2/6/2010
Current Power System
Smart Grid The Future Energy Grid
200kV-1MV
Mohamed A. El‐Sharkawi Mohamed A. El‐ Smart Energy Lab Smart Energy Lab Department of Electrical Engineering University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 http://SmartEnergyLab.com
Transmission transformer
High voltage transmission line
Power plant
Transmission transformer
Service transformer
15kV-25kV
Distribution line
Distribution transformer
120/240V
Existing Distribution Grid • Have seen little change – Mostly radial – Mostly unidirectional power flows – Passive in operation.
What is New? What is New?
• Their primary role is energy delivery to end‐user
1. Renewable Energy Penetration
2. Deregulation of energy market
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3. Customers Demands
4. Plug‐in Hybrid/Electric Vehicle
• Cost options • Reduced outages • Energy Options
5. New sensors and control technologies GPS
Satellite
Installed Wind Turbine Capacity (MW) Information &
Failure Analysis
Nation Vulnerability Assessment
LEO
Satellite
Sensing
Intranet
Internet
Self Healing Strategies
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1
United States
9,149
11,603
16,819
25,170
35,159
2
Germany
18,428
20,622
22,247
23,903
25,777
3
China
1,266
2,599
5,912
12,210
25,104
4
Spain
10,028
11,630
15,145
16,740
19,149
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India Italy
6,270 2,123 1,589
7,850 2,726 2,477
9,587 3,537 3,426
10,925 4,850 4,410
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France
4,430 1,718 779
8
United Kingdom
1,353
1,963
2,389
3,288
4,070
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Portugal
1,022
1,716
2,130
2,862
3,535
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Denmark
3,132
3,140
3,129
3,164
59,024
74,151
93,927
World total
121,188
3,46
157,899
Strategy Deployment
Wind Energy Penetration (MWh) 2006
2007
2008
Wind Energy in USA
2009
Nation
Wind power
Capacity Factor
%
Wind power
Capacity Factor
%
Wind power
Capacity Factor
%
1
United States
26.6
26.1%
0.7%
34.5
23.4%
0.8%
52.0
23.5%
1.3%
2
Wind power
Capacity Factor
%
Germany
30.7
17.0%
5.4%
38.5
19.7%
6.6%
40.4
6.6%
37.2
6.4%
3
Spain
22.9
22.4%
8.5%
27.2
20.5%
9.8%
31.4
21.7%
11.1%
36.6
13.7%
4
China
3.7
16.2%
0.1%
5.6
10.6%
0.2%
12.8
12.0%
0.4%
5 6 7
India Italy France
7.6 3.0 2.2
13.8% 16.1% 16.0%
1.0% 0.9% 0.5%
14.7 4.0 4.0
21.0% 16.7% 18.6%
1.9% 1.2% 0.8%
4.9 5.6
15.7% 18.8%
1.4% 1.1%
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United Kingdom
4.2
23.2%
1.2%
5.3
27.5%
1.5%
7.1
30.4%
2.0%
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Denmark
6.1
22.2%
16.8%
7.2
26.3%
19.7%
6.9
24.9%
19.1%
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Portugal
2.9
19.3%
5.9%
4.0
21.2%
8.0%
5.7
22.7%
11.3%
World total
124.9
19.2%
0.7%
173.3
21.1%
0.9%
260
24.5%
1.5%
7.8
7.5
20.2%
1.6%
• From 2005‐2007, installed wind capacity in the USA increased by 84% (from 9 to 16.8 GW) – Federal Production Tax Credit (PTC) – State renewable portfolio standards (RPS) State renewable portfolio standards (RPS) – Favorable economic and environmental characteristics of wind energy
15.0%
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Concept of Smart Grid
Smart Grid
Smart Grid Objectives
What to Expect?
• Accessible: granting access and capability for bidirectional flow to all customers. • Flexible: fulfilling customers’ needs whilst p g g g responding to the changes and challenges in the grid • Reliable: assuring and improving quality of supply and system security • Economic: providing best value through innovation and efficient energy management.
• A proportion of the electricity generated by large conventional plants will be displaced by
What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid?
What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid?
• Reduction in transmission congestion • Reduced blackouts and forced outages
– distributed generation – renewable energy sources renewable energy sources – energy storage – demand response – demand side management
• Peak demand shaving
• Increased system capacity Increased system capacity
– “power outages and fluctuations cost U.S. businesses and consumers $30 billion each year.” DOE
• Self diagnosis and self healing • Reduction in restoration time
• Increased security and reduced vulnerability
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Technology needed to implement the Smart Grids
What can be Achieved by the Smart Grid?
Energy Storage Advanced Sensors and Meters Grid friendly Plug‐in Hybrids Grid friendly loads Smart houses Substation Automation Distribution Automation Communications Demand Response Web Services and Grid Computing Weather Prediction Advanced Conductors Advanced distributed control … … …
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• Reduction is some power quality problems due to improved power flow
• Increase environmental benefits
Gen, T, & D Suppliers
capacity, avail‐ ability, price, forecast, contract terms , DG incentives
audit results, retrofit opportunities, designs, costs, terms & conditions
voltage, DG/storage status
grid status level,
Smart House
Energy Service power/ end‐use Co.s, Vendors, rations Utility Programs Aggregators
billing, info access, attractive contracts, approvals, occupancy, performance power require‐ ments, forecasts, status, curtailment
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Grid Friendly™ Appliances (GFAs) .
