Exam Three Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____

1. The illegal book trade in France featured all of the following types of literature except a. works by famous philosophes. b. scandal-mongering denunciations of important political figures. c. technical journals on agriculture and industry. d. pornography. e. rumors about the nobility and royal family.

____

2. Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century? a. Prussia, Russia, and Austria. b. The Ottoman Empire, Russia, and Prussia. c. Italy, Austria, and Russia. d. Sweden, Prussia, and Russia. e. Sweden, Saxony, and Austria.

____

3. Galileo's greatest achievement was his a. synthesis of the new scientific discoveries. b. elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method. c. invention of the telescope. d. postulation of a heliocentric universe. e. discovery of Uranus.

____

4. All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism except the a. political resurgence of the nobility. b. inattentiveness of Louis XV. c. the assertion of the Parlement of Paris that the king needed consent of the Par-

lement to levy taxes. d. reinstatement of the parlement's right to review royal decrees. e. theories of Charles Montesquieu. ____

5. The accomplishments of Frederick II included all of the following except a. territorial expansion. b. judicial and bureaucratic reform. c. the reconstruction of agriculture and industry. d. restructuring the Prussian social system. e. promotion of education.

____

6. Before the Scientific Revolution, Europeans' view of the universe was based on the ideas of a. Plato. b. medieval scholastics. c. Aristarchus. d. Isaac Newton. e. Aristotle.

____

7. Before 1500, science was primarily a branch of a. theology. b. rhetoric. c. law. d. medicine. e. astronomy.

____

8. Which of the following was published first? a. The Social Contract b. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres c. Encyclopedia d. Essay Concerning Human Understanding e. Principia

____

9. All of the following were important trends of Enlightenment thought except a. methods of natural science should be used to examine and understand all aspects of

life. b. everything was to be submitted to rational and critical thinking. c. the scientific method could be used to study the laws of human society as well as

the laws of nature. d. religion too could be analyzed using Enlightenment theories, and eventually reli-

gious truth could be known. e. is was possible for humans to create better societies and better people. ____ 10. All of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the Aristotelian view of the uni-

verse except a. Nicolaus Copernicus. b. Galileo Galilei. c. Johannes Kepler. d. Bernard de Fontenelle. e. Tycho Brahe. ____ 11. Copernicus's theory of the universe a. destroyed the distinction between earthly and heavenly worlds. b. was endorsed by John Calvin. c. postulated an sun-centered view of the universe. d. strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe. e. used epicycles to explain planetary motion. ____ 12. According to ________'s theory of inertia, rest is not the natural state of objects. a. Bacon b. Copernicus c. Brahe d. Newton e. Galileo ____ 13. The key feature of Newton's system was the law of a. planetary motion.

b. c. d. e.

universal gravitation. reciprocity. constant acceleration. equivalence of mass and energy.

____ 14. One of the few attempts to link theoretical science with applied science took place at a. the French Academy. b. the Sorbonne. c. Gresham College. d. the University of Berlin. e. University of Bologna. ____ 15. Empiricism emphasized a. the use of deductive reasoning. b. reliance on the authority of other scientists. c. the use of scientific instruments. d. greater reliance on mathematical equations. e. the actual observation of phenomena. ____ 16. The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to a. advocate religious tolerance. b. attack French absolutism. c. adapt scientific thought to Christian doctrine. d. counteract the influence of the Enlightenment. e. popularize the findings of the Scientific Revolution. ____ 17. The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons except a. French was the international language of the educated classes. b. French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the Scientific Revo-

lution. c. the level of censorship and repression was somewhat less than that in most of Eu-

rope. d. French philosophes asked fundamental questions about the meaning of life, God,

human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect. e. French philosophes sought actively to influence the educated public. ____ 18. All of the following were causes of the Scientific Revolution except a. the active support of the papacy. b. the contributions of medieval universities. c. the recovery of classical scholarship during the Renaissance. d. the challenges of navigation during long sea voyages. e. improvements in scientific instruments. ____ 19. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that a. sovereign authority rests in the hands of the people. b. all people are born with certain ideas and ways of thinking. c. human development is determined by education and society. d. people are born corrupt and society must reeducate them.

