Malay Style Guide

Contents What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 5 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................. 7 Normative References .............................................................................................................. 7 Informative References ............................................................................................................. 7 Language Specific Conventions ...................................................................................................... 8 Country/Region Standards ........................................................................................................... 8 Characters ................................................................................................................................ 8 Date .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Time ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Numbers ................................................................................................................................. 12 Sorting ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Geopolitical Concerns ................................................................................................................ 21 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions ......................................................................... 21 Adjectives ................................................................................................................................ 21 Articles .................................................................................................................................... 22 Capitalization .......................................................................................................................... 23 Compounds............................................................................................................................. 23 Gender .................................................................................................................................... 24 Genitive ................................................................................................................................... 24 Modifiers ................................................................................................................................. 24 Nouns ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Prepositions ............................................................................................................................ 25 Pronouns ................................................................................................................................. 25 Punctuation ............................................................................................................................. 26 Singular & Plural ..................................................................................................................... 27 Split Infinitive ........................................................................................................................... 28 Subjunctive ............................................................................................................................. 28 Symbols .................................................................................................................................. 28 Non-Breaking Spaces ............................................................................................................. 28 Syntax ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Verbs ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Word Order ............................................................................................................................. 29 Style and Tone Considerations .................................................................................................. 30

Audience ................................................................................................................................. 30 Style ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Tone ........................................................................................................................................ 30 Voice ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Localization Guidelines .................................................................................................................. 31 General Considerations ............................................................................................................. 31 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 31 Accessibility ............................................................................................................................ 32 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ 32 Applications, Products, and Features ..................................................................................... 32 Frequent Errors ....................................................................................................................... 33 Glossaries ............................................................................................................................... 33 Fictitious Information ............................................................................................................... 33 Recurring Patterns .................................................................................................................. 33 Standardized Translations ...................................................................................................... 33 Unlocalized Items.................................................................................................................... 34 Using the Word Microsoft ....................................................................................................... 34 Software Considerations ............................................................................................................ 35 User Interface ......................................................................................................................... 35 Messages ................................................................................................................................ 36 Keys ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Document Translation Considerations ....................................................................................... 44 Titles ....................................................................................................................................... 44 Copyright ................................................................................................................................. 44

What's New? Last Updated: May 2011

New Topics The following topics were added: 

N/A

Updated Topics The following topics were updated: 

Informative References



Tone and Voice



English Terminology and the Malay Language System



Help and documentation guideline



Date Format



Measurement units

4

Introduction This Style Guide went through major revision in February 2011 in order to remove outdated and unnecessary content. It contains information pertaining to all Microsoft products and services.

About This Style Guide The purpose of this Style Guide is to provide everybody involved in the localization of Malay Microsoft products with Microsoft-specific linguistic guidelines and standard conventions that differ from or are more prescriptive than those found in language reference materials. These conventions have been adopted after considering context based on various needs, but above all, they are easy to follow and applicable for all types of software to be localized. The Style Guide covers the areas of formatting, grammatical conventions, as well as stylistic criteria. It also presents the reader with a general idea of the reasoning behind the conventions. The present Style Guide is a revision of our previous Style Guide version with the intention of making it more standardized, more structured, and easier to use as a reference. The guidelines and conventions presented in this Style Guide are intended to help you localize Microsoft products and materials. We welcome your feedback, questions and concerns regarding the Style Guide. You can send us your feedback via the Microsoft Language Portal feedback page.

Scope of This Document This Style Guide is intended for the localization professional working on Microsoft products. It is not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of all localization practices, but to highlight areas where Microsoft has preference or deviates from standard practices for Malay localization.

Style Guide Conventions In this document, a plus sign (+) before a translation example means that this is the recommended correct translation. A minus sign (-) is used for incorrect translation examples. In Microsoft localization context, the word term is used in a slightly untraditional sense, meaning the same as e.g. a segment in Trados. The distinguishing feature of a term here is that it is translated as one unit; it may be a traditional term (as used in terminology), a phrase, a sentence, or a paragraph. References to interface elements really only refer to translatable texts associated with those interface elements. Example translations in this document are only intended to illustrate the point in question. They are not a source of approved terminology. Always check for approved translation in the Microsoft terminology database.

Sample Text Johor: Keluarga daif Oleh Sahlina Sahkirin 5

[email protected] 2010/08/16 ENDAU: “Berat mata memandang, berat lagi bahu memikul. Saya sudah tidak tahu lagi ke mana hendak mengadu,"kata seorang ibu yang juga orang kurang upaya (OKU), Iadayati Ahmad, 37, yang terbabit dalam kemalangan jalan raya sembilan tahun lalu. Lebih menyayat hati, kejadian pada 2001 di persimpangan Jalan Kota Tinggi-Kulai meragut nyawa suaminya, Md Amin Marsat. Beliau yang koma selama dua tahun enam bulan terlantar di hospital tanpa mengetahui nasib suaminya. Selepas pulih daripada kecederaan, beliau berulang-alik ke mahkamah untuk proses tuntutan insurans beliau dan suaminya. Katanya, syarikat insurans hanya memberikan pampasan sebanyak RM4,000 dan sebahagiannya digunakan untuk membayar khidmat peguam. “Dengan RM2,000, apa sangat yang boleh dilakukan, sedangkan kos berulang-alik ke mahkamah lebih daripada itu, ” katanya kepada Edisi Johor. Beliau yang mempunyai dua anak, masing-masing berumur sembilan dan 15 tahun hanya bergantung hidup dengan elaun OKU yang diterima daripada Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat (JKM) sebanyak RM300 sebulan. Kini, beliau berumahtangga dengan Abdul Lani Mohamad, 47, suami barunya yang hanya bekerja sebagai buruh dan masa yang sama menghidap asma. Katanya, atas ihsan ibu mentua, mereka sekeluarga menumpang berteduh di rumah yang serba daif. “Saya memohon kepada sesiapa yang boleh membantu supaya kes itu dibuka kembali kerana saya berhak untuk memohon pampasan daripada syarikat insurans berikutan kejadian berkenaan. “Saya menerima notis daripada peguam supaya menandatangani dokumen untuk menutup kes itu tanpa alasan kukuh, ” katanya. Katanya, beliau pernah meminta khidmat Biro Bantuan Guaman Johor Bahru tetapi diarahkan merujuk perkara berkenaan di ibu pejabat biro di Kuala Lumpur. Iadayati berkata, baru-baru ini doktor mengesahkan beliau menghidap penyakit jantung akibat kemalangan sembilan tahun lalu. “Kini, saya terpaksa berulang-alik ke hospital untuk rawatan sakit jantung dan sedang menunggu tarikh untuk temu janji dengan doktor pakar di Johor Bahru,” katanya.

