The
West Africa Container Trades (2016)
Dynamar B.V. Noorderkade 1G 1823 CJ Alkmaar Tel: +31 72 514 74 00 Fax: +31 72 515 13 97 E‐mail:
[email protected] Website: www.dynamar.com
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016)
The Dynamar Container Trades Reports series
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016) February 2016 Covering, trades with: East and Southern Africa Far East Mediterranean Gateway Mediterranean Hub ports Middle East/Indian Sub Continent North America (East Coast) North Europe South America (East Coast) Intra‐West Africa
Dynamar B.V. Noorderkade 1g 1823 CJ ALKMAAR Phone: +31 72 514 74 00 Fax: +31 72 515 13 97
[email protected] www.dynamar.com
Front cover picture: MSC was the first carrier to shift to hub‐and‐spoke, using Lomé Container Terminal as its single central‐ West Africa (Gulf of Guinea) hub: something long advocated by many of its peers before November 2014 © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without explicit permission of the publisher. While the information contained in this report is presented in good faith, it frequently involves estimates where no current published data is available. This information, believed to be accurate, can therefore not be guaranteed. The publishers cannot accept liability of any errors or omission.
Analyst, Author: Darron Wadey MILT Managing Editor: Dirk Visser
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016)
THE DYNAMAR CONTAINER TRADES REPORTS SERIES Since 2004 Dynamar has been publishing reports on specific container liner trades. These Trade Reports now cover all trade lanes to and from and provide off‐the‐shelf consultancy studies for all those with an interest in the trade under study. Each report is an in‐depth survey of the current state of the trade under review through: ‐ An assessment of the size of the trade (full container carryings, trade capacity, port throughputs) ‐ An in‐depth competition inventory (carriers, services, capacity analyses) ‐ The container trade in context (commodities moving, merchandise trade volumes, economies) This publication is the third for this particular trade and follows in the wake of the mid‐2012 and early‐2014 surveys. As such a number of comparisons have been drawn throughout between this current study and its predecessors. This 2016 edition of the West Africa trades study covers the following key areas: An Executive Summary of key themes, figures, conclusions and forecasts plus an Introduction defining the region and its characteristics and issues that have an impact upon shipping to the trade Major vessel operators, their deployments and West Africa trade related profiles Analyses of all direct liner trades connecting West Africa, looking at: o Services o Vessel operating carriers o Ports called, both in West Africa and the partner end o Trade lane carryings and freight rates Analysis of vessels deployed both currently and in the past Ports and terminals: o Summarised port/ terminal developments o Throughputs and Annual Trade Capacities for West Africa ports called o Profiles of the major global/regional and private container terminal operators in West Africa Merchandise trade and regional/ national economic contexts Individual, statistically based, West Africa country profiles Stop Press of major developments occurring whilst this study was in preparation In this particular edition we have introduced the Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index when summarising the vessel operating carriers to give an indication as to the level of consolidation along the West Africa trades. We have also introduced West Africa coastline components, namely North Atlantic, Gulf of Guinea and South Atlantic to better visualise and understand where the demand, cargo, trade and economic generators are. All the above is supported by approaching 150 tables and figures. This wide range of factors and subjects make these reports also of particular interest to all stakeholders in the trade areas, including: consultants, container leasing companies, financiers, forwarders, NVOCCs, port authorities, port developers, shippers, terminal operators, training institutes and others. We trust that you find the following pages of use and interest and as always, welcome any comments or feedback you may have. Dirk Visser, Managing Editor Darron Wadey MILT, Analyst Dynamar B.V, February 2016
Contents
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CONTENTS THE DYNAMAR CONTAINER TRADES REPORTS SERIES ....................................................................... 4 CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................................................... 12 LIST OF CARRIER PROFILES ....................................................................................................... 12 1.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 14 Characteristics of the West Africa container trades ....................................................................................... 14 Key Facts and Figures – all West Africa trades ................................................................................................ 15 Carriers ............................................................................................................................................................ 16 The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index: A moderately concentrated market ......................................................... 17 Trade Lanes ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Services ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 Vessels deployed ............................................................................................................................................. 21 West Africa ports called .................................................................................................................................. 22 Terminal operators ......................................................................................................................................... 24 Annual Trade Capacity .................................................................................................................................... 26 Container carryings (volumes) ........................................................................................................................ 28 Background economies ................................................................................................................................... 30 Forecast full container carryings ..................................................................................................................... 31
2.