e. governments are formed by contracts among free individuals. ____ 20. The concept of the “reading revolution” refers to a. the masses' acquisition of literacy. b. the spread of literacy among women. c. the invention of the printing press. d. the spread of pornography and scandalmongering broadsheets in Europe. e. the shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many dif-

ferent texts rapidly, silently, and individually. ____ 21. __________ reduced all substances to “matter” and “mind.” a. René Descartes b. Madame du Châtelet c. David Hume d. Marquis de Condorcet e. Jean-Jacques Rousseau ____ 22. In his Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu argued for a. direct democracy. b. enlightened absolutism. c. popular sovereignty. d. the separation of governmental powers. e. cultural relativism. ____ 23. In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government? a. He believed in democracy, like most philosophes. b. He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for. c. He saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God. d. He believed in enlightened despotism as long as he could be the despot. e. He believed in Enlightened Theocracy. ____ 24. D'Holbach's System of Nature presented a. a democratic basis for political organization. b. a mechanistic, atheistic philosophy. c. a popular account of the Scientific Revolution. d. a pornographic attack on the French nobility. e. an argument for the existence of natural rights. ____ 25. According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to a. popularize the Scientific Revolution. b. improve the material life of Europeans. c. change the general way of thinking. d. undermine French absolutism. e. overthrow the king. ____ 26. Rousseau's concept of the “general will” asserts that a. enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be re-

lied on for reform. b. only by direct democracy can the people's political wishes be conveyed.

c. authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a farseeing

minority. d. sovereignty resides in the people. e. public opinion polling can be a valuable support to democracy. ____ 27. A striking feature of the salons was that a. clerics were banned. b. philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled. c. they were often sponsored by the government. d. members of the working classes often attended. e. their main purpose was making marriage matches between poor nobles and

wealthy commoners. ____ 28. ____________'s Persian Letters satirized French society. a. Voltaire b. Bayle c. Montesquieu d. Locke e. Descartes ____ 29. The Parlement of Paris was a. the national representative assembly of France. b. a council of high nobles appointed by the king to advise him. c. a high court. d. The salon established by Julie de Lespinasse. e. the city government. ____ 30. ____________'s Progress of the Human Mind tracked nine stages of human development. a. D'Holbach b. Condorcet c. Rousseau d. Hume e. Bacon ____ 31. The “enlightened” policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except a. freeing the Prussian serfs. b. abolition of the torture of prisoners. c. permitting scholars wide latitude to publish what they wished. d. promoting schools. e. religious toleration. ____ 32. Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through a. inheritance of the throne from her mother Elizabeth. b. an invitation from the Russian Senate to rule. c. Frederick II of Prussia's invasion of Russia. d. a military coup. e. election by the boyars. ____ 33. After the death of Louis XIV, the French parlements

a. b. c. d. e.

typically supported the reform efforts of the monarchy. were undermined by the appointment of conservative nobles. effectively challenged royal absolutism. attempted to quash the Enlightenment. were disbanded.

____ 34. In 1748, following the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV's finance minister created an out-

cry among French nobles, clergy, and wealthy town dwellers by a. suspending the right of habeus corpus. b. imposing a 5 percent income tax on all Frenchmen. c. jailing the members of the Parlement of Paris. d. establishing new taxes on commerce. e. repudiating the government's debt. ____ 35. Immanuel Kant argued for a. freedom of the press. b. sexual freedom. c. equality of men and women. d. the morality of slavery. e. the viability of direct democracy. ____ 36. To improve the rural economy and lives of the peasants, Empress Maria Theresa a. regulated the church more closely. b. ordered the adoption of scientific farming techniques. c. abolished serfdom. d. reduced nobles' power over their serfs. e. established a bank to make loans to peasants on easy terms. ____ 37. Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments a. had the support of the nobles. b. transformed a barter economy into a cash one. c. was opposed by both nobles and peasants. d. was the basis for the future evolution of Austrian society. e. followed Russian precedent. ____ 38. Mendelssohn argued that a. religion and reason were enemies. b. the soul did not exist. c. religion was the primary cause of man's misery. d. the social order was divinely ordained. e. reason could complement and strengthen religion. ____ 39. Before 1700, the total European population a. followed an irregular cycle of slow growth. b. always grew too fast. c. grew steadily and moderately. d. followed a cyclical pattern of steady decline. e. had been constant for centuries.

