TOP 10 …signs that you’re a doctoral student: 10. You bring along scholarly articles to a bar or pub. 9. You’re startled when you meet people who neither need nor want to read. 8. You begin to link absolutely everything you see, hear, and read to your own area of research. 7. You treat ibuprofen as a vitamin. 6. You consider all research paper submissions to be works in progress. 5. You find the Bibliographies in books more interesting than the actual text. 4. You have given up trying to keep your books organized and are now Brian Kerr Ph.D. Candidate Faculty of Education Memorial University of Newfoundland
just trying to keep them all in the same general area. 3. Your kids look at you funny when you refer to their favourite bedtime story as: "Snow White et al." 2. The concept of free time scares you.
August 10th, 2007
1. You’ve actually checked to see whether the APA Style Guide allows 1
you to cite talking to yourself as a "personal communication."
2
What is Blended Learning?
The concept of blended learning “has been around for decades” (Smith, 2001, p.1).
3
There is considerable disagreement regarding the meaning of the term blended learning (Osguthorpe & Graham, 2003).
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Blended Learning: Clarifying the Construct
Blended learning remains “ill-defined” (Oliver & Trigwell, 2005, p. 24).
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Differentiating the Construct
Blended learning is often mistakenly considered synonymous with terms such as: distributed learning, mixed-mode learning, hybrid learning, open learning, and flexible learning (Graham, 2006).
(Kerr, 2007)
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Distance Education
Distributed Learning
Distance Distance education education applies applies to to "learning "learning that that takes takes place place at at aa distance" distance" (Willis, (Willis, 1993, 1993, p. p. 3), 3), or or perhaps perhaps better better stated, stated, when when the the teacher teacher and and learner(s) learner(s) are are separated separated by by some some physical physical distance distance (Moore, (Moore, 2006; 2006; Heinich Heinich et et al., al., 2001; 2001; Kent Kent & & Carlson, Carlson, 1998; 1998; Cantelon, Cantelon, 1995; 1995; Willis, Willis, 1993) 1993) ..
Distributed Distributed learning learning is is “an “an instructional instructional model model that that allows allows instructor, instructor, students, students, and and content content to to be be located located in in different, different, nonnoncentralized locations so that centralized locations so that instruction instruction and and (Kerr, 2007) learning learning can can occur occur independent independent of of time time and and place" place" (Saltzberg (Saltzberg & & Polyson, Polyson, 1995, 1995, p. p. 10). 10).
(Kerr, 2007)
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e-Learning
E-learning E-learning applies applies to to “instructional “instructional content content or or learning learning experiences experiences delivered delivered or or enabled enabled exclusively exclusively by by electronic electronic technology" technology" (Tsai (Tsai & & Machado, Machado, 2002, 2002, ¶2), ¶2), which which is is comprehensive comprehensive and and inclusive, inclusive, and and not not solely solely limited limited to to the the Web Web (Tsai (Tsai & & Machado, Machado, 2002; 2002; Horton, Horton, 2000). 2000).
Online Learning
Online Online or or Web-based Web-based learning learning applies applies to to the the World-Wide World-Wide Web Web being being used used as as the the primary primary delivery delivery technology technology (i.e., (i.e., sole sole environment) environment) for for learning learning related related tasks, tasks, the the distribution distribution of of information, information, and and access access to to dynamic dynamic and and abundant abundant resources resources using using various various Internet Internet software software interfaces interfaces and/or and/or programs programs (Sammons, (Sammons, 2003; 2003; Horton, Horton, 2000; 2000; McCormack McCormack & & Jones, Jones, 1998; 1998; Willis Willis & & Dickinson, Dickinson, 1997) 1997) ..
(Kerr, 2007)
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(Kerr, 2007)
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2
Open Learning
Flexible Learning
Flexible Flexible learning learning utilizes utilizes “the “the attributes attributes and and resources resources of of the the Internet, Internet, digital digital technologies, technologies, and and other other modes modes of of learning learning in in concert concert with with instructional instructional design design principles" principles" (Khan, (Khan, 2001, 2001, p. p. 1) 1) to to promote promote flexibility flexibility in in terms terms of of “policies “policies toward toward access, access, curriculum, curriculum, methods, methods, and and learning learning processes" processes" (Jung (Jung & & Suzuki, Suzuki, 2006, 2006, p. p. 279). 279).
Open Open learning learning “indicates “indicates aa certain certain philosophy, philosophy, underlining underlining open open entry entry and and access access to to learning learning opportunities" opportunities" (Williams (Williams et et al., al., 1999, 1999, p.2). p.2).