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Beliau yang cedera parah dan dimasukkan besi pada kaki dan tempurung lutut yang pernah terkeluar, hanya berdaya membuat kerja ringan. “Saya berharap ada pihak sudi membantu untuk membuka semula kes berkenaan. “Sekiranya syarikat insurans membayar pampasan yang sepadan dengan kecederaan yang saya alami dan kematian Allahyarham suami, dapatlah saya membesarkan dua anak yang masih bersekolah,” katanya yang tidak mampu bekerja. Sesiapa yang ingin menghulurkan pertolongan dan mendapatkan penjelasan lanjut boleh menghubungi beliau di alamat: Nombor 54, Jalan Masjid, Felda Endau, 86900 Endau, Mersing, Johor atau telefon 017-7656447. http://www.bharian.com.my/bharian/articles/Johor_Keluargadaif/Article/ Dihasilkan pada 16 Ogos 2010 jam 1:00 pagi

Recommended Reference Material Use the Malay language and terminology as described and used in the following publications.

Normative References These normative sources must be adhered to. Any deviation from them automatically fails a string in most cases. When more than one solution is allowed in these sources, look for the recommended one in other parts of the Style Guide. 1. Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 2005 2. Kamus Inggeris Melayu Dewan (An English-Malay Dictionary), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 1992 3. Tatabahasa Dewan Edisi Baru, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 2002 4. Daftar Istilah MABBIM, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 1992 5. Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah Bahasa Melayu, Dewan Bahasa

Informative References These sources are meant to provide supplementary information, background, comparison, etc. 1. http://www.microsoft.com/Language/en-US/Search.aspx? 2. www.dbp.gov.my (Institute Of Language And Literature) 3. http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/www.karyanet.com.my (for terminology) 4. www.dewanejapro.com (Dewan Eja Pro – dictionary and spell checker for Malay language)

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Language Specific Conventions This part of the style guide contains information about standards specific to Malay.

Country/Region Standards Characters Country/region

Malaysia

Lower-case characters

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z

Upper-case characters

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Characters in caseless scripts

n/a

Extended Latin characters

n/a

Note on alphabetical order

Alphabetical order is based on the list of letters in the alphabet.

Total number of characters

26

Unicode codes

A (0041); a (0061); B (0042); b (0062); C (0043); c (0063); D (0044); d (0064); E (0045); e (0065); F (0046); f (0066); G (0047); g (0067); H (0048); h (0068); I (0049); i (0069); J (004a); j (006a); K (004b); k (006b); L (004c); l (006c); M (004d); m (006d); N (004e); n (006e); O (004f); o (006f); P (0050); p (0070); Q (0051); q (0071); R (0052); r (0072); S (0053); s (0073); T (0054); t (0074); U (0055); u (0075); V (0056); v (0076); W (0057); w (0077); X (0058); x (0078); y (0079); Z (005a); z (007a)

Notes

N/A

Date Country/region

Malaysia

Calendar/Era

Gregorian calendar and Lunar calendar

First Day of the Week

Sunday

First Week of the Year

The week with the first Sunday after 1 January

Separator

/

Default Short Date

d/M/yy 8

Country/region

Malaysia

Format Example

17/3/11

Default Long Date Format d MMMM yyyy Example

17 Mac 2011

Additional Short Date Format 1

n/a

Example

n/a

Additional Short Date Format 2

n/a

Example

n/a

Additional Long Date Format 1

n/a

Example

n/a

Additional Long Date Format 2

n/a

Example

n/a

Leading Zero in Day Field for Short Date Format

No

Leading Zero in Month Field for Short Date Format

No

No. of digits for year for Short Day Format

2

Leading Zero in Day Field for Long Date Format

No

Leading Zero in Month Field for Long Date Format

n/a

Number of digits for year for Long Day Format

4

Date Format for Correspondence

Default Long Date Format

9

Country/region

Malaysia

Example

17 Mac 2011

Notes

n/a d is for day, number of d's indicates the format (d = digits without leading zero, dd = digits with leading zero, ddd = the abbreviated day name, dddd = full day name)

Abbreviations in Format Codes

M is for month, number of M's gives number of digits. (M = digits without leading zero, MM = digits with leading zero, MMM = the abbreviated name, MMMM = full name) y is for year, number of y's gives number of digits (yy = two digits, yyyy = four digits)

Time Country/region

Malaysia

24 hour format

No

Standard time format

h:mm:ss 10

Country/region

Malaysia

Standard time format example

3:24:12

Time separator

Colon (:)

Time separator examples

3:24:12

Hours leading zero

No

Hours leading zero example

n/a

String for AM designator

12:00AM Tengah malam 12:01AM – 11:59AM Pagi 12:00PM Tengah hari

String for PM designator

12:01PM – 6:59PM Petang 7:00PM – 11:59PM Malam

Notes

To tell the time in Malay, it is always starts with “pukul” or “jam”, followed by the time: 9:25AM Pukul 9:25 pagi; 7:30PM Pukul 7:30 malam

Days Country/region: Malaysia Day

Normal Form

Abbreviation

Monday

Isnin

n/a

Tuesday

Selasa

n/a

Wednesday

Rabu

n/a

Thursday

Khamis

n/a

Friday

Jumaat

n/a

Saturday

Sabtu

n/a

Sunday

Ahad

n/a

First Day of Week: Sunday Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: It is not recommended to abbreviate the days.

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Months Country/region: Malaysia Month

Full Form

Abbreviated Form

Long Date Form

January

Januari

Jan.

