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Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering

The Editors —————— Dr. Aditya Kishore Dash has M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Tech. (Environmental Sciences & Engineering) and Ph.D. (Environment), F.S.E.Sc., presently a faculty in Environmental Engineering at the Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER) under Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Before joining at ITER, Dr. Dash was the Professor and Head in Environmental Engineering at EAST Engineering College, Bhubaneswar. He has more than seventeen years of post graduate teaching and research experience in the area of Environmental Sciences and Engineering. He has a good number of research publications in the journals of both national and international repute and has attended many national and international conferences. Dr. Dash has worked with a number of research projects including two major projects founded by the State Pollution Control Board, Odisha. His area of research interest includes Bioremediations of Wastewater and Air Pollution Control Study and its Management. Dr. Dash has also worked as the syllabus committee member for different universities. Dr. Mira Das is a professor in chemistry and presently the Associate Dean, School of Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar. After completion of Master of Science in chemistry from Ravenshaw College, she undertook research in a sensitive area of Environmental Chemistry. The focus of her research work was on heavy metal toxicity in rice and rice soils with special reference to chromium. On her successful work Utkal University conferred on her Ph.D. in 1990. In a teaching career spanning over 25 years, she contributed to the curriculum of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering for engineering students under Utkal University, Biju Patnaik University of Technology and Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University. Her research focus has remained on Environmental Chemistry in which she has publications in journals of international and national repute. Her enthusiastic involvement in classroom teaching is quite motivating for the students.

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Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering

— Editors —

Dr. Aditya Kishore Dash Faculty in Environmental Engineering

Dr. Mira Das Associate Dean, School of Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER), Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

2015

Daya Publishing House® A Division of

Astral International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi – 110 002

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© 2015 EDITORS ISBN 978-93-5124-336-6 (Hardbound) ISBN 978-93-5130-300-8 (International Edition)

Publisher’s note: Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publisher and author cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or the author. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in the book. The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding and discussion only. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material used in this book, if any. The author and the publisher will be grateful for any omission brought to their notice for acknowledgement in the future editions of the book. All Rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the publisher and the copyright owner.

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NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL PRINCIPAL BENCH Faridkot House, 1 Copernicus Marg, New Delhi – 110 001

Prof. (Dr.) P.C.Mishra Expert Member

Foreword I am delighted to write this foreword to the present compilation of 30 research papers for the book “Advances in Environmental Science and Engineering “ edited by Dr. Aditya Kishore Dash and Dr. Mira Das. The scope of Environmental Science and Engineering continues to expand in terms of new air and water quality problems encountered by the people and in terms of new pollutants which has both international and global impacts. Our ecological footprints weigh heavily on Earth’s natural resources. Due to diligent of Environmental Engineers and Scientists, great progress has been made in our understanding of the fate and transport of substances that contaminate our air, surface water, soil and groundwater systems. Such progress has led to better technologies for controlling wastewater pollution, emissions and for cleaning up contaminated sites. Simultaneously, the continued rapid population growth and urbanization occurring in the developing countries of the world are causing unparalleled environmental health risk. Environmental Engineering and Technology play an increasingly important role in improving the plight of such people. The present book contains quality research papers in the areas of the pollution status in air, water, soil and noise pollution and pollution control technologies with objectives of cost effectiveness and environmental compatibility. The papers embody materials which will be of immense use by the Scientists, Research students and Teachers engaged in research on the subject Environmental Science and Engineering. I congratulate the Editors and the Publisher for bringing out such a book of present day relevance.

P.C. Mishra

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Preface In recent years, with growing concern for the environment and its management, the accumulated scientific and engineering concepts on environment have witnessed the emergence of the multidisciplinary subject i.e. Environmental Science and Engineering. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the subject, sometimes, it poses a complex task for students, teachers, researches, scientists and engineers to keep track of the ongoing research in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. The book on “Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering” is a compilation of thirty insightful and exploratory research and review papers contributed by senior faculty members of some universities, scientific and engineering institutions in India and abroad. The sub themes are Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Control, Noise Pollution Modeling, Reclamation of Degraded and Contaminated Land, Environmental Toxicology, Modeling for Fate of Pesticides, Bioindicators and Biomarkers, Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Biotechnology, Climate Change, Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Monitoring, Forest Ecology etc. All the papers are of relevance and have high application value in the context of contemporary industrial and mining activities as well as disposal of urban wastes without proper treatment. Presently, many researchers are working in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. This book will be a handy reference book for all such researchers engaged in their respective fields.This book will also be useful for all researchrs in their pursuit of M. Phil, M. Tech. and Ph. D. degree in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. Dr. Aditya Kishore Dash Dr. Mira Das

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Contents Foreword Preface 1.

Metals and Fluoride Dynamics in Fly Ash Mound under Plantation P.C. Mishra, A.S.P. Mishra and Suraj Tandon

2.

