What future for manufacturing? TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES, VALUE CAPTURE & INDUSTRIAL POLICY
THE 2015 BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM MØLLER CENTRE | CAMBRIDGE UK | 10-11 SEPTEMBER 2015
CSTI
Science Technology Innovation Policy
The 2015 Babbage Symposium aims to bring together researchers from engineering, economics and management with a shared interest in advancing understanding of: the role of manufacturing in modern economies
the ways technical capabilities can be effectively aligned with economic value capture opportunities the potential for industrial policies to promote economic competitiveness and growth
In addition to leading academics and early career scholars, the conference will also involve senior policy makers with experience in manufacturing and industrial policy development, implementation and practice.
BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015
Contents WELCOME 4
BACKGROUND 5
AGENDA 6
REFLECTION ON CHALLENGES - SESSION INSTRUCTIONS
8
SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES 9
Welcome I am delighted to welcome you to this first Babbage Symposium. We have been extremely fortunate to be able to bring together such a distinguished group for what we believe will be a rare and exciting occasion. The aim as you know is to explore the future of manufacturing from the sometimes diverse perspectives of engineering, operations and economics. We have little doubt that our discussions will lead to new understanding between the disciplines but also new insights which we hope and expect will be helpful to policy makers and industrialists as well as the academic community. As the world struggles to raise the standards of living for the many without irrevocably damaging the planet, the future of manufacturing has never been more important. The solutions will not lie in technology, industry, commerce or government separately but rather in collaborative efforts between these actors. If we are able to make some small contributions to addressing this challenge our time will have been well spent. Our warmest thanks to you for making the journey here. We are confident that Charles Babbage would have approved of our deliberations!
Professor Sir Mike Gregory
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BACKGROUND | BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015
The Babbage Symposium will provide a forum for the exchange of ideas, methods and insights between economists and engineers. In particular, the symposium is designed for those economists with an interest in how national economic analysis can be improved through more detailed understanding of technological and manufacturing systems; and for those engineers with an interest in the impact of manufacturing strategies and technological innovation on macroeconomic competitiveness. The symposium themes reflect and honour Charles Babbage’s contributions to both engineering and economics - and his efforts to understand and explain their interconnectedness. Charles Babbage carried out pioneering work not only in early computer science, but also in studies of the organisation and management of factories, and in industrial economics, not least into role of technological change in industrial development. Babbage also anticipated, in the first half of the 19th century, the concept of national innovation systems and highlighted the implications for the scientific and industrial policies of national governments. The importance of understanding the interdependencies of manufacturing engineering, operations management and economic growth has never been greater. Global manufacturing networks and production systems are becoming ever more complex, manufacturing timescales are reducing rapidly, while the pace of technological innovation is accelerating. Following the 2007 financial crisis, the debate about the role and importance of manufacturing in a ‘balanced’ economy continues unabated. Significant progress in understanding these issues is unlikely to be made by economists, engineers or management researchers alone.
FORMAT
THEMATIC CHALLENGES
COMMITTEE
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How can national technical and manufacturing (value creation) capabilities be matched with economic (value capture) opportunities?
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Mike Gregory, Chair IfM, Cambridge
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How can policy makers identify appropriate manufacturing opportunities and strategies for high wage economies?
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Robert Rowthorn Economics, Cambridge
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How can manufacturing activity in the economy be measured more accurately?
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Ha-Joon Chang Economics, Cambridge
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How can governments more effectively align technology, manufacturing and industry policies?
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Eoin O’Sullivan CSTI, Cambridge
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How can the private sector be effectively involved in identifying and addressing national capability requirements?
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Antonio Andreoni Economics, SOAS
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How can national institutions be (re)configured to most effectively support future manufacturing competitiveness?