Distribution Linemen
Appliances, Equipment, Processes
Emergency Operations
Customer
Rob Pratt Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Grid Friendly™ Appliances (GFAs)
Loads and Reserves on a Typical U.S. Peak Day Resident. (non‐GFA) 12% Industrial 28%
Commercial 29%
Residential (GFA*) 18%
GFA* potential exceeds US operating reserve requirements! q
Operating reserves 13% * GFA for: heat, AC, WH, refrigerators, freezers
•Grid Friendly Appliances sense grid frequency excursions & control appliances to act as spinning reserve • No communications required! •Used only with switchable loads Rob Pratt 24 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Rob Pratt Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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Energy Storage
Energy Storage
Energy Storage
• Energy storage is one of the most crucial aspects of the smart grid. • It allows the grid to – – – – – – –
Provide better integration of renewable systems IImplement load following l t l d f ll i Shave peak loads Support voltage Damp system oscillations (transient stability support) Regulate frequency Allow customer to ride‐through outage
Pumped‐Hydro Storage (PHS)
• It allows the grid to – Reduce the need for additional transmission assets – Improve the reliability of electricity supply – Increase the efficiency of existing power plant and transmission facilities transmission facilities – Reduce the investment required for new facilities – Reduced energy cost
Dam Reservoir
Penstock Governor Up to 1GW in operation
Generator Head Turbine Discharge
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) • Pressurize air into an underground reservoir (salt cavern, abandoned hard rock mine, or aquifer) • 100MW in single unit sizes • Installations I ll i – – – –
A 290 MW unit in Germany (1978) A 110 MW unit built in McIntosh, Alabama in 1991. A 2,700 MW is being built in Norton, OH … …
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Batteries • Sodium Sulfur and Lithium ion
Flywheels • 25kWh rating – 20MW system is in operation
– 10MW facility in Chino, CA – 20 MW in Puerto Rico – … …
• Vanadium Redox flow (regenerative fuel cell) – 15 MW, 120MWh in UK – 12 MW, 120 MWh in operation by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – … …
Super Capacitors (Ultra‐Capacitors) • High energy, high power density (15kW/kg)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
• Up to 3 MW units • store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil
Other Storage Methods • Thermal storage • Hydrogen Storage • … …
Plug‐In Hybrid Vehicles
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Plug‐In Hybrid: Prediction • If Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) in the USA are plug‐ in hybrids, and if 70% of their energy are from electricity – Petroleum consumption will be reduced by 50% – Utilities would add approximately 1 TWh to their current generation • This is over 25% of the total U.S. annual generation in 2006.
Plug‐In Hybrid: Impacts • Heavily loaded system most of the time • If the heavy demand is not matched by new generation – less reserve capacity l it is available i il bl – maintenance occurs more frequently – maintenance is more difficult to schedule
– Utilities will have a tremendous surge in demand between 5‐7PM
Plug‐In Hybrid: Ideas • Vehicle‐to‐grid concepts – Could provide additional capacity by reversing the power flow from the battery to the grid.
Advanced Metering and Sensors
P
Why Advanced Metering • “the nation’s energy delivery system has not adopted and made use of advanced data collection, data management and communication technologies that will be communication technologies that will be required to meet the needs of the dynamic energy marketplace” – “The Critical Role of Advanced Metering Technology in Optimizing Energy Delivery and Efficiency.” Itron report to DOE
Advanced Metering and Sensors • Goals: – Data matching system capacity to load requirements – Load management & control capability – Immediate outage detection – Accurate load forecasting – Enhanced distribution system optimization – Tamper detection and theft identification • “theft of electricity alone in the US is $1‐ $10 billion Annually”
– Eliminates the need to access customer property
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US Power Grid
Usage of Advanced Metering with Some Capabilities
Sensors • Dynamic Thermal Condition of Lines – To identify additional capacities in lines, transformers, etc. • Wireless and Intelligent Sensors for Condition Information – New devices and new technology – Integrated with grid wide communication network • Consumer Portal – Implementation demand response, real time pricing, outage detection, remote connect/disconnect, support to distribution operations, PQ monitoring and improved customer information
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)
Communications
Advantages of BPL • To allow the implementation of self ‐healing – Instant identification of system problems – Fast Isolation of problem – Fast system restoration
• To help support widespread use of distributed generation • To help better control of appliances and equipment • To help customers manage their energy use • To provide internet connection to customers
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Security Challenges • The grid must be made secure from cascading damage. – Pathways for attack must be sealed off. – Under attack conditions, the system must be Under attack conditions the system must be sectionalized and reconfigured
• Critical controls and communications must be made secure from penetration by hackers and terrorists.
Communication: Challenges • Current BPL doesn’t allow the signals to travel long distances – Transformers bypass yp – BPL repeaters
• Power line coupler with bypass capabilities are needed – Transformer bridges (wired or wireless)
Power line Coupler
Demand Response
Demand Management
Existing demand response contribution
• Incentive‐based direct load control – interruptible/curtailable rates – emergency demand response programs – capacity market programs capacity market programs
• Time‐based rates: – time‐of‐use rates – critical‐peak pricing – real‐time pricing
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Thank You
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