by Sir Edmund Burke. ____ 35. Napoleon's invasion of __________ began in June 1812. a. Russia b. Prussia c. Italy d. Britain e. Sweden ____ 36. According to Olympe de Gouges, a. women should enjoy special rights and privileges. b. men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law. c. monarchy was the most oppressive form of government. d. it was natural to exclude women from the political process. e. the government ought to sponsor free public day care. ____ 37. Which of the following events occurred first? a. Watt invented modern steam engine. b. Combination Acts passed. c. Mines Act passed. d. Great exposition held at Crystal Palace. e. Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population. ____ 38. British economist Thomas Malthus argued that a. population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. b. using young children in factories was immoral. c. population always grew faster than the food supply. d. the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity. e. Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting. ____ 39. In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back. a. coal

b. c. d. e.

water wood iron steel

____ 40. The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour. a. sixteen b. twenty-two c. thirty-five d. fifty e. sixty ____ 41. The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was a. originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. b. usually a response to the wishes of the families. c. replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. d. outlawed by the Combination Acts. e. highly inefficient. ____ 42. Early textile factories in Britain worked with a. cotton. b. flax. c. silk. d. hemp. e. wool. ____ 43. The first modern factories arose in the a. furnituremaking industry. b. steel industry. c. textile industry. d. railroad industry. e. chemical industry. ____ 44. All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except a. cheaper cotton goods. b. a dramatic increase in weavers' wages. c. the movement of large numbers of agricultural workers into the industry. d. a reduction in child labor. e. easier access to yarn for handloom weavers. ____ 45. All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except a. the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods. b. extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain. c. the network of canals constructed from the 1770s. d. large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales. e. a prosperous and efficient agriculture. ____ 46. The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British in-

cluded all of the following except the

a. b. c. d. e.

low prices of British mass-produced goods. complexity and expense of the new technology. resistance of landowning elites. scarcity of human capital. devastation left by the Napoleonic wars.

____ 47. Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories a. factory owners paid people well to work in them. b. factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce. c. factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part their workforce. d. factory owners turned to Irish immigrants as an important part their workforce. e. factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part their workforce. ____ 48. The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was a. Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. b. The development of the internal combustion engine. c. The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. d. James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the

1780s. e. Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of action and reaction. ____ 49. James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by a. increasing the size of the engines. b. adding a separate condenser. c. using a better grade of coal for fuel. d. using accurate, precision parts. e. uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder. ____ 50. By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad a. created national markets. b. reduced the volume of world trade. c. strengthened regional economies. d. strengthened rural cottage industry. e. drove the British merchant marine out of business. ____ 51. The men who built the European railroads were typically a. slaves imported from Africa. b. army soldiers. c. rural laborers and peasants. d. urban factory workers. e. Slavs hired from eastern Europe. ____ 52. The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the a. industrial dominance of Britain. b. half-century of labor reforms in Britain. c. creation of the German Zollverein. d. Battle of Waterloo. e. launching of the Great Eastern.

____ 53. According to the table “Per Capita Levels of Industrialization,” which countries were closest behind

Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. Germany and the United States. b. France and the United States. c. Germany and Russia. d. France and Germany. e. Belgium and the United States. ____ 54. William Cockerill was a. the inventor of the spinning jenny. b. the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England. c. an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. d. the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833. e. the British general at Waterloo. ____ 55. Friedrich List was an early proponent of a. economic liberalism. b. working-class unions. c. factory regulation and reform. d. economic nationalism. e. state ownership of the economy. ____ 56. The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the a. industrialization of the continent. b. establishment of limited liability investment. c. replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. d. recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy. e. influx of British investment. ____ 57. ______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century. a. Only Britain b. Only Britain, France, and Germany c. Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium d. Only Britain and Germany e. All European states ____ 58. The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work was a. lower wages. b. harder work. c. the destruction of familyunit labor. d. a new tempo and discipline. e. repetitive work. ____ 59. Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that a. their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. b. improvement did not come until the period after 1820. c. the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth

century.