Predicting the Fate of Pesticides in Multimedia Environmental using Level IV Fugacity Model: A Case Study of Kelowna (BC)

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35

Sarah Moffat, Amin Zargar and Rehan Sadiq 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Effectiveness of Simultaneous Adsorption and Biodegradation over Indivisual Processes for Reduction of Cyanide from Effluents Rajesh Roshan Dash, Chandrajit Balomajumder and Rakesh Roshan Dash

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Water Pollution, Wastewater Management Practices and Regulatory Mechanism in India Akhila Kumar Swar

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Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Technology for Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Pradyut Kundu and Somnath Mukherjee

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Algae of Chilika Lagoon: A Documentation after Opening of the New Mouth D. Mohanty, S.K. Das and S.P. Adhikary

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Sea Level Rise Due to Climate Change S.N. Das

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8.

Harvesting Nutrients from Water using Bio-Coagulant Narendra Kumar Sahoo, Sumedha Nanda Sahu, S. Sharma and S.N. Naik

9.

Predicting Discolouration Potential in Water Distribution Networks: An Index-Based Approach Paul Chadwick, Alex Francisque, Andrew Heather, Philip Selby and Rehan Sadiq

10. Nutrient Removal from Domestic Wastewater: An Environmental Biotechnology Approach Prangya Ranjan Rout, Rajesh Roshan Dash and Puspendu Bhunia 11. Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 from Aqueous Solution by Locally Available Modified Adsorbents

177

191

232

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Pramit Sarkar, Akshaya Kumar Verma, Puspendu Bhunia and Rajesh Roshan Dash 12. Impact of Mercury Contained Effluent and Reclamation of Mercury Contaminated Environment by a Cyanobacterium Alaka Sahu and A.K. Panigrahi

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13. Heavy Metal Concentration through Idol Immersion Activities: A Case Study of River Budhabalanga, Balasore, Odisha Tanuja Panigrahi, Bita Mohanty and R.B. Panda

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14. Treatment of Municipal Wastewater in UASB-Reactors: An Introspection P.K. Behera, S.S. Pati and S.K. Sahu

290

15. Aspects and Prospects of Traditional Knowledge, Religion and Culture in Forest Ecosystem Engineering: A Case Study Ambarish Mukherjee

303

16. In vitro Solubilization of Inorganic Phosphate by Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM) from Rice Rhizosphere

326

Ranjita Panda, Siba P. Panda, C.R. Panda and R.N. Kar 17. Seasonal Variation of Soil Respiration in the Control and Dumping Sites of NACs and Municipality of Balasore District, Odisha, India S.C. Pradhan and R.C. Sahoo

335

18. Atrazine Toxicity Alters the Activities of Antioxidative Enzymes and Increases Lipid Peroxidation Level in Germinating Mung Bean Seeds Surjendu Kumar Dey and Swarna Prasanti Pradhan

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19. Assessing the Impact of Open Cast Mines on Surrounding Land-use Pattern: A Case Study from Keonjhar District of Odisha, India Himansu Sekhar Patra and Kabir Mohan Sethy

349

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20. Environmental Assessment of Marine Ornamental Fishes in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Southeast Coast of India Manish Kumar, B. Anjan Kumar Prusty and T.T. Ajith Kumar

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21. Bioindicators and Biomarkers of Soil Contamination: Earthworms and Microorganisms as Models C.S.K. Mishra, Snehasis Mishra, D.K. Bastia and Swetalina Acharya

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22. Ascertain Genetic Diversity of Artemisia annua Adapted to Harsh Environment of Ladakh using RAPD and ISSR Molecular Markers Pradeep Kumar Naik and Aditya Kishore Dash

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23. Monitoring Morphological Changes in a Coastal Environment: A Case Study along the Coastal Tract of Odisha with Special Reference to the Mahanadi River Mouth using Remote Sensing and GIS 429 G.K. Panda 24. Electrochemical Methods for the Treatment of High COD Loaded Industrial Effluent and their Complete Removal S.C. Mallick, B.C. Tripathy and N.N. Das

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25. Ambient Air Quality around OCL India Limited at Rajgangpur, Odisha, India Sanjat K. Sahu, A. Mishra and Aditya Kishore Dash

459

26. Changes in Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil Following Application of Rice Mill Wastewater under Field Irrigation Conditions Abanti Pradhan, Sanjat K. Sahu and Aditya Kishore Dash

480

27. Study of Effluent Treatment at Denzong Breweries Pvt. Ltd., Khurda, Odisha, India Sushree Sasmita, Anand Mohan Roy and Upendra Nath Dash

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28. Traffic Noise Models: A Comparative Case Study

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Bijay Kumar Swain and Shreerup Goswami 29. Ambient Air Study Near the Industrial Complex ‘Nisha’ at Angul, Odisha, India Subhasish Parida, Mira Das and Aditya Kishore Dash

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30. Assessment of Post Mining Water Quality of Pit Lakes in Sukinda Valley of Jajpur District, Odisha, India Subhashree Pattanaik

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Index

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1

Chapter 1

Metals and Fluoride Dynamics in Fly Ash Mound under Plantation P.C. Mishra1*, A.S.P. Mishra2 and Suraj Tandon3 1

