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140TN_Sci_G4_SE_Cvr.indd 1

978-1-60471-778-5

140TN

This book is printed on paper containing a minimum of 10% post-consumer waste.

Developed in Consultation with Tennessee Educators

4/15/09 3:42:39 PM

Table of Contents State Performance Indicators

Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Test-Taking Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Tennessee Curriculum Standards Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Chapter 1

Inquiry, Technology, and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lesson 1

Scientific Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

SPI 0407.Inq.1

Lesson 2

Organizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

SPI 0407.Inq.1

Lesson 3

Technology and Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

SPI 0407.T/E.1, SPI 0407.T/E.2

Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter 2

Life Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Lesson 4

Plant and Animal Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

SPI 0407.1.1

Lesson 5

Predators, Prey, and Competition . . . . . . . 36

SPI 0407.2.1

Lesson 6

Energy in Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

SPI 0407.3.1

Lesson 7

Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

SPI 0407.5.1

Lesson 8

Survival of Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

SPI 0407.4.1, SPI 0407.5.2

Lesson 9

Metamorphosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

SPI 0407.4.2

Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Chapter 3

Earth and Space Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Lesson 10

Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

SPI 0407.6.1, SPI 0407.6.2

Lesson 11

Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

SPI 0407.7.1

Lesson 12

Using Earth Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

SPI 0407.7.2

Lesson 13

The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

SPI 0407.8.1

Lesson 14

Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

SPI 0407.8.2

Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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Chapter 4

Physical Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Lesson 15

Using Tools to Measure Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

SPI 0407.9.1

Lesson 16

Using Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

SPI 0407.9.2

Lesson 17

Physical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

SPI 0407.9.3

Lesson 18

Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

SPI 0407.10.1

Lesson 19

Reflection, Absorption, and Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

SPI 0407.10.2

Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

SPI 0407.10.3

Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

SPI 0407.11.1,

Lesson 20 Lesson 21

SPI 0407.11.2, SPI 0407.11.3

Lesson 22

Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

SPI 0407.12.1

Lesson 23

Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

SPI 0407.12.2

Lesson 24

Electric Current and Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . 130

SPI 0407.12.3

Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Investigation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Investigation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

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8

Survival of Species SPI 0407.4.1, SPI 0407.5.2

Getting the Idea In the last lesson, you learned that every kind of living thing has adaptations that help it survive. But what if conditions change? Then some plants and animals may not survive. Some groups of living things may disappear.

Key Words species extinct fossil reproduce endangered species habitat pollutant

What Is a Species? A species is a group of living things that can mate with each other to produce offspring, or young. Bald eagles make up a species. So do tigers. So do humans. No two living things are exactly alike, but members of a species are a lot like each other. Long ago, the dinosaurs called Tyrannosaurus rex made up a species. But today, tyrannosaurs are extinct. They are no longer found living on Earth. When a species becomes extinct, all its members have died out. An extinct species is gone forever. We know about tyrannosaurs and other dinosaurs only from fossils. A fossil is the hardened remains or trace of an organism that lived long ago. The picture below shows a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton. Scientists constructed it using fossil bones.

Tyrannosaurus rex

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How Species Survive No species would be alive today if its members could not reproduce. When living things reproduce, they make more of their own kind. Tigers produce more tigers, bald eagles produce more bald eagles, and so on. In animals, the process begins when a male and female of a species mate. It ends with the birth or hatching of offspring. Every animal or plant comes to the end of its life and dies. Species survive because their members reproduce. But suppose that animals of a certain kind die faster than they can produce offspring. The number of animals of that kind will get smaller and smaller, until the species is extinct. An endangered species is one that is in danger of disappearing. Events in nature can cause a species to become endangered or extinct. So can human activities.

Events in Nature Affect Species Long before people lived on Earth, species of plants and animals became extinct. Events in nature caused them to die faster than they could reproduce. ■

■

■

■

Climates changed from warm to cold. Species that could not live in cold places did not survive long enough to reproduce. They became extinct. Jungles turned into deserts. Jungle species that could not survive in hot, dry deserts became extinct. In some places, water flooded land that had been dry. Species that could not live and reproduce in wet places died out. New predators appeared. Animals that could not defend themselves or hide were eaten faster than they could reproduce. These animal species vanished forever.

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Lesson 8: Survival of Species

Did You Know People hunt tigers, cheetahs, and snow leopards for their fur. Hunting and other human activities endanger these animals.

Scientists know that many species died out at the same time, about 65 million years ago. Scientists think that an object from space crashed into Earth. The crash threw huge amounts of dust into the air. The dust blotted out sunlight. Many plants died because they did not have enough sunlight to make food. Then many plant-eating animals died. So did animals that fed on those plant-eaters. Dinosaurs and many other species became extinct.

Human Activities Affect Species Today, events in nature still cause species to die out. But human activities also threaten species. Hunting can cause a species to disappear. That is what happened to Carolina parakeets. These bright-colored birds used to live in Tennessee and other southeastern states. But farmers began to hunt the birds because they ate crops. Farmers shot so many Carolina parakeets that by 1920 the species was extinct.

Carolina parakeet

People also destroy habitats. A habitat is the place where a plant or animal lives. Besides hunting Carolina parakeets, farmers cut down forests where the birds lived. Smaller habitats meant that fewer birds could survive. Today, loss of habitat threatens many species.

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People put harmful materials into the natural world. These materials are called pollutants. Farmers used to spray their crops with a chemical called DDT. The chemical killed insects that fed on the crops. But it got into the bodies of animals that ate the insects. When eagles and hawks ate these animals, the DDT got into their bodies. The DDT made the birds produce eggs with very weak shells. Many of the shells broke before new birds could hatch. Some bird species, such as the bald eagle, almost became extinct. Since 1972, it has been against the law to use DDT in the United States. But other pollutants have put species in danger.

DISCUSSION QUESTION Suppose a species of birds cannot find safe places to build nests. What may happen to that species? Explain your answer.

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Lesson 8: Survival of Species

LESSON REVIEW 1.

When a living thing reproduces, it A.

becomes endangered.

B.

makes more of its own kind.

C. finds a new habitat. D. makes its own food. 2.

What is a habitat? A.

the place where an animal lives

B.

something a person does over and over again

C. a threat to a species D. a kind of climate 3.

Which animal is extinct? A.

tiger

B.

bald eagle

C. house cat D. dinosaur 4.

Which statement is TRUE? A.

Only human activities cause species to become extinct.

B.

Only natural events cause species to become extinct.

C. Both natural events and human activities can cause species to become extinct. D. No species that are alive today will become extinct.

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