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Carlos López-Gómez CSTI, Cambridge
aa Talks by leading experts aa Panel discussions involving academics and policy makers aa Networking
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AGENDA | THURSDAY 10 SEPTEMBER
09.30
REGISTRATION
10.00 WELCOME Mike Gregory (Institute for Manufacturing), Chair 10.15 INTRODUCTION TO THE BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM AGENDA Eoin O’Sullivan (Centre for Science, Technology & Innovation Policy) 10.30 SETTING THE CHALLENGES The challenges to align technical capabilities, business opportunities and economic value capture: perspectives from a career in business and government Lord Sainsbury of Turville (Chancellor of the University of Cambridge and former UK Minister for Science and Innovation) Break 11.30
CHALLENGE 1: TECHNOLOGICAL, ORGANISATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHANGE Key themes include: aa Challenges to manufacturing productivity and re-industrialisation in high wage economies aa Capturing manufacturing value from emerging technologies and the ‘fourth’ industrial revolution aa Drivers of technological change and evolutionary processes of industrial transformation
Engelbert Westkämper (U. Stuttgart) & Giovanni Dosi (Sant’Anna Pisa) Open discussion 13.00
LUNCH
14.00
CHALLENGE 2: INNOVATION, MANUFACTURING AND ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS Key themes include: aa Barriers to scaling-up technological innovation aa Key inputs to innovation: production capabilities and finance aa The role of finance in sustainable innovation and financialization of manufacturing firms
Suzanne Berger (MIT) & William Lazonick (U. Massachusetts Lowell) Open discussion 15.30
Break
16.00
REFLECTIONS OF POLICY PRACTITIONERS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS Panel discussion speakers include:
Thomas Kurfess (Former Assistant Director of Advanced Manufacturing at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy) Mario Sergio Salerno (Former Director of Industrial Development at the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Development)
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17.00
CLOSE
19.30
DINNER AT ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE
FRIDAY 1 1 SEPTEMBER | AGENDA
08.30
REFRESHMENTS
09.00
CHALLENGE 3: MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LIFECYCLES Key themes include: aa Structure of manufacturing and technological systems aa Government policies to support technological change aa The role of public institutions in manufacturing systems
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa (Japan Science & Technology Agency) & Keun Lee (Seoul National U.) Open discussion 10.30
Break
10.45
CHALLENGE 4: CHANGING GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY Key themes include: aa Value distribution and labour in global production networks aa Rethinking industrial policies in an era of global manufacturing networks aa Changing global rules and industrial policy
William Milberg (New School) & Ha-Joon Chang (Cambridge) and Antonio Andreoni (SOAS) Open discussion 12.15
LUNCH
13.15
RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES - DEVELOPING THE CAPABILITIES aa Lessons from engineering and economics aa Addressing the needs of industrialists and policy makers aa Structuring the discussion and developing the agenda
Mike Gregory (Institute for Manufacturing), Chair 13.45 REFLECTIONS ON CHALLENGES Breakout discussions 14.30
FEEDBACK AND WRAP-UP Final symposium discussion and closing remarks
15.30
CLOSE (optional visit to the Institute for Manufacturing)
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BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015 | REFLECTION ON CHALLENGES
BREAKOUT DISCUSSIONS Aims Synthesise our understanding of the ‘challenges’ and the way we think they should be addressed Guidelines Participants will be divided into four groups and each group will focus on one of the challenges. Questions suggested to guide the discussion include: aa
Is there agreement on what the challenges are? What other challenges haven’t been discussed?
aa What are the open questions? What are the key areas where more research is required? aa
What can be done? What are the most pressing changes required in academia and policy?
Each group will select a person to capture and present a summary of their discussion to the rest of the participants.