____ 40. The agricultural revolution was first manifested in a. England. b. the Low Countries. c. Sweden. d. North America. e. France. ____ 41. The expansion of Europe in the eighteenth century featured all of the following except a. growing population. b. increased world trade. c. disappearance of the bubonic plague. d. relatively peaceful international relations. e. the continuation of mercantilist policies begun in the seventeenth century. ____ 42. The most prevalent system of land usage in Europe from the mid-seventeenth century onward was

known as the a. estate system. b. tenant system. c. fallow-rotational system. d. crop rotation. e. two-field system. ____ 43. The English Navigation Acts not only mandated that all English imports and exports be transported

on English ships, they also a. restricted English banks from making foreign loans. b. initiated English involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. c. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. d. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. e. prevented the American colonists from building ships. ____ 44. At the end of the seventeenth century, at least __________ percent of western Europeans were in-

volved in agriculture. a. 80 b. 70 c. 60 d. 50 e. 90 ____ 45. “Gleaning” of grain refers to a. separation of the wheat from the chaff. b. selection of seed grain. c. grinding of the grain into flour. d. collection of single grains that fall to the ground during the harvest. e. sowing of the grain. ____ 46. Cornelius Vermuyden directed large drainage projects in a. Germany. b. Sweden.

c. France. d. Spain. e. England. ____ 47. All of the following contributed to increased agricultural production in western Europe in the seven-

teenth and eighteenth centuries except a. increased use of animal fertilizers b. the elimination of the “fallow.” c. programs to distribute land to the people who farmed it. d. drainage of marshlands. e. the introduction of new crops to rotate, such as turnips, potatoes, and clover ____ 48. The leadership of the Dutch people in farming can be attributed primarily to a. the exceptional fertility of their lands. b. the necessity to provide for a large densely populated country. c. the leadership of the Dutch scientific community. d. their strong nobility. e. their Calvinism. ____ 49. Between 1000 and 1800, the most dramatic downturn in European population occurred in the a. fourteenth century. b. eleventh century. c. seventeenth century. d. sixteenth century. e. twelfth century. ____ 50. Jethro Tull's contributions to English agriculture were the product of a. good luck. b. empirical research. c. deductive reasoning. d. speculative reasoning. e. university study. ____ 51. The social group on which the success of the English agricultural revolution depended was the a. landowning aristocracy. b. landless peasants. c. tenant farmers. d. independent peasant farmers. e. Dutch agronomists. ____ 52. The major reason for the disappearance of the bubonic plague from western and central Europe after

the early 1700s was probably a. the discovery of an effective vaccine against the disease. b. the breakdown in trade between Europe and India, where the plague was endemic. c. the brown rat's displacement of the black rat from ecological niches in Europe. d. rat extermination campaigns by urban governments. e. widespread quarantining of plague victims. ____ 53. By 1800, __________ had the largest population in Europe.

a. b. c. d. e.

Spain Italy France England Russia

____ 54. In 1790 blacks made up about __________ percent of the U.S. population. a. 20 b. 35 c. 5 d. 10 e. 2 ____ 55. According to the text, the French government tried to improve living standards for the rural poor by a. paying a stipend to poor families. b. encouraging cheap English imports. c. hiring the poor on major public works projects. d. establishing a national network of free public elementary schools. e. encouraging the growth of cottage manufacturing. ____ 56. All of the following were shortcomings of the putting-out system from the capitalists' point of view

except a. inability to enforce quotas. b. rigid production techniques. c. poor quality control. d. disputes with workers over weights of materials delivered. e. difficulty making workers produce steadily. ____ 57. The term spinster referred to a. a widowed or unmarried woman who spun cloth for a living. b. the puttingout merchant. c. the wife of a weaver. d. a female member of a textile guild. e. a female textile factory operative. ____ 58. Plantations in the Virginia lowlands, by 1730, were worked entirely by a. indentured servants. b. Native Americans. c. African slaves. d. tenant farmers. e. hired white labor. ____ 59. Typically, the puttingout industry employed a. only women. b. rural families. c. urban workers. d. men and older boys. e. older women in the countryside.