Januari

February

Februari

Feb.

Februari

March

Mac

Mac

Mac

April

April

Apr.

April

May

Mei

Mei

Mei

June

Jun

Jun

Jun

July

Julai

Jul.

Julai

August

Ogos

Ogos

Ogos

September

September

Sept.

September

October

Oktober

Okt.

Oktober

November

November

Nov.

November

December

Disember

Dis.

Disember

Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: The following is the month of Lunar Year, as referred to Islamic calendar: -

Muharam Safar Rabiul Awal Rabiul Akhir Jamadil Awal Jamadil Akhir Rejab Syaaban Ramadhan Syawal Zulkaedah Zulhijah

Numbers Numbers used are from 0 to 9.

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Phone Numbers Country/ region

International Dialing Code

Area Codes Used?

Number of Digits – Area Codes

Separator

Number of Digits – Domestic

Digit Groupings – Domestic

Malaysia

+60

Yes

1 to 2 digits. 1 digit for Peninsular Malaysia, 2 digits for Sabah and Sarawak, and mobile numbers

Hyphen

8; 9;

##-######; #### ####; ##### ####;

Country/ region

Number of Digits – Local

Digit Groupings – Local

Number of Digits – Mobile

Digit Groupings – Mobile

Number of Digits – International

Digit Groupings – International

Malaysia

6; 7; 8

######; ### ####; #### ####

Numbers used are 0-9 and with the symbol + preceding the numbers if calls are made from a mobile line

##-### ####

11; 12; 13;

+60##-######; +60#-### ####; +60##-### ####; +60##### ####

Notes: Depending on the area, the number of digits for a phone number ranges from 6 to 8. For Sabah and Sarawak, the area code consists of 2 digits while the phone number consists of 6 digits. For the rest of the country, the area code consists of 1 digit and the phone number is either 7-digit or 8-digit.

Addresses Country/region: Malaysia Disclaimer: Please note that the information in this entry should under no circumstances be used in examples as fictitious information. Address Format: [Title/Honorific] Name [Company Name] Address 1 [Address 2] Postal Code City 13

State [Country] Example Address: Datuk Yahya Ali, Petronas Dagangan Berhad Lot 5, Jalan Bukit 43000 Kajang Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia Local Postal Code Format: xxxxx Notes: Title / Honorific details. Listed below are the common titles used locally: -

Tan Sri Dato‟ Seri Datuk Dato‟ Datin Tun Tuan Encik Puan Cik

State details. The states listed below can be written as full state name or the abbreviated version as represented in brackets[] -

Johor Darul Takzim [Johor] Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah [Melaka] Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus [Negeri Sembilan] Selangor Darul Ehsan [Selangor] Perak Darul Ridzuan [Perak] Kedah Darul Aman [Kedah] Pahang Darul Makmur [Pahang] Terengganu Darul Iman [Terengganu] Kelantan Darul Naim [Kelantan] Perlis Indera Kayangan [Perlis]

Currency For Malaysia only. Country/region

Malaysia

Currency Name

Ringgit Malaysia

14

Currency Symbol

RM

Currency Symbol Position

Placed before the amount and usually contains no space between the symbol and the number.

Positive Currency Format

RM123,456.78

Negative Sign Symbol

Dash “-“ or bracket “(##)”

Negative Currency Format

-RM123,456.78 or (RM123,456.78)

Decimal Symbol

. (period)

Number of Digits after Decimal

2

Digit Grouping Symbol

, (comma)

Number of Digits in Digit Grouping

3

Positive Currency Example

RM123,456.78

Negative Currency Example

- RM123,456.78 or (RM123,456.78)

ISO Currency Code

MYR

Currency Subunit Name

sen

Currency Subunit Symbol

N/A

Currency Subunit Example

5 sen

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Digit Groups Country/region: Malaysia Decimal Separator: . Decimal Separator Description: Period Decimal Separator Example: 9.18, RM91.75 Thousand Separator: , Thousand Separator Description: comma Thousand Separator Example: 123,456 Notes: • It is acceptable to omit thousand separator (comma) for numbers with 4 digits in their integer part, but better readability, it is advisable to put comma as the thousand separator. • Numbers not in regular text may or may not have thousand separators. For examples, values in Excel do not have thousand separators.

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Measurement Units Metric System Commonly Used?: Yes Temperature: Celsius Category

English

Translation

Abbreviation

Linear Measure

Kilometer

kilometer

km

Meter

meter

m

Decimeter

desimeter

dm

Centimeter

sentimeter

sm

Millimeter

milimeter

mm

Hectoliter

hektoliter

hL/hl

Liter

liter

L/l

Deciliter

desiliter

dL/dl

Centiliter

sentiliter

sL/sl

Milliliter

mililiter

mL/ml

Ton

tan

n/a

Kilogram

kilogram

kg

Pound

paun

lb

Gram

gram

g

Decigram

desigram

dg

Centigram

sentigram

sg

Milligram

miligram

mg

Inch

inci

in or “

Feet

kaki

ka or „

Mile

batu

bt

Gallon

gelen

n/a

Capacity

Mass

English Units of Measurement

Notes: Please use full variant unless there is space restriction or repetitive mention of the measurement units.

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Percentages Percentage symbol (%) is placed after the number. No space in between numbers and the symbol. E.g. Please write as 10% and not 10 %.

Sorting

Sorting rules

1. The order of sorting is according to whichever character comes first: regardless of whether they are in the form of letters, digits or roman numerals. 2. Capital letters and lowercase letters are equal. No distinction is made between them.