CHALLENGE 1 Technological, organisational and industrial change CHALLENGE 2 Innovation, Manufacturing and Economic Competitiveness CHALLENGE 3: Manufacturing systems and technology lifecycles
CHALLENGE 4: Changing global industrial landscape and industrial policy
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Suggested timing Break out groups: 45 mins Summary presentation: 5 mins per group Discussion: 10 mins per group
SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES | BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015
Professor Sir Mike Gregory Head, Institute for Manufacturing University of Cambridge Mike Gregory is Head of the IfM. Following an early career in industry, he founded the Manufacturing Engineering Tripos, a senior undergraduate programme linking engineering, management and economics and with very close industrial engagement Subsequent developments in research and collaboration with industry reflected this broad view of manufacturing and led to the establishment of the IfM in 1998. Mike’s work continues to be closely linked with industry and government and he has published in the areas of manufacturing strategy, technology management, international manufacturing and manufacturing policy. He served as Executive Director of the Cambridge MIT Institute from 2005– 2008 and was Springer Visiting Professor at UC Berkeley in 2008/9. He chairs the UK Manufacturing Professors’ Forum and is a member of the UK government’s Manufacturing Analytical Group. He is a Fellow of Churchill College and the Royal Academy of Engineering.
Dr Eoin O’Sullivan Director, Centre for Science, Technology & Innovation Policy University of Cambridge Eoin joined the Institute for Manufacturing as a Senior Policy Fellow in 2007. Since then Eoin has carried out research on the ways science and engineering R&D is translated in new technologies, industries and economic wealth. Eoin’s policy-related activities have included studies for the UK Department of Business, Innovation & Skills; the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council; the UK Government Office of Science; the Technology Strategy Board; and the Higher Education Funding Council of England. Eoin is one of the organisers of the Babbage Industrial Policy Network, and is on the governance committee of the Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork / Teagasc. Before joining the IfM, Eoin was Special Advisor to the Director General of Science Foundation Ireland external link. At SFI, Eoin managed several university-industry initiatives including the national Centres for Science, Engineering & Technology (CSET) programme. Eoin was part of the original team that set up SFI. He was both a Senior Policy Advisor at Forfas, The Irish National Policy & Advisory Board for Enterprise, Trade, Science, Technology & Innovation and a Senior Programme Officer for Information & Communications Technologies at the Foundation.
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BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015 | SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES
Lord Sainsbury of Turville Chancellor University of Cambridge David Sainsbury read History and Psychology at King’s College, Cambridge, and then joined J Sainsbury plc in 1963. He received an M.B.A. from the Columbia Graduate School of Business in New York in 1971. He was Finance Director of J. Sainsbury plc from 1973 – 1990, Deputy Chairman from 1988 – 1992, and Chairman from 1992 – 1998. David Sainsbury became Lord Sainsbury of Turville in October, 1997. He was appointed Minister of Science and Innovation from July 1998 until November 2006, and had responsibility for the Office of Science and Technology, Innovation, Space, the Bioscience and Chemical Industries, and the Patent Office. He was Chairman of the Governing Body of the London Business School from 1991 – 1998 and founded and chairs the Institute for Government. He is the founder of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, and in 2003 received, on behalf of the Sainsbury family, the Andrew Carnegie Medal for Philanthropy. He is an Honorary FREng (Honorary FEng 1994), an Honorary FRS 2008, and an Honorary FMedSci 2008. He is the author of “Progressive Capitalism: How to Achieve Economic Growth, Liberty and Social Justice”, which was published in May 2013. He is also the author of two Fabian pamphlets “Government and Industry: A New Partnership” and “Science and Innovation Policies in a Global Economy” and is co-author with Christopher Smallwood of “Wealth Creation and Jobs” published by the Public Policy Centre. In 2007 he produced for the Government a review of the Government’s science and innovation policies, “The Race To The Top”. He was elected Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in October 2011
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Professor Dr.-Ing. Prof. E.h. Dr.-Ing.E.h. Dr.h.c. (mult) Engelbert Westkämper University of Stuttgart Westkämper studied Mechanical Engineering at the RWTH Aachen (Dr.-Ing.) (1977). After his study, he worked for 10 years in leading positions in the German aircraft and in electric/ electronic industry with responsibilities for manufacturing technologies and investment (1977 – 1988). He was appointed as Professor for Manufacturing Technologies and Management in the Universities of Braunschweig (1988 – 1995) and Stuttgart (1995 -2011). Fraunhofer appointed him as director of the Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (IPA) in Stuttgart (1995 – 2011), where he played a central role in the application-oriented research in Germany and the strategic development of many industrial sectors. Fraunhofer IPA is one of the leading institutes in manufacturing and has a strong relation to manufacturing industries. He was founder and CEO of the Graduate School of Excellence for advanced Manufacturing Engineering (GSaME) in Stuttgart. The universities in Magdeburg (Germany), Charkov (Ukraina) and Cluj (Romania) awarded with a Dr.h.c. He published more than 800 papers in Journals. He is member of many scientific associations and fellow of CIRP and ACATEC. He is one of the principal investigators and member of the High Level Group of the EU Technology Platform ManuFuture. He retired 2011 from University Stuttgart and Fraunhofer- IPA. He published a book “Towards Re-Industrialization of Europe – A concept for Manufacturing 2030”.