(Kerr, 2007)
(Kerr, 2007)
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M-Learning
Blended Learning Blended Blended learning learning provides provides “flexibility “flexibility for for both both the the learners learners and and the the teachers teachers in in terms terms of of resources, resources, supports, supports, and and scaffolds” scaffolds” (Oliver (Oliver et et al., al., 2006, 2006, p. p. 502). 502). ItIt is is more more complicated complicated and and multifaceted multifaceted than than the the others others (Bonk (Bonk et et al., al., 2006), 2006), because because by by pure pure definition definition ‘blending’ ‘blending’ implies implies “the “the mixing mixing of of two two or or more more different different kinds kinds of of things” things” (Oliver (Oliver & & Trigwell, Trigwell, 2005, 2005, p.18). p.18).
m-Learning m-Learning (or (or mobile mobile learning) learning) equates equates to to being being connected connected whenever whenever and and wherever wherever the the learner learner is is located located using using aa variety variety of of technological technological mobile mobile devices within existing e-Learning environments— devices within existing e-Learning environments— true true anywhere anywhere anytime anytime access access (DeViney (DeViney & & Lewis, Lewis, 2006; 2006; Goh Goh & & Kinshuk, Kinshuk, 2006; 2006; Koole Koole & & Ally, Ally, 2006; 2006; Murphy, Murphy, 2006; 2006; Tella, Tella, 2003; 2003; Quinn, Quinn, 2001) 2001) ..
(Kerr, 2007)
(Kerr, 2007)
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Elements of the Blend
Program Media
Cultural Temporal
Institutional (Kerr, 2007)
Pedagogical Curricular
The mixing, combining, or converging of geographical (e.g., distance education, distributed learning), technological (e.g., online learning, e-Learning, m-Learning), or learner-centered elements (e.g., open learning, flexible learning) within a context of learning.
(Kerr, 2007)
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Example
Program Media
Cultural
Blended Learning = Blending of Educational Media
Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical Curricular
Bersin (2004) described blended learning as “the combination of different training media” (p. xv). Blended learning occurs when “traditional instructor-led training is being supplemented with other electronic formats” (Bersin, 2004, p. xv).
Blended learning occurs with “any combined use of electronic learning tools” (Welker & Berardino, 2006, p. 1).
(Kerr, 2007) 19
20
Example
Program Media
Cultural
Blended Learning = Temporal Blends
Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical Curricular
Blended learning is “the convergence of classroom and online education” (Garrison & Kanuka, 2004, p. 96). Blended learning is represented by “a continuum that runs from traditional, face-to-face class meetings, to totally online courses that have no direct interpersonal contact” (Schwartzman & Tuttle, 2002, p. 179). (Kerr, 2007)
Blended learning is “a method of educating at a distance that uses technology combined with traditional education or training” (Smith, 2001, ¶ 2).
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Example
Program Media
Cultural
Blended Learning = Pedagogical Blends
Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical Curricular
Blended learning is not about the technology, but is about the strategy (Oliver et al., 2006). Blended learning is “a blend of ingredients (learning delivery methods), …each adding to a meaningful learning experience” (Singh, 2003, p. 2). (Kerr, 2007)
Blended learning “represents a fundamental reconceptualization and reorganization of the teaching and learning dynamic” (Garrison & Kanuka, 2004, p. 97). Blended learning “should be based on an appropriate blend of learning theories” (Carman, 2002, p. 8). 23
24
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Example
Program Media
Cultural
Blended Learning = Curricular Blends
Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical Curricular
The blend or integration is based upon “authentic interactive connections between the disciplines” (Burton, 2001, p. 20). Blended learning involves a blend of “modular content objects for personalizing, customizing, and enriching learning at times, and increasingly on terms, defined by the learner” (Wagner, 2006, p. 43). (Kerr, 2007)
Blended learning refers to “the blending of curriculum content from academic and career and technical education, and utilizing career and technical applied methods to develop the academic and occupational competencies of all students” (Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2003, p. 35). 25
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Example
Program Media
Cultural
Blended Learning = Institutional Blends
Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical
Curricular
“Just like airline companies, universities around the world are partnering up” (Mason, 2003, p. 743). Institutional mixing typically involves “facilitated transfer of course credits and formalised articulation of programs—especially to bridge the college/technical institute and university gap” (Shale, 2002, p. 3). (Kerr, 2007)
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Example
Program Media
Blended Learning = Cultural Blends
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Cultural Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical
Curricular
“Among its many strengths, blended learning connects people, activities, and events. It will soon be a key tool for building shared cultural understanding on a global basis” (Bonk et al., 2006, p. 562). “Social changes such as economic globalization and international mobility have led to an increase in the number of people who spend substantial periods of time in more than one cultural context” (Campbell, 2000, p. 31).