Character sorting order

A (65); a (97); B (66); b (98); C (67); c (99); D (68); d (100); E (69); e (101); F (70); f (102); G (71); g (103); H (72); h (104); I (73); i (105); J (74); j (106); K (75); k (107); L (76); l (108); M (77); m (109); N (78); n (110); O (79); o (111); P (80); p (112); Q (81); q (113); R (82); r (114); S (83); s (115); T (84); t (116); U (85); u (117); V (86); v (118); W (87); w (119); X (88); x (120); y (121); Z (90); z (122) 1 @ Aaron Aaron andere andere ändere Chaque chaque chemin

Examples of sorted words

chemin cote cote coté côte côté čučēt Czech Czech hiša Irdisch irdisch 18

lävi lie lie lire lire llama llama lõug Löwen lòza Lübeck luč luck luck lye lye Männer màšta mîr möchten myndig myndig piña pint pint pylon pylon sämtlich šàran savoir savoir Šerbūra Sietla Sietla ślub

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subtle subtle symbol symbol väga verkehrt verkehrt vox vox waffle waffle wood wood yen yen yuan yuan yucca yucca ţal ţena Ţenēva zoo zoo Zürich Zviedrija Zviedrija zysk zzlj zzlz zznj zznz

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Geopolitical Concerns Part of the cultural adaptation of the US-product to a specific market is the resolving of geopolitical issues. While the US-product should have been designed and developed with neutrality and a global audience in mind, the localized product should respond to the particular situation that applies within the target country/region. Sensitive issues or issues that might potentially be offensive to the users in the target country/region may occur in any of the following: 

Maps



Flags



Country/region, city and language names



Art and graphics

 Cultural content, such as encyclopedia content and other text where historical or political references may occur Some of these issues are relatively easy to verify and resolve: the objective should be for the localizer to always have the most current information available. Maps and other graphic representations of countries/regions and regions should be checked for accuracy and existing political restrictions. Country/region, city and language names change on a regular basis and need to be checked, even if previously approved. A thorough understanding of the culture of the target market is required for checking the appropriateness of cultural content, clip art and other visual representations of religious symbols, body and hand gestures. Guideline As country/region and city names can change, please use the most up-to-date Malay list for every release of your product.

Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions This section includes information on how to apply the general rules of the Malay language to Microsoft products and documentation.

Adjectives In Malay, adjectives come after noun. Possessive adjectives The frequent use of possessives is a feature of English language. However in Malay, these possessive objectives are seldom used in formal settings. They are frequently found in fiction writing. Possessive adjective my (+) saya 21

Possessive adjective your (+) anda his (+) -nya her (+) -nya its (+) -nya our (+) -nya their (+) -nya

Articles General considerations The article a, an, and the are generally not translated as nouns in Malay are generally plural by default. They are not relevant for Malay translations. Example: Ali is a teacher is not translated (+) Ali adalah seorang guru But translated as Ali guru adalah seorang is an attempt to translate is a but in actual fact is redundant. Unlocalized Feature Names Microsoft product names and non-translated feature names are used without definite or indefinite articles in the English language. The same rules applied for Malay. Example: (+) Internet Explorer 9 (+) Microsoft Office Live Localized Feature Names Translated feature names are used with a definite or indefinite article as they are not treated as proper names. The examples are: Keyboard is translated as (+) Papan Kekunci Screen is translated as (+) Skrin Memory is translated as (+) Ingatan Articles for English Borrowed Terms When faced with an English loan word previously used in Microsoft products, consider the following options: 

Motivation: Does the English word have any formally motivated features that would allow a straightforward integration into the noun class system of Malay language? 22

 

Analogy: Is there an equivalent Malay term whose article could be used? Frequency: Is the term used in other technical documentation? If so, what article is used most often?

The internet may be a helpful reference here.

Capitalization Malay language capitalizes only first letter in a sentence and proper nouns. However, there are certain occasions where the first letter in each word is capitalized (title case) for titles.

Compounds Generally, compounds should be understandable and clear to the user. Overly long or complex compounds should be avoided. Keep in mind that unintuitive compounds are ultimately an intelligibility and usability issue. In the Malay Language, compound words are written as two separate words, except for a few exceptions.

23

If the two words can stand on its own they are not combined. If one of the words does not make sense on its own, then it has to be combined without the hyphen. Example: Ultra-Mobile PC is translated as (+) PC Ultra Mudah Alih Keyboard is translated as (+) Papan Kekunci 3-D is translated as (+) 3D When the compound words contain both a prefix and a suffix, then, the two words are combined into one word. Example: Enforcement is translated as(+) Penguatkuasaan

Gender Malay language is not gender biased in general. For example, the third person pronoun “dia” can be either “he” or “she”. In English, there are gender-specific words that describe roles, such as “actor” and “actress”, “headmaster” and “headmistress”, “chairman” and “chairwoman”, etc. The translations in Malay are simply (+) “pelakon”, “guru besar” and “pengerusi” respectively. They apply to both genders.

Genitive This section does not apply to Malay.

Modifiers In Malay localized text, you do not need to add modifier (in the form of an adjective, an adverb, or a phrase or clause acting as an adjective or adverb) to add information to another element in the sentence. Example: The system works slowly is translated as (+) Sistem berfungsi dengan lambat Note: The word lambat is not modified to reflect the actual meaning for slowly. On the other hand, dengan is used to denote the translations for ly.

Nouns General considerations Only proper nouns are written with capital letter for the first alphabet. Common name, pronouns and derivative nouns are written in small letters.

24

Inflection This section does not apply to Malay. Plural Formation Nouns in Malay language are by default plural. However, there may be situations whereby plurals and singulars need to be differentiated. In such cases, reduplication (repetition with a hyphen to denote that the noun is in the plural form) is used for differentiation purposes. Example: Keys is translated as (+) Kekunci-kekunci

Prepositions Pay attention to the correct use of the preposition in translations. Influenced by the English language, many translators omit them or change the word order. Malay prepositions link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. Pay attention to the correct use of the preposition in translations. Influenced by the English language, many translators omit them or change the word order. Translate English prepositions according to their context and avoid Anglicism. The following prepositions have become standard practice at Microsoft: US Expression

Malay Expression

Comment

Welcome to Windows Vista

(+) Selamat Datang ke Windows Vista

„to‟ is the preposition and translated as „ke‟.

Pronouns There are not many first person singular pronouns in the Malay language. Apart from “saya” the others are “aku” and “gua” (slang). It is better to stick to “saya” as “aku” and “gua” are usually used among friends and equals only. There are more than one way to say “we” in Malay, but the distinctions implied are not quite the same as those implied by other pronouns (“kita” means “you” and “me” whereas “kami” means “we” in the sense of a group that does not include “you”).