d. only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living. e. the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the work-

ing class. ____ 60. Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital. a. family and friends b. national banks c. government loans d. the investing public e. government investment ____ 61. The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the a. Factory Act of 1833. b. Mines Act of 1842. c. Coercive Acts of 1766. d. Combination Acts of 1799. e. Reform Law of 1848. ____ 62. The key demand of the Chartist movement was a. that all men have the right to vote. b. an eighthour workday and a minimum wage. c. a ban on women and children working in the factories. d. repeal of the Combination Acts. e. freedom of religion. ____ 63. The Mines Act of 1842 a. prohibited underground work for women. b. prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten. c. prohibited underground work for boys under ten. d. prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. e. established new safety rules for underground work. ____ 64. Railroad construction on the continent a. was much cheaper than it had been in Britain. b. featured varying degrees of government involvement. c. was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. d. generally followed the British pattern. e. was actually ahead of British railroad construction. ____ 65. The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented a. all factory workers. b. railway operators. c. skilled machinists. d. construction specialists. e. factory owners. ____ 66. Early socialists often drew inspiration from a. the emergency measures of 1793 and 1794. b. Oliver Cromwell's rule of England as Lord Protector.

c. Thomas Malthus's diagnosis of the problems of population growth. d. Joseph Mazzini's Duties of Man. e. the writings of Karl Marx. ____ 67. The peace settlement arranged at Vienna in 1815 included all of the following except a. Prussia was given extensive territories in the Rhineland. b. acceptance of an enlarged France. c. national self-determination. d. numerous territorial exchanges to maintain equilibrium. e. unification of Belgium and Holland under a single monarchy. ____ 68. The Holy Alliance included a. France and Britain. b. Russia, Greece, and Serbia. c. Mexico, Spain, and Austria. d. Spain, Austria, and Prussia. e. Austria, Russia, and Prussia. ____ 69. The Carlsbad Decrees a. sparked the Revolutions of 1848. b. instituted repressive measures in the German Confederation. c. were the artistic manifesto of the Romantic movement. d. established a constitutional monarchy in France. e. established the Holy Alliance. ____ 70. Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nation-

alism in Europe? a. As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence. b. Austria's rulers feared the power of a resurgent nationalist Ottoman Empire. c. Austria pursued a policy of free trade, which was incompatible with economic nationalism. d. Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire. e. Above all, Metternich feared French nationalism. ____ 71. The demands of liberalism included all of the following except a. social welfare reform. b. representative government. c. individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly. d. minimal government interference in the economy. e. equality before the law. ____ 72. The success of the Revolution of 1830 was due primarily to a. the shrewd political genius of Louis Philippe. b. Lafayette's unwavering leadership. c. the revolutionary actions and leadership of the upper-middle-class liberals and na-

tionalists. d. revolutionary actions of the artisans, shopkeepers, and workers of Paris.

e. the rebellion in the French countryside. ____ 73. In 1815 Napoleon escaped from the island of a. Saint Helen. b. Elba. c. Sardinia. d. Corsica. e. Malta. ____ 74. According to the text, industrialization facilitated the spread of nationalism because a. prominent industrialists financed many nationalist movements. b. newly arrived workers in cities required a common national language with which

to communicate. c. nationalists and industrialists both had an interest in promoting increased military spending. d. factory workers supported economic nationalism as a way to protect their jobs. e. it led to the development of larger armies. ____ 75. In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of a. Austria, Prussia, and Russia. b. Austria. c. the Netherlands and Great Britain. d. Great Britain, France, and Russia. e. Great Britain. ____ 76. Early French socialists believed in all of the following except a. economic planning. b. helping and protecting the poor. c. state ownership of property. d. violent class warfare. e. the disruptive nature of free market competition. ____ 77. Which French socialist participated in the provisional government formed in Paris after the February

1848 abdication of King Louis Philippe? a. Henri de Saint-Simon. b. Joseph Proudhon. c. Louis Blanc. d. Charles Fourier. e. Karl Marx. ____ 78. According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists

was a. that several of them were of noble birth. b. that they were wrong to believe that a socialist society could be built without industrialization. c. that they underestimated the intelligence of the working classes. d. that central economic planning was inefficient. e. that their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive.