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 32 Defining the trade: West Africa ...................................................................................................................... 32 Liner Shipping Connectivity ............................................................................................................................. 35 Piracy – a threat undiminished ....................................................................................................................... 36 Ebola outbreak 2014‐16 .................................................................................................................................. 40 Changes 2012‐2016......................................................................................................................................... 41
CONTAINER LINER CARRIERS ............................................................................................ 42 Bringing up‐to‐date: Companies’ comings and goings.................................................................................... 42 Overview 2015 ................................................................................................................................................ 43 Competition: Herfindahl–Hirschman Index .................................................................................................... 45 Capacity changes ............................................................................................................................................. 45 Trade related carrier profiles .......................................................................................................................... 47
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016)
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CONTAINER SHIPPING SERVICES ....................................................................................... 67 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 67 Services and Annual Trade Capacity evolution ............................................................................................... 67 Selecting the services ...................................................................................................................................... 68 Calculation and allocation of Annual Trade Capacity ..................................................................................... 69 Commentary ................................................................................................................................................... 69
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FAR EAST‐WEST AFRICA TRADE ....................................................................................... 73 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 73 Container shipping services ............................................................................................................................ 74 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................... 75 West Africa ports called .................................................................................................................................. 76 Far East ports called ........................................................................................................................................ 77 Service rotations ............................................................................................................................................. 78 Individual service specifications ...................................................................................................................... 81 Carryings ......................................................................................................................................................... 83 Freight rates .................................................................................................................................................... 84
6.
MEDITERRANEAN HUB PORTS‐WEST AFRICA TRADE ............................................................. 86 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 86 Container shipping services ............................................................................................................................ 86 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................... 88 West Africa ports called .................................................................................................................................. 89 Mediterranean Hub ports called ..................................................................................................................... 91 Service rotations ............................................................................................................................................. 91 Individual service specifications ...................................................................................................................... 93 Carryings ......................................................................................................................................................... 98
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NORTH EUROPE‐WEST AFRICA TRADE ............................................................................... 99 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 99 Container shipping services ............................................................................................................................ 99 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................. 101 West Africa ports called ................................................................................................................................ 102 North Europe ports called ............................................................................................................................. 104 Service rotations ........................................................................................................................................... 104 Individual service specifications .................................................................................................................... 107
Carryings ....................................................................................................................................................... 111
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MEDITERRANEAN GATEWAY‐WEST AFRICA TRADE ............................................................. 114 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 114
Contents
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Container shipping services .......................................................................................................................... 114 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................. 116 West Africa ports called ................................................................................................................................ 116 Mediterranean Gateway ports called ........................................................................................................... 117 Service rotations ........................................................................................................................................... 118 Individual service specifications .................................................................................................................... 120 Carryings ....................................................................................................................................................... 122