____ 60. __________ led the revitalization of Spain in the eighteenth century. a. Philip V b. Louis X c. Charles II d. Ernesto V e. Juan VI ____ 61. For cottage workers, “holy Monday” was a. payday. b. the delivery day for raw materials. c. a day spent in church. d. the due date for the previous week's work. e. a day of relaxation. ____ 62. The Navigation Acts were a form of economic warfare that initially targeted the a. Dutch. b. French. c. Spanish. d. American colonists. e. Swedes. ____ 63. Early public health measures that may have helped reduce death rates in eighteenth century Europe

included all of the following except a. drainage of swamps. b. inoculation against smallpox in England. c. discovery of an effective vaccine against the bubonic plague. d. improved urban sewage systems. e. cleaner water supplies. ____ 64. ____________ were the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women. a. Creoles b. Peons c. Medios d. Callas e. Mestizos ____ 65. Olaudah Equiano was a. a freed slave from Nigeria who settled in London. b. viceroy of New Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession. c. the king of Nigeria. d. an African missionary who introduced Christianity into the African interior. e. a Quaker of African descent who produced Philadelphia's first daily newspaper. ____ 66. The decisive round in the colonial conflict between England and France was the a. Seven Years' War. b. Thirty Years' War. c. War of the Austrian Succession. d. War of the Spanish Succession.

e. American War of Independence. ____ 67. The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because a. the French military leadership was ineffective. b. their Prussian ally won the European component. c. the French did not have an adequate navy. d. they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater. e. they won the support of Native American tribes. ____ 68. After 1700, Spain a. began losing chunks of her American empire to Britain. b. recovered from the late seventeenth-century crisis and held on to her American

empire. c. acquired Brazil from Portugal. d. abandoned California. e. withdrew from the slave trade. ____ 69. ___________'s Wealth of Nations argued for the value of free markets. a. Jethro Tull b. Lord Townsend c. Adam Smith d. Olaudah Equiano e. David Ricardo ____ 70. By the 1770s, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with a. France. b. the British colonial empire. c. Africa and the Middle East. d. the European continent. e. China. ____ 71. According to Adam Smith, government should limit itself to all of the following except a. defense against foreign invasion. b. maintenance of civil order with police protection. c. sponsoring of indispensable public works and institutions. d. providing a court system. e. regulation of trade. ____ 72. In Spanish-American society Creoles were a. persons of mixed European and Native American ancestry. b. persons of mixed Native American and African ancestry. c. persons of European ancestry born in the Americas. d. persons of mixed European and African ancestry. e. non-Catholics. ____ 73. From 1600 on, the typical system of labor control in Spanish America was a. race-based slavery. b. sharecropping. c. forced labor.

d. indentured servitude. e. debt peonage. ____ 74. A broad-based campaign to abolish slavery began in Britain after a. 1775. b. 1815. c. 1835. d. 1862. e. 1882. ____ 75. The first European state to mandate compulsory elementary education was a. Prussia. b. the Netherlands. c. England. d. France. e. Sweden. ____ 76. Which of the following events occurred last? a. Attendance in elementary schools made mandatory in Prussia. b. Louis XV orders Jesuits out of France. c. Edward Jenner performs first smallpox vaccine. d. John Wesley begins preaching. e. Maria Theresa ascends Austrian throne. ____ 77. In seventeenth- and early eighteenthcentury Europe, most couples a. married in their teens. b. lived together before marriage. c. included an older husband and young wife. d. married in their late twenties. e. had three or fewer children. ____ 78. The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the a. puritanism of rural society. b. prevalence of the extended family structure. c. fear of overpopulation. d. availability of premarital sex. e. necessary precondition of economic independence. ____ 79. Violations of social norms of traditional lower-class communities were punished by a. banishment. b. exile. c. public corporal punishment. d. fines and imprisonment. e. public humiliation. ____ 80. According to the text, one reason for the abusive treatment of young children working in early Eng-

lish factories was probably a. the lack of laws against corporal punishment of children. b. the fact that this was normal treatment for children of the time.