25

Punctuation The Malay general punctuation rules are identical to English. Punctuation spacing in Malay is also as in English, i.e. punctuation marks are always followed by one space. Comma In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. Before the last term, „dan‟ is used in replace of comma. Example English: red, blue and white Malay: (+) merah, biru dan putih

Colon A colon tells the reader that what follows is closely related to the preceding clause. The colon has more effect than the comma, less power to separate than the semi colon, and more formality than the dash. It usually follows an independent clause and should not separate a verb from its complement or a preposition from its object. Example: To function properly, your computer requires the following items: keyboard, mouse/touchpad, monitor and CPU (+) Untuk berfungsi dengan betul, komputer anda memerlukan item-item ini: papan kekunci, tetikus / pad sesentuh, monitor dan CPU.

Dashes and Hyphens This section does not apply to Malay.

Ellipses (Suspension Points) Follow English style. There is no space in before the ellipses sign Example: English: Loading… Malay: (+) Memuatkan…

26

Period Period is used to denote the end of a sentence. English: This is a computer program. Malay: (+) Ini atur cara komputer.

Question Marks Question mark is a punctuation mark that replaces the full stop (period) at the end of an interrogative sentence. It is used when referring to a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply. English: Are you sure you want to close the program? Malay: Adakah anda pasti mahu menutup atur cara ini?

Quotation Marks In Malay, the commonly used quotation marks are single quote („) and double quote (“). Formal quotations cited as documentary evidence are introduced by a colon and enclosed in quotation marks. Example: English: The website on ABC company states: "We are using Microsoft operating system throughout the company.” Malay: (+) Laman web mengenai syarikat ABC menyatakan: “ Kami menggunakan sistem pengendalian Microsoft di seluruh syarikat ini.”

Parentheses In Malay, there is no space between the parentheses and the text inside them. The placement of a full stop with the parentheses depends on what they refer to: if they enclose a part of the sentence, the full stop is placed after the closing bracket; if they enclose the full sentence, the full stop is placed inside the parentheses. Example: (+) Untuk meneruskan, klik "Seterusnya" (anda mungkin perlu menentukan kunci produk). (+) Untuk meneruskan, klik Seterusnya. (Anda mungkin perlu menentukan kunci produk.)

Singular & Plural There is no differentiation between singular or plural noun though the noun in Malay is by default plural. However, if a need arises to differentiate between the two states, then reduplication of noun is used to denote the plural. 27

Examples: English

Malay

1 day

(+) 1 hari

5 days

(+) 5 hari

character

(+) aksara

characters

(+) aksara-aksara

Split Infinitive This section does not apply to Malay.

Subjunctive This section does not apply to Malay.

Symbols Please refer to these sections: Currency Digit Groups Percentage

Non-Breaking Spaces In computer-based text processing and digital typesetting (e.g. HTML), a non-breaking space is created by replacing the space with   to prevent an automatic line break at the wrong position. Example: Pulau Pangkor will give result as: Pulau Pangkor Pulau Pangkor might give result as: Pulau Pangkor

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Syntax Syntax is a crucial element of clear communication in any language. For example, Malay has its own syntax, structure and grammar. Rules regarding spelling, sentence structure, word placement and punctuation help to convey ideas and make the intended meaning clear. Example: (+) If, for instance, an email address were to be typed with the word “dotcom” instead of “.com,” the message would be undeliverable because of a syntax error.

Verbs Sometimes an English verb can be used as loan word in the target language. Such loan words usually follow the syntactic and morphological rules of the target language. For the sake of exposition, let us assume that the verbs in red below are not translated in Malay. Example: English example export standard computer global universal

Malay examples

Malay examples

Malay examples

(+) eksport (+) standard (+) komputer (+) global (+) universal

(+) mengeksport (+) menstandardkan (+) berkomputer (+) mengglobalkan (+) keuniversalan

(+) pengeksportan (+) penstandardan (+) pengkomputeran -

Word Order There are four forms of word order in Malay.

Word Order

Example

Subject + Predicate

Subject / Predicate

1. Noun Phrase + Noun Phrase

Sistem pengendalian saya / Microsoft Office

2. Noun Phrase + Phrasal Verb

Sistem itu / sedang menjalankan sandaran

3. Noun Phrase + Adjective Phrase

Sistem itu / sangat pantas

4. Noun Phrase + Conjunction Phrase

Sistem pengendalian / dari Microsoft 29

Style and Tone Considerations This section focuses on higher-level considerations for audience, style, tone, and voice.

Audience Please take the target audience into account when translating Microsoft products. For example, translation of learning materials targeted at new users should be more direct and friendly than that of IT Pro materials, which should be more formal. Example: Example for IT knowledgeable person: A mouse is an input device with the following features: a flat-bottomed casing designed to be gripped by one hand; one or more buttons on the top; a multidirectional detection device (a ball, laser or optical device) on the bottom; and a cable or wireless connection to the computer.

Style Do not use colloquial, slang, local, poetic, rare words and expressions or other words and expressions, which do not belong to standard literary language. English: You can create a comprehensive information system that displays all the subjects that are available Use rare words: Anda boleh mencipta sistem maklumat tuntas yang memaparkan semua subjek yang ada Use of formal word: Anda boleh mencipta sistem maklumat komprehensif yang memaparkan semua subjek yang ada

Tone In general please use formal tone, though in online materials the tone can be friendlier. Example : Formal tone: Dalam masa 15 saat, Hotmail yang baharu akan dilancarkan. Informal tone: Beri kami 15 saat... Kami akan menunjukkan Hotmail yang baharu kepada anda.

Voice In general please use the active voice rather than the passive voice, similar to the English language. Note: "You" must be translated as „Anda‟ in Malay. Example: English You are now connected to the Internet.

Translation (+) Anda kini bersambung ke Internet. (-) Internet telah disambungkan kepada anda.

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Localization Guidelines This section contains guidelines for localization into Malay.