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MIDDLE EAST/INDIAN SUB CONTINENT‐WEST AFRICA TRADE ............................................... 125 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 125 Container shipping services .......................................................................................................................... 125 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................. 126 West Africa ports called ................................................................................................................................ 127 Middle East/Indian Sub Continent ports called ............................................................................................ 127 Service rotations ........................................................................................................................................... 128 Individual service specifications .................................................................................................................... 129 Carryings (estimated) .................................................................................................................................... 130
10. EAST/SOUTHERN AFRICA‐WEST AFRICA TRADE ................................................................. 131 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 131 Container shipping services .......................................................................................................................... 131 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................. 132 West Africa ports called ................................................................................................................................ 133 East and Southern Africa ports called ........................................................................................................... 134 Service rotations ........................................................................................................................................... 135 Individual service specifications .................................................................................................................... 137 Carryings (estimated) .................................................................................................................................... 140
11. OTHER WEST AFRICA TRADES ........................................................................................ 141 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 141 South America (East Coast) Trade ................................................................................................................. 141 North America (East Coast) trade ................................................................................................................. 146
12. DEDICATED INTRA‐WEST AFRICA SERVICES ........................................................................ 153 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 153 Container shipping services .......................................................................................................................... 154 Container liner carriers ................................................................................................................................. 154
Service rotations ........................................................................................................................................... 157
13. VESSELS DEPLOYED ..................................................................................................... 159
West Africa ports called ................................................................................................................................ 156
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016)
14. FULL CONTAINER CARRYINGS ......................................................................................... 161 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 161 Far East ‐ West Africa .................................................................................................................................... 161 Mediterranean ‐ West Africa ........................................................................................................................ 162 North Europe ‐ West Africa ........................................................................................................................... 162 Americas ‐ West Africa trade ........................................................................................................................ 163
15. WEST AFRICA PORTS CALLED IN THIS STUDY ....................................................................... 165 Trade Capacity Overview .............................................................................................................................. 165 Port handled TEU .......................................................................................................................................... 167 Extrapolated handlings (2014) ...................................................................................................................... 168 Main port and terminal developments West Africa ..................................................................................... 169
16. CONTAINER TERMINAL OPERATORS IN WEST AFRICA ........................................................... 179 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 179 Global Terminal Operators ........................................................................................................................... 179 Regional Terminal Operators ........................................................................................................................ 183 Others international terminal operators ...................................................................................................... 185 Shipping lines with West Africa terminal interests ....................................................................................... 186
17. COMMODITIES AND CARGOES ........................................................................................ 187 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 187 Crude Oil ....................................................................................................................................................... 187 Cocoa ............................................................................................................................................................ 188 Cashew .......................................................................................................................................................... 189 Cotton ........................................................................................................................................................... 190 Main commodities moving to and from West Africa .................................................................................... 192 Major trading partners .................................................................................................................................. 195
18. WEST AFRICA ECONOMIC AND TRADING CONTEXT ............................................................... 197 General merchandise trade and trading relationships ................................................................................. 197 Trading imbalance ......................................................................................................................................... 198 General economy indicators ......................................................................................................................... 200 Transnational organisations .......................................................................................................................... 206 Stability, security and governance ................................................................................................................ 208 National contexts ‐ country facts and figures ............................................................................................... 216
19. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 241
Appendix I – United States‐West Africa full container carryings by West Africa country ............................ 242 Appendix II – E.Coast S.America‐West Africa full container carryings by W.Africa country ......................... 245
List of Tables