Professor Giovanni Dosi Director, Institute of Economics Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Giovanni Dosi is Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute of Economics at the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna in Pisa; Co-Director of the task forces “Industrial Policy” and “Intellectual Property Rights”, IPD - Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia University; Continental European Editor of Industrial and Corporate Change. Included in “ISI Highly Cited Researchers” and Corresponding Member of the “Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei” His major research areas - where he is author and editor of several works - include Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Industrial Economics, Evolutionary Theory, Economic Growth and Development, Organizational Studies. A selection of his works has been published in two volumes: Innovation, Organization and Economic Dynamics. Selected Essays (2000), and Economic Organization, Industrial Dynamics and Development: Selected Essays (2012) both published by Edward Elgar.
Professor Suzanne Berger Raphael Dorman-Helen Starbuck Professor of Political Science MIT Suzanne Berger is Raphael Dorman-Helen Starbuck Professor of Political Science. Her current research focuses on politics and globalization. She recently co-chaired the MIT Production in the Innovation Economy project, and in September 2013 published Making in America: From Innovation to Market. She created the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives and directs its MIT-France program. She participated in the 1989 Made in America project at MIT. She wrote Made By Hong Kong and Global Taiwan (with Richard K. Lester). She is the author of Notre Première Mondialisation and How We Compete. Her earlier work focused on political development (Peasants Against Politics) and the organization of interests (Dualism and Discontinuity in Industrial Societies and Organizing Interests in Western Europe.) Suzanne Berger served as Head of the MIT Department of Political Science, founding chair of the SSRC Committee on West Europe, and Vice President of the American Political Science Association. She has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The French government has awarded her the Palmes Academiques, Chevalier de l’Ordre National du Merite and the Légion d’Honneur.
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BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015 | SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES
Professor William Lazonick Co-Director, Center for Industrial Competitiveness UMass Lowell William Lazonick is professor of economics and director of the Center for Industrial Competitiveness at University of Massachusetts Lowell. He is co-founder and president of The Academic-Industry Research Network. Lazonick holds a B.Com from the University of Toronto, M.Sc. (Econ) from the London School of Economics, and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University. Previously, Lazonick was assistant and associate professor of economics at Harvard University, professor of economics at Barnard College of Columbia University, and distinguished research professor at INSEAD. His recent research has been funded primarily by the Institute for New Economic Thinking, Ford Foundation, and European Commission. His book Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute for Employment, 2009) won the 2010 International Joseph A. Schumpeter Prize. His article, “Innovative Business Models and Varieties of Capitalism,” received the Henrietta Larson Award from Harvard Business School for best article in Business History Review in 2010. His Harvard Business Review article “Profits Without Prosperity: Stock Buybacks Manipulate the Market and Leave Most Americans Worse Off,”” has received the HBR McKinsey Award for outstanding article in Harvard Business Review in 2014. Lazonick is currently completing a book, The Theory of Innovative Enterprise, to be published by Oxford University Press.
