Why hydrogen and current status Den Haag, 25 March 2010
Presented by Jaco Reijerkerk
OVERVIEW
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Need for sustainable transport Hydrogen technology developments Main messages
Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
World final energy consumption
Non-energy use 9% Residential, services and agriculture 36%
International maritime Pipeline 2% 2% Rail 2%
Other 0%
Air 13%
Transport 28%
Road passengers 51%
Road freight 30%
Industry 27%
Total: 8085 Mtoe in 2006 169 Mboe/d
Transport: 2227 Mtoe in 2006 45 Mboe/d IEA World Energy Outlook 2008
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Final energy consumption transport by fuel
• Oil dominant fuel in transport • Transport drives economic growth:
Other 4% Biomass 1%
Mobility of people Mobility of goods; trade Globalization
• Hence …oil fuels economic growth Oil 95%
Transport: 2227 Mtoe in 2006 45 Mboe/d IEA World Energy Outlook 2008
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Car fleet growth
• Cars per 1000 people:
US Europe China India
~750 - 800 ~450 - 500 ~ 20 - 25 ~ 10 - 15
• Car stock increase from 650 million in 2005 to 1.4 billion in 2030 (IEA WEO 2008)
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Key challenges
• Economic growth/wealth strongly dependant on mobility
• Mobility strongly dependant
on finite primary energy (oil)
• Global increase of energy demand • Rising net energy imports (i.e. EU/NL) • Global and local emissions related to the use of oil products Climate change
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Relevance CO2 emissions transport
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Four ways to reduce oil consumption and mitigate CO2 emissions from transport
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Reduce transport demand / Modal shift
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Improve driving behaviour
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Improve vehicle efficiency
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Hydrogen vehicles
Use low carbon fuels diversify
Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Source: Daimler
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
OVERVIEW
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Need for sustainable transport Hydrogen technology developments Main messages
Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
• HFCVs are electric vehicles Enable zero emission vehicles (locally) Offers prospects for CO2 free/lean mobility Reduces dependence of oil
• Wide range of road vehicles Passenger cars Vans Small trucks Busses Specialty vehicles
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
FC-car development: from prototypes …
Consumption kWh/km
Consumption
Honda FCX Source: Honda
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
… to small series Vehicle
Honda
FCX Clarity
Status
2008
Small Series
Propulsion
Fuel Cell Battery Electric Motor
100 kW Li-ion battery 100 kW (torque 256 Nm)
Storage
CGH2
35 MPa (171 l)
Performance
Range Top speed
~430 km 160 km/h (limited)
• 50% increase of output density per volume (67% by mass) compared to previous FCX • 20% increase of fuel economy (indicative fuel use 26 km/l g.e.) • Improved low temperature start-up capability: at -30ºC • Begin of limited retail marketing in summer 2008 in Southern California Source: Honda • For three years lease term: $600 per month including maintenance and insurance 14
Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Source: Daimler AG
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Source: DOE
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Other examples
Sources: Hyundai, Toyota, GM, Volkswagen AG, Ford Motor Company, BMW AG
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Hydrogen refuelling stations
• Hydrogen refuelling technology Can be integrated in conventional stations Builds upon many years of experience Is proven and safe Is available in US, EU and Asia Works with any hydrogen source or quality
• Most OEM vehicles require 700 bar SAE refuelling standards
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Examples Linde H2 Center, Munich: 350bar, LH2
OMV, Stuttgart: 350bar, 700bar
Shell 350bar350bar and LH2 Shell,Tokyo: Washington:
AGIP, Frankfurt: 350bar, 700bar and LH2
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Demonstration projects show: • Fuel Cell cars ready for end customer usage (latest challenge “cold start ability” solved) Clean Energy Partnership (CEP), Berlin • Since 2003
• Production, supply and fueling of hydrogen feasible and scalable
• 40 cars and 14 buses in daily use • 3 fueling stations active in 2010 • > 500.000 km driven & > 5000 fuelings performed
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Important recent developments • Signing of Letter of Understanding for “Development and market introduction of Fuel Cell vehicles “September 8th 2009 • Seven global OEMs covering Japan, Korea, US, France and Germany • Anticipated commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) from 2015 onwards • Fuel Cell vehicles at a few hundred thousand units over life cycle on a worldwide basis • Very first time mutual agreement between OEMs on timing of commercial roll out
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
• Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for “H2 Mobility” September 10th in Berlin • (10) key stakeholders from industry (OEM, oil, utility & industrial gas) and from public (NOW) • Intention to jointly build up hydrogen fueling infrastructure in lead market Germany
(…)
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Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Hydrogen Refuelling Station Concept
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Integration in existing refuelling stations as much as possible Basically four options:
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On-site generation Transport gaseous hydrogen by truck Transport liquid hydrogen by truck Transport gaseous hydrogen by pipeline
Considerations: Footprint, flexibility, capex, opex, capacity, modularity, fuel quality, green/clean-H2, fuel quality, standardisation, car cryo-storage, …
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Our conclusion … Towards a Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure for VEhicles
Hydrogen Refuelling Station Concept
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Supply liquid hydrogen to stations At station: Cryo-storage of liquid hydrogen Dispensing of gaseous hydrogen into cars at 350 – 700 bar Pressurisation of hydrogen using cryo-pump Standard unit allowing for