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Appendix III – West Africa merchandise trade growth, total trade .............................................................. 248 Appendix IV – West Africa merchandise trade by direction ......................................................................... 249 Appendix V – Stop Press ............................................................................................................................... 251
Table 1: Changes to West Africa services provision, 2016/2014 .......................................................................... 20 Table 2: Evolution of West Africa trades deployed flotilla, all vessels ................................................................. 21 Table 3: Summary of private terminal operators and their West Africa facilities ................................................ 24 Table 4: Extrapolated full container volumes (TEU) ............................................................................................. 29 Table 5: Forecast West Africa containerised trade carryings ............................................................................... 31 Table 6: West Africa countries by coastline.......................................................................................................... 33 Table 7: Littoral/Landlocked West Africa countries ............................................................................................. 33 Table 8: West Africa countries, key statistics 2014 .............................................................................................. 34 Table 9: Development of West Africa regional Liner Shipping Connectivity ........................................................ 35 Table 10: Changes in West Africa key figures by survey ....................................................................................... 41 Table 11: Vessel operating carriers on the West Africa liner trades 2016 ........................................................... 44 Table 12: Carrier and Annual Trade Capacity changes 2016/2014 ....................................................................... 46 Table 13: Development of West Africa liner services provision ........................................................................... 67 Table 14: West Africa trade lanes annual capacity shares and changes 2011‐15 ................................................ 68 Table 15: West Africa trades dominant legs ......................................................................................................... 69 Table 16: Summary of all West Africa trades full container services ................................................................... 70 Table 17: Far East‐West Africa key figures evolution ........................................................................................... 73 Table 18: Far East‐West Africa services ................................................................................................................ 75 Table 19: Far East‐West Africa vessel operating carriers ..................................................................................... 76 Table 20: West Africa ports called by Far East services ........................................................................................ 77 Table 21: Far East ports called by West Africa services ........................................................................................ 78 Table 22: Far East‐West Africa carryings (TEU) .................................................................................................... 84 Table 23: Indicative freight rate development Far East to South Africa (USD per TEU) ....................................... 85 Table 24: Mediterranean Hub‐West Africa key figures evolution ........................................................................ 86 Table 25: Mediterranean Hub‐West Africa services ............................................................................................. 88 Table 26: Mediterranean Hub‐West Africa vessel operating carriers .................................................................. 89 Table 27: West Africa ports called by Mediterranean Hub services ..................................................................... 90 Table 28: Mediterranean Hub ports connected to West Africa ........................................................................... 91 Table 29: North Europe‐West Africa key figures evolution .................................................................................. 99 Table 30: North Europe‐West Africa services ..................................................................................................... 101 Table 31: North Europe‐West Africa vessel operating carriers .......................................................................... 102 Table 32: West Africa ports called by North Europe services ............................................................................. 103 Table 33: North Europe ports connected to West Africa ................................................................................... 104 Table 34: North Europe‐West Africa carryings, total trade (TEU) ...................................................................... 112 Table 35: North Europe‐West Africa southbound carryings (TEU) ..................................................................... 112 Table 36: West Africa‐North Europe northbound carryings (TEU) ..................................................................... 113 Table 37: West Africa export imbalance with North Europe (TEU) .................................................................... 113 Table 38: Mediterranean Gateway‐West Africa key figures evolution .............................................................. 114 Table 39: Mediterranean Gateway‐West Africa services ................................................................................... 115 Table 40: Mediterranean Gateway‐West Africa vessel operating carriers ......................................................... 116 Table 41: West Africa ports called by Mediterranean Gateway services ........................................................... 117
LIST OF TABLES
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016)
Table 42: Mediterranean Gateway connected to West Africa ........................................................................... 118 Table 43: Mediterranean‐West Africa carryings, total trade (TEU) .................................................................... 122 Table 44: Mediterranean‐West Africa southbound carryings (TEU) .................................................................. 123 Table 45: West Africa‐Mediterranean northbound carryings (TEU)................................................................... 123 Table 46: West Africa export imbalance with Mediterranean (TEU) .................................................................. 124 Table 47: Middle East/Indian Sub Continent‐West Africa key figures evolution ............................................... 125 Table 48: Middle East/Indian Sub Continent‐West Africa services .................................................................... 126 Table 49: Middle East/Indian Sub Continent‐West Africa vessel operating carriers .......................................... 126 Table 50: West Africa ports called by Middle East/Indian Sub Continent services ............................................ 127 Table 51: Mediterranean Gateway connected to West Africa ........................................................................... 127 Table 52: East and Southern Africa‐West Africa key figures evolution .............................................................. 131 Table 53: East and Southern Africa‐West Africa services ................................................................................... 132 Table 54: East and Southern Africa‐West Africa vessel operating carriers ........................................................ 133 Table 55: West Africa ports called by East and Southern Africa services ........................................................... 134 Table 56: East Africa, Southern Africa and Indian Ocean Island ports connected to West Africa ...................... 135 Table 57: South America (East Coast)‐West Africa key figures evolution .......................................................... 