Thomas R. Kurfess, Ph.D., P.E. HUSCO/Ramirez Distinguished Chair in Fluid Power and Motion Control and Professor George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Thomas R. Kurfess received his S.B., S.M. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from M.I.T. in 1986, 1987 and 1989, respectively. He also received an S.M. degree from M.I.T. in electrical engineering and computer science in 1988. In 1994 he moved to the Georgia Institute of Technology where he rose to the rank of Professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. In 2005 he was named Professor and BMW Chair of Manufacturing in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Clemson University’s International Center for Automotive Research. In 2012 he returned to Georgia Tech where he was appointed the HUSCO/ Ramirez Distinguished Chair in Fluid Power and Motion Control and Professor of Mechanical Engineering. During 2012-2013 he was on leave serving as the Assistant Director for Advanced Manufacturing at the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the Executive Office of the President of the United States of America. In this position he had responsibility for engaging the Federal sector and the greater scientific community to identify possible areas for policy actions related to manufacturing. He was responsible for coordinating Federal advanced manufacturing R&D, addressing issues related to technology commercialization, identifying gaps in current Federal R&D in advanced manufacturing, and developing strategies to address these gaps. He has served as a special consultant of the United Nations to the Government of Malaysia in the area of applied mechatronics and manufacturing, and as a participating guest at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in their Precision Engineering Program. He currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, the National Center for Defense Manufacturing and Machining, and the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, and on the Board of Trustees for the MT Connect Institute. His research focuses on the design and development of advanced manufacturing systems targeting digital manufacturing, additive and subtractive processes, and large scale production enterprises. He has significant experience in high precision manufacturing and metrology systems.
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Professor Mario Sergio Salerno Production Engineering Department University of São Paulo Full Professor, University of São Paulo (USP), Polytechnic School, Production Engineering Department. Head, Innovation Management Lab. Head, The Observatory of Innovation and Competitiveness at The Institute of Advanced Studies – USP. Member, Strategic Council, The Institute of Technological Research (IPT), São Paulo State. Former Director of The Brazilian Agency for Industrial Development (ABDI) – 2005-6. Former Director of Ipea – The Institute of Applied Economic Research (2003-4). Former member, Technical-Scientific Council, The National Institute of Technology (INT), Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MCTI) - 2007-2015. Full CV available on line at http://lattes.cnpq.br/3276012121928233. Publications available at www.researchgate.net/profile/Mario_Salerno3/ contributions
Professor Hiroyuki Yoshikawa Special Counselor to the President Japan Science and Technology Agency Professor Hiroyuki Yoshikawa is now Special Counselor to the President, Japan Science and Technology Agency where he is leading to design national research programmes for realising the sustainable prosperity in society by integrating sciences, natural, medical, technological, social and literal. Through his recent positions: President of University of Tokyo, President of Open University, President of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Director General of Center for Research and Development strategy Japan Science and Technology Agency, he developed a method of integration of different disciplines for sustainability research. His academic subject is General Design Theory, which is common through different engineering disciplines. He was President of ICSU, 1999~2003, and worked for its reformation.
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BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015 | SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES
Professor Keun Lee Economics Seoul National University Keun Lee is a Professor of Economics at the Seoul National University, and the founding director of the Center for Economic Catch-up. He has been awarded the 2014 Schumpeter Prize for his monograph on Schumpeterian Analysis of Economic Catchup: Knowledge, Path-creation and the Middle Income Trap (2013 Cambridge Univ. Press) by the International Schumpeter Society. He is also the President-Elect of this Society. He is currently a member of the Committee for Development Policy of UN, a co-editor of Research Policy, a member of the governing board of Globelics, and had also served as the President of the Asia-Pacific Innovation Network. He obtained Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley. He had working experience at the World Bank, University of Aberdeen, and the East West Center, Hawaii. He had taught or was a visiting scholar at the University of California at Davis, Tsinghua University in Beijing, Hitotsubashi University in Japan, Hannover University in Germany, and Punjabi University in India. One of his most widely-cited articles—with 710 or so citations (Google Scholar)—is a paper on Korea’s Technological Catch-up published in Research Policy (2001). His H-index by Google Scholar is now 30, with 70 papers with more than 10 citations.