Professor Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur – 768 019, Odisha, India 2 AGM, (Environment) Vedenta Aluminum, Jharsuguda, Odisha, India 3 Suraj Tandon, Manager, Skipper Limited, Uluberia, Howrah – 711 303, West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT The present study was a part of a comprehensive research work on the vegetation succession and changes that are occurring in soil quality, litter decomposition, metal and fluoride dynamics etc. during the reclamation of ash mound of Hindalco Aluminium Industries, Hirakud under plantation strategy. Ash mound is located at a distance of 5 km from Hindalco Industries and it covers an area of around 103 acres. Three sampling sites were selected which includes 5year and 10year old plantation on ash mound and a natural site for comparison. The leachable metal and fluoride content in the top soil of the natural site was less as compared to 5 year and 10 year plantation sites on ash mound. The metal content (mg/kg) in natural site top soil was in the order of Fe (3104.89) > Mn (16.236) > Zn (14.21) > Ni (13.44) > Cd (8.120) > Cu (4.817) > and Cr (2.082). In 5 year plantation site the order was Fe (17215.08) > Zn (43.93) > Cu (36.72) > Mn (14.29) > Ni (14.09) > Cr (9.24) > Cd (8.81. In 10 year plantation site the metals were in the order of Fe (1334.59) > Cu (40.32) > Zn (40.03) > Mn (14.24) > Ni (14.04) > Cr (10.26) > Cd (4.34). Thus, the order of metal accumulation in top soil was more or less same in all the sites with presence of Fe in highest concentration in ——————— * Present address: National Green Tribunal, Faridkot House, 1 Copernicus Marg, New Delhi – 110 001.

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Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering natural as well as ash mound sites. Metal content in top soil was relatively less in 10 year site compared to 5 year site. The fluoride content in the ash mound top soil were 52.0, 50.62 and 52.66 mg/kg respectively in natural, 5 year and 10 years plantation sites. Mobility of Cd has been recorded from soil to leaf of Caesalpinia pulcherrima with Biological Accumulation Coefficient (BAC) of 1.304. Rest of the plant species in 5 year site showed no bioaccumulation with BAC value less than one. Same is the case with 10 year and natural site, where no bioaccumulation was noted for different plant species. The BAC of Chromium in leaves of Holarrhena antidysenterica was 1.126, however, rest of the plant species in 5 year site have BAC less than one exhibiting no bioaccumulation of metal in leaves. Leaves of plants species from 10 year and natural site exhibited no bioaccumulation of heavy metal with all having BAC value less than one. Copper did not show a BAC of more than one in 5 year and 10 year plantation sites. However, tree vegetation from natural forest showed a remarkable increase in metal content, while moving from soil to leaf with the exception of Butea monosperma, the only plant species having BAC less than one. Fe also did not show any bioaccumulation in plant species from 5 year and 10 year plantation site. BAC value ranges from 0.009 to 0.028 and 0.017 to 0.024 in 5 year and 10 year site respectively. Same is also the case with natural forest site, where BAC ranged from 0.057 to 0.444. All the plants species sampled from 5 year site showed below detectable level of Mn in leaves, except Acacia moniliform is having Mn content of 7.15 with BAC of 0.244. Delonix regia from 10 year site showed a remarkable biomagnification in Mn content with BAC of 26.21 and the rest two species showed no such biomagnification. In natural forest site only Mangifera indica showed a slight biomagnification with BAC of 1.029 and rest of the species showed no bioconcentration of metals into leaves with BAC value less than one. Nickel behaved like manganese in the sense, it does not show any biomagnification as far as 5 year plantation is concerned. However, Delonix regia from 10 year site showed a noticeable increase in metal from top soil to leaf i.e. from 12.49 mg/kg in top soil to 332.48 mg/kg in leaf which clearly reveals a high mobility of Ni in case of Delonix regia as compared to other species grown in the ash mound. As far as natural site is concerned, except Mangifera indica with BAC of 1.245, no other plant species showed biomagnification of Ni. For Zinc, all the plant species from 5 year site have a BAC of less than one, indicative of no biomagnification of Zn from top soil to leaf except for Holarrhena antidysenterica whose BAC was 1.767. Plants species from 10 year site, did not show any such biomagnification with all the species having BAC of less than one. However, natural vegetation showed remarkable biomagnification in all the plant species with BAC value ranging from 1.527 in Holarrhena antidysenterica to 25.43 in Polyalthia longifolia. Citrus medica was the only species in natural site whose leaves showed no biomagnification (BAC = 0.626). BAC analysis of fluoride revealed that the plant species from 5 year site showed no biomagnification of F except in Delonix regia, where BAC was 2.372. Same was the case with 10 year plantation site where Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Acacia moniliformis showed no biomagnification with BAC value of 0.476 and 0.491 respectively but Delonix regia with BAC value of 1.442 showed biomagnification of F. However, natural site vegetation showed no bioaccumulation of F, with all species having BAC value less than one. Present study also indicates that among all the plant species analysed from natural and