(Kerr, 2007)
A culturally mixed or diverse learning environment presents “learners and instructors with differing worldviews, communication practices, and technological issues” (Murphy et al., 2007, p. 51).
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Example
Program Media
Cultural
Blended Learning = Program Delivery Blends
Temporal
Institutional Pedagogical Curricular
According to ecological systems theory, “there is really no such thing as a decontextualized or single-context learner” (Gibson, 1998, p. 116). Blended learning programs "possess characteristics of both traditional programs and nontraditional elements" (Cantelon, 1995, p. 4).
(Kerr, 2007)
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Example
Blended Learning = Definition The mixing, combining, or converging of geographical (e.g., distance education, distributed learning), technological (e.g., online learning, e-Learning, mLearning), or learner-centered elements (e.g., open learning, flexible learning) within a context of learning.
The mixing, combining, or converging of any combination of technological, temporal, geographical, institutional, curricular, program delivery, cultural, pedagogical, and/or other learner-centered elements within a context of learning.
(Kerr, 2007) 33
Conclusions
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Conclusions Cultural Media
What is Blended Learning? Temporal
Program
Institutional Curricular Pedagogical (Kerr, 2007)
36
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Brian Kerr
Learners are wanting and expecting more
Chair, Undergraduate Degree Programs Fisheries and Marine Institute Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's, NL Canada, A1C 5R3 Tel: (709) 778-0676 Facs: (709) 778-0394 E-mail:
[email protected]
variety in the ways that they can learn. (Khan, 2007)
Thank you!
38
Supervisory Committee
39
References Bersin, J. (2003). Blended learning: what works? Retrieved April 10, 2006, from http://emarketing.propoint.com/propoint/pdf/bloverview191.pdf
Dr. Elizabeth Murphy * Dr. David Dibbon
Bonk, C.J., Kim, K-J., and Zeng, T. (2006). Future directions of blended learning in higher education and workplace learning settings. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
Dr. Bruce Sheppard Dr. Dale Kirby Dr. Peter Fisher **
Burton, L. (2001). Interdisciplinary curriculum: Retrospect and prospect. Music Educators Journal, 87(5), 17-22.
* Supervisor ** Marine Institute
Campbell, A. (2000). Cultural identity as a social construct. Intercultural Education, 11(1), 31-38.
40
References
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References
(cont.’d)
Cantelon, J.E. (1995). The evolution and advantages of distance education. In Mark Rossman and Maxine Rossman (Eds.), Facilitating distance education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
(cont.’d)
Gibson, C.C. (2003). Learners and learning: The need for theory. In M.G. Moore and W.G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Goh, T. and Kinshuk. (2006). Getting ready for mobile learningadaptation perspective. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 15(2), 175-198.
Carman, Jared M. (2002). Blended learning design: Five key ingredients. KnowledgeNet. Retrieved August 1, 2006 from http://www.knowledgenet.com/pdf/Blended Learning Design_1028.PDF
Graham, C.R. (2006). Blended learning systems: Definition, current trends, and future directions. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
DeViney, N. and Lewis, N. (2006). On-demand learning. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J., and Smaldino, S. (2001). Instructional media and technologies for learning (7th ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, Prentice Hall.
Garrison, D.R and Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 7(2), 95-105. 42
43
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(cont.’d)
Hewling, A. (2005). Culture in the online class: Using message analysis to look beyond nationality-based frames of reference. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1). Retrieved October 21, 2006, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue1/hewling.html
(cont.’d)
Khan, B.H. (2001). A framework for web-based learning. In B.H. Khan (Ed.), Web-based training. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. Kent, E.P. and Carlson, A.J. (1998). Distance learning versus technology enhanced learning: How to keep the personal touch while teaching with the Internet. In Adult higher education alliance (AHEA) conference proceedings. Distance and diversity: Adult learners in the next millennium. San Diego, CA.