c. the absence of children's mothers from the factory shop floor. d. the Anglican clergy's endorsement of such treatment. e. the great stress that their foremen experienced. ____ 81. Which of the following played a role in the care of the sick in the eighteenth century? a. Faith healers b. Apothecaries c. Midwives d. Surgeons e. All of the above ____ 82. Underlying the “illegitimacy explosion” of 1750–1850 the authors see a. the growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities. b. the decline of traditional moral standards due to the Enlightenment. c. decreasing availability of birth control in the countryside. d. Protestantism's stress on women's equality. e. the sexual exploitation of poor girls by wealthy men. ____ 83. The almanacs popular among European peasants were a. pamphlets that made weather predictions for the coming year. b. calendars. c. pamphlets advertising local businesses and services. d. compendiums of astrology, jokes, weird facts, and calendars of religious, astro-

nomical, and agricultural events. e. agronomical texts. ____ 84. The neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by a. high infant mortality rates. b. church doctrine. c. Enlightenment philosophy. d. the children's low economic value. e. economic pressure on new migrants to the cities. ____ 85. St. Vincent de Paul is most famous for his a. efforts to outlaw the Society of Jesus. b. perfection of the smallpox vaccination. c. establishment of foundling homes. d. establishment of churches in new, working-class neighborhoods in cities. e. creation of hospitals for lepers. ____ 86. The ___________ order was dissolved by the Pope in 1773. a. Jesuit b. Dominican c. Franciscan d. Benedictine e. Ursuline ____ 87. All of the following help explain the appeal of pietism except a. its call for a warm, emotional religion.

b. c. d. e.

its stress on the priesthood of all believers. its belief in the practical power of Christianity. its insistence on the authority of the pope. its enthusiasm in prayer, worship, preaching, and life itself.

____ 88. According to the text, the diet of wealthy Europeans in the eighteenth century a. was much more healthy than that of common folk. b. included large amounts of meat and sweets. c. was far better than that of the rich today. d. was high in vitamins A and C. e. was mostly “pasta et fromage.” ____ 89. The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and a. meat and eggs. b. dairy products. c. vegetables. d. wild game. e. mead. ____ 90. The American crop that became an important dietary supplement by the end of the century was a. winter wheat. b. rye. c. rice. d. potatoes. e. lima beans. ____ 91. In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally a. practiced witchcraft. b. treated mental patients. c. treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal dis-

eases, and breast-feeding problems. d. assisted physicians. e. sold contraceptives. ____ 92. In the eighteenth century, faith healers a. had disappeared. b. usually prescribed herbal remedies. c. believed disease was caused by imbalance in the humors. d. used exorcism to treat illness. e. specialized in psychological illnesses. ____ 93. Changes in the food consumption habits of Europeans in the eighteenth century included all of the

following except a. declining consumption of alcoholic beverages. b. the replacement of coarse whole-wheat bread with white bread. c. greater variety and availability of vegetables. d. increased consumption of sugar. e. the appearance of semitropical fruits such as oranges.

____ 94. John Wesley founded the movement known as ___________. a. Pietism. b. Methodism. c. Reformism. d. Deism. e. Anglicanism. ____ 95. The term lunatic refers to a. someone who drank too much. b. traditional village punishments for those who violated local customs. c. the popular belief that mental illness was caused by moonlight. d. German Protestants who joined the Pietist movement. e. the brown rat, bearer of the bubonic plague. ____ 96. About __________ percent of European Catholics attended church for Easter Communion. a. 95 b. 65 c. 50 d. 40 e. 75 ____ 97. Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for a. discovering the first effective method of inoculation against smallpox. b. discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox. c. introducing inoculation against smallpox to western Asia. d. propounding the microbial theory of disease. e. inventing improved sewage systems. ____ 98. The term territorial churches refers to a. Catholic churches still controlled by the pope. b. large parish churches of any denomination. c. churches outside the control of the state. d. churches controlled by the state. e. churches on the American and Australian frontiers. ____ 99. All of the following were aspects of the celebration of Carnival except a. drinking and dancing. b. the chance to release pent-up frustrations and aggressions. c. begging forgiveness for one's sins. d. masquerading. e. inversion of the social hierarchy. ____ 100. All of the following were aspects of the Protestant revival in Germany except a. rationalism. b. religious enthusiasm. c. stress on the priesthood of all believers. d. the practical power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. e. Bible reading and study.