____ 79. Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established a. through electoral victories and control of legislatures. b. by violent revolution. c. by the cooperation of all classes to alleviate poverty and exploitation. d. through the efforts of enlightened rulers. e. by a gradual process of concentration of ownership of economic enterprises. ____ 80. The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be a. government intervention in all aspects of the economy. b. government intervention in industry, but not in agriculture. c. as little government intervention in the economy as possible. d. government intervention in agriculture, but not in industry. e. state planning of the economy. ____ 81. According to Joseph Proudhon, property was a. a natural right. b. profit stolen from workers. c. derived from labor invested in land and products. d. a gift from God. e. a sign of the owner's virtue and conscientiousness.. ____ 82. Germaine de Staël's On Germany a. urged French artists and writers to embrace German Romanticism. b. warned of the danger of the “sentinel on the Rhine.” c. called for the unification of Germany. d. denounced the conservative repression led by Metternich. e. urged French conquest of Germany. ____ 83. George Sand's novel Lélia explored a. the world of urban working women. b. her life as a prostitute in Paris. c. the role of a provincial wife and mother. d. her own quest for sexual and personal freedom. e. the difficulties of establishing oneself as a professional writer. ____ 84. Eugène Delacroix's greatest masterpiece celebrated the a. nobility of popular revolution. b. sensuality of women. c. transforming power of industrialization. d. exoticism of the Romantic movement. e. glory of Napoleon. ____ 85. Romanticism was, in part, a rejection of a. realism. b. nationalism. c. naturalism. d. humanism. e. classicism.

____ 86. The beliefs and aspirations of the Romantics included all of the following except a. a rejection of materialism. b. emotional exuberance. c. that personal fulfillment was the supreme purpose in life. d. a spontaneity in life and art. e. a rejection of nature. ____ 87. As a result of the English Reform Bill of 1832, a. the Commons became the most important legislative body. b. all males gained the right to vote. c. the Tories emerged as the dominant political party. d. the role of the monarch was reduced. e. the Corn Laws were repealed. ____ 88. The Battle of Peterloo refers to the a. last-gasp attempt of Napoleon I to retain his empire. b. workingclass demonstration that was broken up by cavalry charges. c. bloody repression of the Parisian workers during the Revolution of 1848. d. victory of the Anti-Corn Law League. e. parliamentary debates over laws to limit child labor. ____ 89. The repeal of the Corn Laws ushered in an era of a. agricultural depression. b. famine and economic depression. c. free trade. d. remarkable expansion of British agriculture. e. unparalleled repression. ____ 90. The most important factor influencing the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain was a. the fear of workingclass revolution. b. the ideas of Karl Marx. c. the outbreak of revolution on the continent. d. the moderating influence of the monarch. e. political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class. ____ 91. Marx's theory of historical evolution was built on the philosophy of a. Hegel. b. Kant. c. Locke. d. Blanc. e. Proudhon. ____ 92. The “winners” of the Revolution of 1830 in France were the a. peasants. b. urban laboring poor. c. shopkeepers. d. notables. e. Protestants.