Horton, W.K. (2000). Web-based training. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 544pp. Jung, I. and Suzuki, K. (2006). Blended learning in Japan and its application in liberal arts education. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
Koole, M. and Ally, M. 2006. Framework for the rational analysis of mobile education (FRAME) model: Revising the ABCs of educational practices. In Proceedings of the international conference on networking, international conference on systems and international conference on mobile communications and learning technologies (ICNICONSMCL'06). Morne, Mauritius: IEEE Computer Society Press. 23-29.
Khan, B.H. (2007). Flexible learning in an open and distributed environment. In B.H. Khan (Ed.), Flexible learning in an information society. Hershey, PA: Idea Group, Inc. 1-16. 44
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(cont.’d)
Lewis, R. (2002). The hybridisation of conventional higher education: UK perspective. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 2(2).
Moore, M.G. (2006). Forward. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
Mason, R. (2003). Global education: Out of the ivory tower. In M.G. Moore and W.G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Murphy, K.L., Gazi, Y., and Cifuentes, L. (2007). Intercultural collaborative project-based learning in online environments. In B.H. Khan (Ed.), Flexible learning in an information society. Hershey, PA: Idea Group, Inc. 50-63.
McCormack, C. and Jones, D. (1998). Building a web-based education system. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Murphy, A. (2006). Designing mobile learning. In Proceedings of the international conference on internet and web applications and services/advanced international conference on telecommunications (AICT-ICIW '06). Guadeloupe, French Caribbean: IEEE Computer Society Press. 19-25.
McLuhan, M. (1994). Understanding media: The extensions of man. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Monk, D. (2000). New training methods: A giant leap of faith? In L. Borghans, W.H. Gijselaers, R.G. Milter, and J.E. Stinson (Eds.), Educational innovation in economics and business (Volume 5): Business education for the changing workplace. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 46
References
Oliver, R., Herrington, J., and Reeves, T. (2006). Creating authentic learning environments through blended learning approaches. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
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(cont.’d)
Oliver, M. and Trigwell, K. (2005). Can ‘blended learning’ be redeemed? E–Learning, 2(1), 17-26.
47
(cont.’d)
Schwartzman, R. and Tuttle, H.V. (2002). What can online course components teach about improving instruction and learning? Journal of Instructional Psychology, 29(3), 179-88.
Osguthorpe, R. and Graham, R. (2003). Blended learning environments definitions and directions. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 4(3), 227-233.
Shale, D. (2002). The hybridisation of higher education in Canada. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 2(2).
Quinn, C. (2001). mLearning: Mobile, wireless, in-your-pocket learning. LiNE Zine, Fall 2002. Retrieved November 25, 2006 from http://www.linezine.com/2.1/features/cqmmwiyp.htm
Singh, H. (2003). Building effective blended learning programs. Educational Technology, 43(6).
Saltzbert, S. and Polyson, S. (1995). Distributed learning on the World Wide Web. Syllabus, 9(1), 10-12.
Singh, H. and Reed, C. (2001). Achieving success with blended learning. Centra Software [White Paper] Retrieved December 10, 2006 from http://www.harveysingh.com/Blended%20eLearning%20%20White%20Paper%20from%20Instancy.pdf
Sammons, M. (2003). Exploring the new conception of teaching and learning in distance education. In M.G. Moore and W.G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 48
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Smith, J.M. (2001). Blended learning: An old friend gets a new name. Retrieved September 15, 2006, from http://www.design-insite.com/elearning4f.html
Wagner, E.D. (2006). On designing interaction experiences for the next generation of blended learning. In C.J. Bonk and C. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs. San Francisco: Pfeiffer Publications.
Tella, S. (2003). M-learning-cybertextual traveling or a herald of post-modern education? In H. Kynäslahti and P. Seppälä (Eds.), Mobile learning. Finland: Edita Publishing Inc. 7-21.
Welker, J. and Berardino, L. (2006). Blended learning: Understanding the middle ground between traditional classroom and fully online instruction. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 34(1), 33-55.
Tsai, S. and Machado, P. (2002). E-learning, online learning, webbased learning, or distance learning: Unveiling the ambiguity in current terminology. eLearn Magazine. Retrieved November 17th, 2006 from http://www.elearnmag.org/subpage.cfm?section=best_practice s&article=6-1
Williams, M.L., Paprock, K, and Covington, B. (1999). Distance learning: The essential guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
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(cont.’d)
Willis, B. and Dickinson, J. (1997). Distance education and the world wide web. In B.H. Khan (Ed.), Web-based instruction. New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications, Inc. 81-84. Willis, B. (1993). Distance education: a practical guide. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
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