____ 101. John Wesley's “Methodism” was particularly appealing because a. he favored overthrowing abusive governments. b. he advocated tender loving care for children. c. he refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly

sought salvation could gain it. d. he decorated his churches with Baroque art. e. he allowed alcohol consumption, which other sect did not. ____ 102. Madame du Coudray's best-known work is a. Emile. b. Manual on the Art of Childbirth. c. Thoughts on the Education of Women. d. First Treatise on Pietism. e. Anna Jennette: a Novel of Rustic Life. ____ 103. The group that met in 1787 to discuss tax reform was the a. Estates General. b. Assembly of Notables. c. National Assembly. d. National Convention. e. Parlement of Paris ____ 104. During the Reign of Terror, the dominant person on the Committee of Public Safety was a. Abbé Sieyès. b. Napoleon Bonaparte. c. Georges Danton. d. Charles Fourier. e. Maximilien Robespierre. ____ 105. During the Hundred Days, a. the sans-culottes committed the September Massacres. b. Napoleon was driven from Russia. c. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly. d. the Reign of Terror executed 30,000 people. e. the National Assembly wrote France's first constitution. ____ 106. Napoleon seized power in a. 1799. b. 1802. c. 1789. d. 1812. e. 1793. ____ 107. The Declaration of Pillnitz a. was issued by Austria and Prussia to intimidate French revolutionaries. b. abolished the Holy Roman Empire. c. affirmed the rights of French men and women. d. insured the continuation of slavery in French colonies.

e. declared war on the French revolutionary government. ____ 108. All of the following were aspects of the influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolu-

tion except a. providing young men with a taste of revolutionary action and ideals. b. providing a revolutionary role model. c. increasing the class conflict between nobility and bourgeoisie. d. increasing the financial burdens of the state. e. providing the example of a revolutionary government producing a written constitution. ____ 109. The Stamp Act of 1765 a. required residents of the British colonies in North America to pay a tax on a long

list of legal documents, publications, dice, playing cards, and so on. b. required residents of the British colonies to pay for a special “colonial” stamp in

their passports. c. established the first nationwide postal service in Great Britain. d. placed high taxes on tea imported to the Americas. e. allowed the king to rule the colonies by decree, bypassing Parliament. ____ 110. Which of the following occurred first? a. Napoleon founds the Bank of France. b. Napoleon overthrows the Directory. c. France signs the Treaty of Amiens with Britain. d. Britain defeats France at the Battle of Trafalgar. e. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain form the Quadruple Alliance. ____ 111. In 1801 Napoleon signed a Concordat with a. King George III. b. Alexander II. c. King Emanuel III. d. Pope Pius VII. e. the National Assembly. ____ 112. According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary

governments a. out of an ideological commitment to liberate all of Europe from aristocratic domination. b. out of fear that without French intervention Russia would dominate the continent. c. because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas. d. because the nationalistic populace demanded this. e. to prevent the French people from asking questions about the Terror of 1793 to 1794. ____ 113. The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789–1791 passed laws that a. eliminated women's right to hold property. b. made divorce more difficult.

c. banned Catholic priests from marrying couples. d. broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property. e. made men and women equal. ____ 114. The Treaty of ___________ (1802) left France in control of Holland and the Austrian Netherlands. a. Amiens b. Munich c. Amsterdam d. Antwerp e. Brussels ____ 115. ___________, Russia, and Sweden joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against France. a. Spain b. Portugal c. Prussia d. Italy e. Austria ____ 116. Eighteenthcentury liberalism called for all of the following except a. individual human rights. b. economic equality. c. the people's sovereignty. d. equality of opportunity. e. religious tolerance. ____ 117. Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question “What is the Third Estate?” was that it was a. a bunch of rabble-rousers. b. the true strength of the French nation. c. those who adhered to liberalism. d. the business and professional elite. e. a parasitic class that robbed the peasantry and artisans of the just fruits of their la-

bor. ____ 118. Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia at the Battle of ___________ in 1805. a. Bordeno b. Westphalia c. Berlin d. Austerlitz e. Jena ____ 119. During the early years of the French Revolution a. peasant women were among the most radical revolutionaries. b. common Parisian women played key roles in a number of Revolution events. c. some French women were elected to posts in the Estates General, the National As-

sembly, and the Legislative Assembly. d. women all over France were politically passive. e. Marie Antoinette, wife of King Louis XVI, came out in support of the revolutionaries.