____ 93. All of the following were causative factors of the Revolution of 1848 in Paris except a. rising grain prices. b. high unemployment. c. government refusal to consider electoral reform. d. the closing of the national workshops. e. corruption in King Louis Philippe's government. ____ 94. The act that precipitated the Revolution of 1830 in Paris was a. Charles X's withdrawal of grain price controls. b. Charles X's refusal to extend the vote to all adult males. c. Louis XVIII's massing of troops outside Paris. d. Charles X's massing of troops outside Paris. e. Charles X's repudiation of the Constitutional Charter. ____ 95. In 1848, revolution in the Austrian Empire began in a. Hungary. b. Vienna. c. Serbia. d. Bohemia. e. Bucharest. ____ 96. The Habsburg monarchy exploited _________ divisions to defeat the revolutionary coalition. a. class b. ethnic c. ideological d. personal e. economic ____ 97. After Austria, _________ was the most important German state. a. Bohemia b. Prussia c. the Rhineland d. Saxony e. Alsace ____ 98. The National Assembly that met in Frankfurt in 1848 was made up of all of the following except a. labor union leaders. b. lawyers. c. doctors. d. government officials. e. business leaders. ____ 99. In 1900, __________ Europe was the most urbanized area. a. southern b. southeastern c. southwestern d. northeastern e. northwestern

____ 100. The term labor aristocracy in this text refers to a. trade union leadership. b. highly skilled workers and foremen. c. Karl Marx's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. d. wealthy industrialists. e. nobles who became involved in the socialist movement. ____ 101. Georges Haussmann is remembered for a. developing the antiseptic method. b. rebuilding Paris. c. his realistic novels of lower-class life. d. enunciation of the positivist philosophy. e. pioneering the use of anesthesia. ____ 102. Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to a. more job opportunities for women outside the home. b. more women remaining single. c. the expectation that married women would not work outside the home. d. a mass exodus of women from domestic service. e. extension of the vote to women in much of Europe. ____ 103. Honoré de Balzac's The Human Comedy a. was a best-selling marriage manual. b. described the role of religion in everyday life. c. was a Romantic history of the Napoleonic era. d. was a hundredvolume masterpiece of realism. e. was an epic poem describing the life of King Louis XVI. ____ 104. According to the text, working-class leisure typically included all of the following except a. drinking in taverns. b. watching spectator sports. c. attending music hall performances. d. hosting dinner parties. e. gambling. ____ 105. Joseph Lister is responsible for the a. development of the germ theory. b. popularization of the miasmatic theory. c. practice of antiseptic sterilization. d. theory of genetics. e. theory of the separation of powers. ____ 106. The common aspects that united the middle classes included all of the following except a. keeping servants. b. commitment to frugal living. c. belief in education. d. a strict code of behavior. e. commitment to hard work.

____ 107. The decline in working-class church attendance has been attributed to all of the following except a. the influence of Auguste Comte's writings. b. a decline in religious belief and faith. c. the growth of secularism and the vibrant, materialist urban environment. d. the identification of organized religion with the ruling elites. e. the fact that construction of churches in cities failed to keep up with growing popu-

lations. ____ 108. Edwin Chadwick believed that a. poverty was the result of lower-class immorality. b. individuals were responsible for their economic success. c. death and disease caused poverty. d. Christian morals should be the basis of urban reform. e. regulating the food-processing industry would rapidly reduce urban mortality rates. ____ 109. The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was a. his assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could

be passed on to their offspring by heredity. b. his denial that human beings had evolved from other primates. c. his claim that genetic mutations were random. d. his assertion that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous

adjustment to the environment. e. his assertion that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of greater complexity. ____ 110. The breakthrough development of germ theory was the work of a. Georges Haussmann. b. Louis Pasteur. c. Joseph Lister. d. Robert Koch. e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. ____ 111. Napoleon III believed that rebuilding Paris would lead to all of the following except a. increased employment. b. a more equitable division of wealth. c. glorification of his empire. d. improved living conditions. e. greater control over revolutionary crowds. ____ 112. As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class a. tended to merge with the old aristocracy. b. formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. c. expressed a high degree of social conscience. d. retained its frugal attitudes. e. increasingly turned toward socialism. ____ 113. Which of these events occurred last? a. Italy is unified.

b. c. d. e.