General Considerations The localized text should be as if it was originally written in Malay. It has to be accurate, correct and clear. To achieve that try to avoid wordiness and word-by-word translation.

Abbreviations Common Abbreviations You might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or options names) due to lack of space. This can be done in the following ways: In online help or documentation, spell out the words that comprise an acronym or abbreviation the first time that acronym is used in the text. You should include the language-specific translation, the US term, and the acronym as in the following example: •

(+) Objek Capaian Data (Data Access Objects, DAO)

•

(+) Objek Data ActiveX (ActiveX Data Objects, ADO)

•

(+) Halaman Pelayan Aktif (Active Server Pages, ASP)

•

(+) Bahasa Penanda Hiperteks (Hypertext Markup Language, HTML)

•

(+) Protokol Pemindahan Fail (File Transfer Protocol, FTP)

Note: Although the English acronym cannot generally be derived from the language-specific translation, creating a new acronym derived from the language-specific translated term is not an option. For example, do not replace an English acronym with a language-specific acronym; instead, leave the English acronym or abbreviation intact, as in the following examples “where DLL” and “DPI” are correctly rendered as “DLL” and “DPI”: Some examples of the most common abbreviations for Malay are: Expression

Acceptable Abbreviation

dan lain-lain

(+) dll.

contohnya

(+) cth.

misalnya

(+) mis.

Application Initialization DLL

(+) DLL Pemulaan Aplikasi

DPI scaling

(+) Penskalaan DPI 31

Expression

Acceptable Abbreviation

Okay

(+) OK

Don‟t abbreviate such words as: Online (do not abbreviate to OL). Offline (do not abbreviate to OL). Note: As you can see above, if these words are abbreviated, the audience would not know the actual meaning of the abbreviation.

Accessibility Microsoft provides people with disabilities (single-handed or with hearing or motion disabilities) with more accessible products and services. These may not be available in Malaysia. Please check with your Microsoft contact.

Acronyms Acronyms are words made up of the initial letters of major parts of a compound term. Some well-known examples are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), or RAM (Random Access Memory). Some widely-used acronyms for Malay are: YM (Yahoo Messenger), OS (Operating System), IP (Internet Protocol), PM (Private Message) and etc. English acronyms that do not have commonly accepted Malay translations should not be translated.

Localized Acronyms There is no known acronym that has been localized.

Unlocalized Acronyms Most of the acronyms are not localized even though the full word is localized. Example: OS (Operating System is translated as (+) Sistem Pengendalian). IP (Internet Protocol is translated as (+) Protokol Internet)

Applications, Products, and Features Application/product names are often trademarked or may be trademarked in the future and are therefore rarely translated. Occasionally, feature names are trademarked, too (e.g. IntelliSense™). Before translating any application, product, or feature name, please verify that it is in fact translatable and not protected in any way. 32

Those product names that are very well localizable or contain a well localizable part are usually localized. Please always check their translation in Terminology Studio. Note: Mistakes with product names and trademarking are considered Sev. 1 accuracy errors.

Frequent Errors This section does not apply to Malay.

Glossaries You can find the translations of terms and UI elements of Microsoft products at Microsoft Language Portal (http://www.microsoft.com/Language/en-US/Default.aspx).

Fictitious Information Fictitious content is legally sensitive material and as such cannot be handled as a pure terminology or localization issue. Below is some basic information and contact points when dealing with fictitious content: Vendors and Localizers are not allowed to create their own fictitious names. You must either use the source names or use the list of legally approved names. Please contact your product team representative for further information on how to deal with fictitious companies, names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, etc. in your product. For technical products, you may also check with the product team representative whether localized fictitious content is required or not (e.g. Visual Studio).

Recurring Patterns This section does not apply to Malay.

Standardized Translations There are a number of standardized translations mentioned in all sections of this Style Guide. In order to find them more easily, the most relevant topics and sections are compiled here for you reference. Standard Phrases in Error Messages One of the area where standardized translations is very important is for the links.

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Examples: English

Malay

Click Here

(+) Klik di Sini

Learn More

(+) Ketahui Lebih Lanjut

Unlocalized Items Trademarked names and the name Microsoft Corporation shouldn‟t be localized. A list of Microsoft trademarks is available for your reference at the following location: http://www.microsoft.com/trademarks/t-mark/names.htm.

Using the Word Microsoft The word Microsoft is written in full in UI and text. It should not be abbreviated to MS as it could be misunderstood with Malaysian Standard (MS) used by Sirim. Exception: MS-DOS.

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Example: English: Microsoft Software License Terms Malay: (+) Syarat Pelesenan Perisian Microsoft English: Microsoft Corporation Site Malay: (+) Laman Microsoft Corporation

Software Considerations This section refers to all menus, menu items, commands, buttons, check boxes, etc., which should be consistently translated in the localized product. Refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa511258.aspx for a detailed explanation of the Windows user interface guidelines (English).

User Interface Translating UI items can be challenging at times. One of the main difficulties in many cases is the lack of context and information on the exact function of a particular UI item. This topic is intended to give some general guidelines. Always use all available resources to establish the context for UI items. In EDBs, these could be: the columns Instructions, Resource ID, String ID, sometimes also Previous Source and Term Note.

Translation of Menus, Commands and Buttons When translating menus, commands, and buttons, you should translate a verb as a verb (infinitive form), unless there is a good reason not to do so. Always try to establish whether a word is a noun or a verb, using all available context and material.

Translation of Checkboxes and Radio Buttons The text for checkboxes and radio buttons does not typically address the user directly. Punctuation in the source text often indicates whether a string is to be interpreted as a full sentence, but unfortunately this is not always the case. As a general rule, checkboxes and radio buttons receive no period at the end. If the period is there in the source text and if the string is a complete sentence, the localized string should also end with a period. A period is also advised if the target string is a complete and complex or long sentence (full sentence with sub-clauses or stretching over several lines).

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Translation of Dialog Box Titles Dialog box titles should have the same linguistic form as the corresponding menu items. This pattern is usually observed in the source text, and the source text format is decisive here.