____ 120. The distinctiveness of North American society included all of the following except a. great political equality compared to European societies. b. probably the highest living standards in the world. c. personal freedom in questions of religion. d. a tradition of self-government. e. a high degree of social and economic equality. ____ 121. Between 1778 and 1780, the former British colonies in North America were joined in their war

against Britain by a. France. b. France and Spain. c. France, Spain, and the Netherlands. d. France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Sweden. e. Russia. ____ 122. Opponents of the U.S. Constitution were called a. Loyalists. b. Federalists. c. AntiFederalists. d. Liberals. e. Republicans. ____ 123. In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on a. the military. b. the royal court. c. administrative functions. d. interest payments on the debt. e. bread subsidies for the poor. ____ 124. The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary Third Estate included a. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy. b. the clergy. c. the peasantry. d. the nobility. e. businessmen and artisans. ____ 125. The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarily a. provincial nobles. b. businessmen. c. lawyers and government officials. d. sansculottes. e. wealthy peasants. ____ 126. The grievance petitions from all three estates called for all of the following except a. an American-style republic. b. a constitutional monarchy. c. the guarantee by law of individual liberties. d. economic reforms.

e. improvement in the living conditions of provincial clergy. ____ 127. The Tennis Court Oath was a. sworn by Maximilien Robespierre. b. sworn by King Louis XVI. c. sworn by members of the Paris parlement. d. sworn by all delegates of the Estates General. e. sworn by renegade delegates from the Estates General, most of them from the

Third Estate. ____ 128. The term “Great Fear” refers to the a. Reign of Terror (1793–94). b. murder of thousands of detainees in Paris prisons in the fall of 1792. c. fear of vagabonds and outlaws in the countryside that fanned the flames of rebel-

lion in the summer of 1789. d. horrific retreat of the Great Army from Russia in 1812. e. panic at the invasion of France by Austria and Prussia in the summer of 1792. ____ 129. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed all of the following except a. equality before the law. b. economic equality. c. representative government. d. individual freedom. e. the presumption of innocence in criminal investigations. ____ 130. The accomplishments of the National Assembly included all of the following except the a. administrative reorganization of the provinces. b. introduction of the metric system. c. introduction of universal compulsory education. d. abolition of monopolies, guilds, and internal tariffs. e. abolition of the nobility as a legal order. ____ 131. According to the text the string of French military victories after the winter of 1793–1974 was

largely due to a. superior generalship. b. patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft. c. superior French technology and tactics. d. Austria's withdrawal from the First Coalition. e. French control of the seas. ____ 132. During the September Massacres, a. Robespierre crushed the Conspiracy of Equals. b. the Directory suppressed popular revolts. c. the king fled France. d. the Austrian army slaughtered civilians in eastern France. e. Parisian crowds slaughtered prison inmates. ____ 133. The life-and-death political struggle between the Girondins and the Mountain resulted mainly from a. profound differences on questions of policy.

b. c. d. e.

the Girondins' rejection of war. the Girondins' radical economic and social policies. personal hatred and jealousy. religious differences.

____ 134. According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical

action by a. Maximilien Robespierre's brilliant rhetoric. b. fear of attack by Austria and Prussia. c. King Louis XVI's attempted flight from France. d. revolutionary actions by French peasants and the common people of Paris. e. the completion of the American constitution. ____ 135. The Reign of Terror ended when a. the First Coalition armies entered Paris. b. the Pope threatened to excommunicate Robespierre. c. members of the Convention, afraid Robespierre would turn the Terror on them,

had him arrested and executed. d. crowds of Parisians stormed the jails and released the prisoners. e. the French army mutinied. ____ 136. The Reign of Terror was directed primarily at a. the aristocracy. b. monarchists and Girondins. c. members of the middle class. d. any and all enemies of the Revolution. e. the clergy. ____ 137. The __________ system was meant to exclude British goods from the continent. a. continental b. blockade c. exculsion d. French e. imperial ____ 138. The Committee of Public Safety was a. Napoleon's secret police. b. the Paris police department. c. King Louis XVI's secretariat for roads and public works. d. an emergency executive committee appointed by the Convention. e. the Parliamentary committee chaired by Sir Edmund Burke. ____ 139. Napoleon's invasion of __________ began in June 1812. a. Russia b. Prussia c. Italy d. Britain e. Sweden

____ 140. According to Olympe de Gouges, a. women should enjoy special rights and privileges. b. men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law. c. monarchy was the most oppressive form of government. d. it was natural to exclude women from the political process. e. the government ought to sponsor free public day care.