France and Prussia fight the Franco-Prussian War. Austria and Prussia fight the Austro-Prussian War. Dostoevski publishes The Brothers Karamazov. Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.

____ 114. The white-collar employees identified with the a. clergy. b. union movement. c. working class. d. aristocracy. e. middle class. ____ 115. According to the text, one of the social functions of the “labor aristocracy's” strict moral code was a. to convince the middle classes that they “belonged.” b. to create a strong barrier against socialist influences. c. to maintain their unstable social and economic position. d. to prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle

classes. e. to serve as an example to lower-paid unskilled workers. ____ 116. In the Balkans, white-collar workers (clerks, store managers, and so on) grew their fingernails very

long because a. they were imitating fashion in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul. b. they wished to separate themselves from those who worked with their hands. c. long fingernails were thought to be a mark of good hygiene. d. they could not afford nail clippers. e. they viewed long nails as a sign of asceticism and hence saintliness. ____ 117. Ignorance and ______________ were most responsible for the poor conditions in early industrial cit-

ies. a. b. c. d. e.

government indifference poor hygiene an unhealthy water supply air pollution the legacy of rural housing conditions

____ 118. The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of a. higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers. b. decreased premarital sexual activity. c. urban renewal. d. increased availability of contraception and abortion. e. the increased influence of religion among the lower classes. ____ 119. My Secret Life describes a. the harsh world of sweated industries. b. the search for scientific discoveries. c. the seamy, underground sex life of a Victorian rake. d. the psychological stress created by the new, stifling family structure.

e. a bourgeois factory owner who worked as a common factory operative for a year. ____ 120. After 1850, husbands and wives, in the cities, were able to work together only in a. factories. b. sweated industries. c. whitecollar jobs. d. small-scale retail trade. e. mines. ____ 121. According to the ____________ theory of disease, people contract disease when they breathe the

bad odors of decay. a. miasmatic b. putrification c. degeneration d. effluvial e. Lister ____ 122. The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was in large part caused by a. the family's desire to improve its economic and social position. b. the effectiveness and availability of birth control. c. women wanting to pursue careers outside the home. d. oppressive Victorian morality. e. an epidemic of infertility related to environmental contamination. ____ 123. Working-class children probably were under less parental control than middle-class children in the

later nineteenth century because a. socialist thinkers believed in allowing children more freedom. b. rates of illegitimacy continued to rise among the working classes. c. members of the working class attended church less often than members of the middle class. d. working-class children went to work and became independent earners earlier. e. working-class women had to work outside the home. ____ 124. In 1900, in almost every advanced country the richest 5 percent of the population received about

_________ percent of all national income. a. 66 b. 25 c. 10 d. 50 e. 33 ____ 125. Industrial and urban development made nineteenth-century society a. less diverse and less unified. b. more diverse and less unified. c. more diverse, but more unified. d. less diverse and more unified. e. more rigid and less open. ____ 126. The trait shared by Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Auguste Comte was

a. b. c. d. e.

the evolutionary aspect of their theories. that they were all French social reformers. their rejection of positivist science. their role in the biological revolution. their faith in a divine purpose in history.

____ 127. The program followed by many middle-class feminists followed in the footsteps of a. Laura Cereta. b. Christine de Pisan. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Franziska Tiburtius. e. Gustava Droz. ____ 128. According to the text, realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science be-

cause they a. generally made the heroes of their novels scientists. b. turned toward science fiction. c. denied the importance of emotion in determining human action. d. were generally optimistic. e. attempted to observe and record life in an “objective” manner. ____ 129. The discoveries of Michael Faraday in ___________ led to the development of a host of important

inventions. a. electromagnetism b. organic chemistry c. thermodynamics d. inorganic chemistry e. genetics ____ 130. __________'s sympathy with socialism is evident in the novel Germinal. a. Tolstoy b. Zola c. Dreiser d. Flaubert e. Eliot