Translation of Tool Tips Tool tips should be short and concise, but helpful to the users. In very many cases, they have exactly the same linguistic form as menus, commands or buttons and use an impersonal style without a period, but in other cases they serve as short explanations and address the user directly (see for instance the extended tool tips in Office 2007). A consistent and usability-centered approach should be taken.

Messages Messages are localized based on the Malay Language grammatical and linguistic rules.

Status Messages What is a Status Bar Message? A status bar message is an informational message about the active document or a selected command as well as about any active or selected interface item. Messages are shown in the status bar at the bottom of the window when the user has chosen a menu, a command or any other item, or has started a function. The status bar messages refer to actions being performed or already complete (for example in Outlook below).

Malay Style in Status bar Messages In English, the status bar messages have different forms dependent on the information they must convey. In Malay, menu and commands status bar messages should follow the format below.

Name

Edit

Malay Name (+) Edit

Category

English Status Bar message

Malay Status Bar message

menu

Contains editing commands

(+) Mengandungi perintah penyuntingan 36

Name

Malay Name

Copy to Folder...

(+) Salin ke Folder…

New

(+) Baru

Category

English Status Bar message

Malay Status Bar message

menu

Copies the selected items to a new location

(+) Menyalin item yang dipilih ke lokasi baru

command

Creates a new document

(+) Mencipta dokumen baru

Make object visible?

(+) Jadikan objek kelihatan?

Word is converting the document. Press Esc to stop.

(+) Word sedang menukar dokumen. Tekan kekunci Esc untuk menghentikannya.

Datasheet View

(+) Paparan Helaian Data

Done

(+) Selesai

The importance of standardization In the US product you can often find messages that are phrased differently even though they have the same meaning. Try to avoid this in the localized Malay version. Use one standard translation as in the examples below: English term

Correct Malay translation

Press F1 to get Help

(+) Untuk mendapatkan Bantuan, Tekan F1

If you want Help press F1 To get Help press F1 Not enough memory

(+) Ingatan tidak mencukupi

Insufficient memory There is not enough memory Save changes to %1?

(+) Simpan perubahan ke %1?

Do you want to save changes to %1?

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Error Messages What Is An Error Message? Here is an example:

Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user that there is an error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. For example, the messages can prompt the user to take an action or inform the user of an error that requires rebooting the computer. Malay Style in Error Messages It is important to use consistent terminology and language style in the localized error messages, and not just translate as they appear in the US product. The main principles for translation are clarity, comprehensibility, and consistency Error messages written in US-English are occasionally inconsistent. As you localize the software into Malay, you should ensure that you use a standard phrase for error messages that have the same meaning and purpose in the US-English version. Standard Phrases in Error Messages When translating standard phrases, standardize. Note that sometimes the US uses different forms to express the same thing. The following table provides US-English examples of inconsistent error messages and their corresponding, standardized Malay:

English

Translation

Example

Comment

Cannot …

(+) Fail tidak dapat dijumpai

(+) File could not be found

No past or present tense in Malay

(+) Gagal untuk menyambung

(+) Failed to connect

Could not … Failed to … Failure of … Cannot find … Could not find … Unable to find …

(+) Tidak dapat mencari perisian pemacu

(+) File cannot be found (+) Failure to connect (+) Cannot find driver software (+) Could not find driver

38

English

Translation

Unable to locate …

Example

Comment

software (+) Unable to find driver software (+) Unable to locate driver software (+) Not enough memory

Not enough memory

Insufficient memory

Insufficient memory There is not enough memory

(+) Kekurangan ingatan

There is not enough memory available

... is not available ... is unavailable

(+) There is not enough memory (+) There is not enough memory available

(+) Perintah itu tidak tersedia

(+) The command is not available (+) The command is unavailable

Error Messages Containing Placeholders When localizing error messages containing placeholders, try to find out what will replace the placeholder. This is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct when the placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Note that the letters used in placeholders convey a specific meaning, see examples below: %d, %ld, %u, and %lu means %c means %s means Examples of error messages containing placeholders: "Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!" means "Checking Web of ". "INI file "%1!-.200s!" section" means "INI file "" section". When localizing error messages containing placeholders, find out what text will replace the placeholder when the user sees the error message. This process is necessary because you must ensure the resulting sentence will be grammatically correct when the placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Most source strings have instructions that detail what text will replace the placeholder. In the English source string, placeholders are found in the position where they would naturally occur in that language. Since in English numerals typically precede the noun, the numeral placeholders typically precede the noun in the source strings. If the numeral follows the noun it modifies in Malay, you have to move the placeholder after the noun.

39

Keys The keyboard is the primary input device used for text input in Microsoft Windows. For accessibility and efficiency, most actions can be performed using the keyboard as well. While working with Microsoft software, you use keys, key combinations and key sequences. In English, References to key names, like arrow keys, function keys and numeric keys, appear in normal text (not in small caps). Keys which are physically printed with English word on the keyboard are not translated in Malay. Unless, for symbols, please translate it accordingly, e.g. Arrow Up, Down, Left, Right.

Access Keys/Hot keys

Sometimes, there are underlined or highlighted letters in menu options, commands or dialog boxes. These letters refer to access keys (also known as hot keys) that allow you to run commands, perform tasks, etc. more quickly. “Hot keys” are a combination of keys such as ALT+F or Ctrl+S that move the focus to a menu, command, or control, without using the mouse. Hot key special options

Usage: is it allowed?

"Slim characters", such as i, l, t, r, f can be used as hot key Example: Alat Characters with downstrokes, such as g, j, y, p and q can be used as hotkeys

Yes

Notes

Yes

40

Hot key special options

Usage: is it allowed?

Notes

N/A

Malay language does not include any extended character.

Yes

Any single letter available on the keyboard can be used.

A number, appearing (between brackets or not) after item name, can be used as hotkey Example: Opsyen 3 / Opsyen (3)

Yes

Any single letter available on the keyboard can be used.

A punctuation sign, appearing (between brackets or not) after item name, can be used as hotkey Example: Opsyen > / Opsyen (>)

Yes

Any single letter available on the keyboard can be used.