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William Milberg Dean The New School for Social Research William Milberg’s research is in two distinct areas of economics. The first is the consequences of economic globalization for income distribution and economic insecurity. Milberg studies how the globalization of production (expanded trade and investment) has impacted profits, wages, investment, financialization and economic growth. His recent research focuses on the U.S. experience, but he has done considerable comparative analysis across OECD countries. The emphasis on global value chains has led to a series of studies of the distribution of value added within developing countries as a result of the corporate strategy shift towards globalized production among lead, developed country firms. The second area of research in the history and methodology of economics. Milberg studies the role of pragmatism in 20th and 21st century American economic thought and how this tradition has influenced scientfici methods in economics.
Dr Ha-Joon Chang Department of Economics University of Cambridge Ha-Joon Chang teaches economics at the University of Cambridge. In addition to numerous journal articles and book chapters, he has published 15 authored books (four coauthored) and 10 edited books. His main books include The Political Economy of Industrial Policy, Kicking Away the Ladder, Bad Samaritans, 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism, and Economics: The User’s Guide. By the end of 2014, his writings will have been translated and published in 36 languages and 39 countries. Worldwide, his books have sold around 1.8 million copies. He is the winner of the 2003 Gunnar Myrdal Prize and the 2005 Wassily Leontief Prize. He was ranked no. 9 in the Prospect magazine’s World Thinkers 2014 poll.
Dr Antonio Andreoni Lecturer in Economics SOAS Antonio Andreoni (PhD, Cambridge) is Lecturer in Economics at the Department of Economics of the School of Oriental and African Studies – SOAS, University of London where he leads the Interdepartmental Research Cluster on Industrial Development and Policy (SOAS-IDP). He is also Research Fellow at the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge. In 2013 he co-founded the Babbage Industrial Policy Network and, since then, coordinated its Babbage Lecture Series. He is Member of the Stiglitz’s IPD Task Force on Industrial Policy at Columbia University and Associate Member of the AIRNet AcademicIndustry Research Network. He has been an adviser to a number of national and international organisations including UNIDO, ILO, UNCTAD, UNDP, UN DESA, OECD, BMZ-GIZ and UK Government Office for Science. Antonio’s research on the political economy of manufacturing development focuses on the structural and institutional transformations of manufacturing systems and industrial policy. His research aims to bridge and cross-fertilise economics and engineering in order to advance understanding of value creation dynamics, technological linkages and structural interdependencies, within and across sectors; the functioning of intermediate technology institutes and the variety of production and public goods technologies; finally, the role of the financial infrastructure in steering sustainable industrial transformations and green transitions. His papers appeared in journals such as the Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford Review of Economic Policy and Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. Antonio is co-author (with Moazam Mahmood and Ha-Joon Chang) of the forthcoming volume Developing with Jobs (Palgrave McMillan 2016) and contributed as leading author to the UNIDO Industrial Competitiveness Report 2012-3, the UK Future of Manufacturing Report 2013, the ILO World of Work Report 2014, the UNDP Human Development Report 2015 and the UN Global Sustainable Development Report 2015.
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WHAT FUTURE FOR MANUFACTURING? TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES, VALUE CAPTURE & INDUSTRIAL POLICY
The symposium is sponsored by the Centre for Science, Technology & Innovation Policy INSTITUTE FOR MANUFACTURING | 17 CHARLES BABBAGE ROAD | CAMBRIDGE UK | CB3 0FS
www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/csti
BABBAGE SYMPOSIUM 2015