Note that it can be difficult to see the hotkey underline for these characters Example: Opsyen Extended characters can be used as hotkeys Example: N/A An additional letter, appearing (between brackets or not) after item name, can be used as hotkeys Example: Opsyen w / Opsyen (w)

Additional notes: n/a

Arrow Keys The arrow keys move input focus among the controls within a group. Pressing the right arrow key moves input focus to the next control in tab order, whereas pressing the left arrow moves input focus to the previous control. Home, End, Up, and Down also have their expected behavior within a group. Users can't navigate out of a control group using arrow keys.

Numeric Keypad It is recommended that you avoid distinguishing numeric keypad keys from the other keys, unless it is required by a given application. In case which keys to be pressed is not obvious, provide necessary explanations.

Shortcut Keys Shortcut keys are keystrokes or combinations of keystrokes used to perform defined functions in a software application. Shortcut keys replace menu commands and they are sometimes given next to the command they represent. In opposition to the access keys, which can be used only when available on the screen, shortcut keys can be used even when they are not accessible on the screen.

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Standard Shortcut Keys

US Command

US English Shortcut Key

Malay Command

Malay Shortcut key

General Windows Shortcut keys Help window

F1

Tetingkap bantuan

F1

Context-sensitive Help

Shift+F1

Bantuan peka konteks

Shift+F1

Display pop-up menu

Shift+F10

Paparkan menu timbul

Shift+F10

Cancel

Esc

Batal

Esc

Activate\Deactivate menu bar mode

F10

Aktifkan/Nyahaktifkan mod bar menu

F10

Switch to the next primary application

Alt+Tab

Beralih ke aplikasi utama berikutnya

Alt+Tab

Display next window

Alt+Esc

Paparkan tetingkap berikutnya

Alt+Esc

Display pop-up menu for the window

Alt+Spacebar

Paparkan menu timbul untuk tetingkap

Alt+Spacebar

Display pop-up menu for the active child window

Alt+-

Paparkan menu timbul untuk tetingkap anak yang aktif

Alt+-

Display property sheet for current selection

Alt+Enter

Paparkan helaian sifat untuk pilihan semasa

Alt+Enter

Close active application window

Alt+F4

Tutup tetingkap aplikasi yang aktif

Alt+F4

Switch to next window within (modelesscompliant) application

Alt+F6

Beralih ke tetingkap berikutnya dalam aplikasi (patuh tanpa mod)

Alt+F6

Capture active window image to the Clipboard

Alt+Prnt Scrn

Tangkap imej tetingkap aktif ke Papan Klip

Alt+Prnt Scrn

Capture desktop image to the Clipboard

Prnt Scrn

Tangkap imej desktop ke Papan Klip

Prnt Scrn

Access Start button in taskbar

Ctrl+Esc

Capai butang Start dalam bar tugas

Ctrl+Esc

Display next child window

Ctrl+F6

Paparkan tetingkap anak berikutnya

Ctrl+F6

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US Command

US English Shortcut Key

Malay Command

Malay Shortcut key

Display next tabbed pane

Ctrl+Tab

Paparkan anak tetingkap bertab berikutnya

Ctrl+Tab

Launch Task Manager and system initialization

Ctrl+Shift+Esc

Lancarkan Pengurus Tugas dan pemulaan sistem

Ctrl+Shift+Esc

File Menu File New

Ctrl+N

File New

Ctrl+N

File Open

Ctrl+O

File Open

Ctrl+O

File Close

Ctrl+F4

File Close

Ctrl+F4

File Save

Ctrl+S

File Save

Ctrl+S

File Save as

F12

File Save as

F12

File Print Preview

Ctrl+F2

File Print Preview

Ctrl+F2

File Print

Ctrl+P

File Print

Ctrl+P

File Exit

Alt+F4

File Exit

Alt+F4

Edit Menu Edit Undo

Ctrl+Z

Edit Undo

Ctrl+Z

Edit Repeat

Ctrl+Y

Edit Repeat

Ctrl+Y

Edit Cut

Ctrl+X

Edit Cut

Ctrl+X

Edit Copy

Ctrl+C

Edit Copy

Ctrl+C

Edit Paste

Ctrl+V

Edit Paste

Ctrl+V

Edit Delete

Ctrl+Backspace

Edit Delete

Ctrl+Backspace

Edit Select All

Ctrl+A

Edit Select All

Ctrl+A

Edit Find

Ctrl+F

Edit Find

Ctrl+F

Edit Replace

Ctrl+H

Edit Replace

Ctrl+H

Edit Go To

Ctrl+B

Edit Go To

Ctrl+B

Help Menu Help

F1

Help

F1 Font Format

43

US Command

US English Shortcut Key

Malay Command

Malay Shortcut key

Italic

Ctrl+I

Italic

Ctrl+I

Bold

Ctrl+G

Bold

Ctrl+G

Underlined\Word underline

Ctrl+U

Underlined\Word underline

Ctrl+U

Large caps

Ctrl+Shift+A

Large caps

Ctrl+Shift+A

Small caps

Ctrl+Shift+K

Small caps

Ctrl+Shift+K

Paragraph Format Centered

Ctrl+E

Centered

Ctrl+E

Left aligned

Ctrl+L

Left aligned

Ctrl+L

Right aligned

Ctrl+R

Right aligned

Ctrl+R

Justified

Ctrl+J

Justified

Ctrl+J

Document Translation Considerations Document localization may require some specific considerations that are different from software localization. This section covers a few of these areas.

Titles In English the titles for chapters usually begin with "How to …" or with phrases such as "Working with …" or "Using …". In the Malay version of Microsoft documentation, please translate it accordingly based on the English text. Example: English: The Microsoft Word is a word-processor software launched in 1983 by the Microsoft Corporation Malay: (+) Microsoft Word adalah perisian pemprosesan kata yang dilancarkan pada tahun 1983 oleh Microsoft Corporation

Copyright Copyright protection is granted to any original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated. Proper nouns and copyrighted product names should always be capitalized. Example: (+) Hak cipta @ 2005 ESL Pro Systems Ltd. Hak cipta terpelihara 44