141 Table 58: South America (East Coast)‐West Africa services ............................................................................... 142 Table 59: South America (East Coast)‐West Africa vessel operating carriers ..................................................... 142 Table 60: West Africa ports called by South America (East Coast) services ....................................................... 142 Table 61: South America (East Coast) ports connected to West Africa .............................................................. 143 Table 62: ECSA‐West Africa carryings, total trade (TEU) .................................................................................... 144 Table 63: ECSA‐West Africa eastbound carryings (TEU) ..................................................................................... 145 Table 64: West Africa‐ECSA westbound carryings (TEU) .................................................................................... 145 Table 65: West Africa export imbalance with ECSA (TEU) .................................................................................. 145 Table 66: North America‐West Africa key figures evolution .............................................................................. 146 Table 67: North America‐West Africa services ................................................................................................... 146 Table 68: North America‐West Africa vessel operating carriers ........................................................................ 147 Table 69: West Africa ports called by North America services ........................................................................... 147 Table 70: North America ports connected to West Africa.................................................................................. 148 Table 71: United States‐West Africa carryings, total trade (TEU) ...................................................................... 151 Table 72: United States‐West Africa southbound carryings (TEU) ..................................................................... 151 Table 73: West Africa‐United States northbound carryings (TEU) ..................................................................... 151 Table 74: West Africa export imbalance with the United States (TEU) .............................................................. 152 Table 75: Intra‐West Africa trade key figures evolution ..................................................................................... 153 Table 76: Intra‐West Africa services ................................................................................................................... 154 Table 77: Intra‐West Africa vessel operating carriers ........................................................................................ 156 Table 78: West Africa ports called by shortsea services ..................................................................................... 157 Table 79: Evolution of West Africa trades deployed flotilla by trade lane ......................................................... 159 Table 80: Selection of West Africa ports maximum vessel capacities ................................................................ 160 Table 81: West Africa containerised trade (main routes) .................................................................................. 161 Table 82: Full container trade carryings, Mediterranean‐West Africa ............................................................... 162 Table 83: Full container trade carryings, Mediterranean‐West Africa ............................................................... 162 Table 84: Full container trade carryings, North Europe‐West Africa ................................................................. 163 Table 85: Full container trade volumes, United States‐West Africa ................................................................... 163 Table 86: Full container trade volumes, ECSA‐West Africa ................................................................................ 164 Table 87: West Africa ports on deepsea service schedules ................................................................................ 165 Table 88: West Africa ports 5‐year throughputs ................................................................................................ 167 Table 89: Relative throughput developments of Lomé and San Pedro .............................................................. 168 Table 90: Summary of West Africa port projects, new capacity ........................................................................ 169
List of Figures
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Table 91: West Africa Crude Oil Production by country ..................................................................................... 188 Table 92: West Africa cashew related exports, tonnes ...................................................................................... 190 Table 93: West Africa cotton exports, tonnes .................................................................................................... 191 Table 94: West Africa industries and exports by coastline ................................................................................. 192 Table 95: West Africa imports by coastline ........................................................................................................ 192 Table 96: Summary of West Africa countries total merchandise trade, by value .............................................. 197 Table 97: West Africa balance of merchandise trade results ............................................................................. 199 Table 98: West Africa population development ................................................................................................. 200 Table 99: West Africa national economies (GDP) ............................................................................................... 201 Table 100: West Africa GDP per capita ............................................................................................................... 203 Table 101: West Africa economy (GDP) forecast ............................................................................................... 204 Table 102: Corruption Perceptions Index, West African countries 2015 ........................................................... 215 Table 103: West Africa containerised exports to US by West Africa country (TEU) ........................................... 242 Table 104: West Africa containerised imports from US by West Africa country (TEU) ...................................... 243 Table 105: West Africa total containerised trade with US by West Africa country (TEU) .................................. 244 Table 106: West Africa containerised exports to ECSA by West Africa country (TEU) ....................................... 245 Table 107: West Africa containerised imports from ECSA by West Africa country (TEU) .................................. 246 Table 108: Total West Africa containerised trade with ECSA by West Africa country (TEU) .............................. 247 Table 109: West Africa total merchandise trade growth by country (USD billion) ............................................ 248 Table 110: West Africa exports by country and value ........................................................................................ 249 Table 111: West Africa imports by country and value........................................................................................ 250
Figure 1: Key Facts and Figures ............................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 2: Summary of carriers and Annual Trade Capacities ................................................................................ 16 Figure 3: Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index for West Africa trades .............................................................................. 17 Figure 4: Summary of main container shipping services ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 5: Evolution of average vessel sizes by major trade .................................................................................. 21 Figure 6: Summary of West Africa ports and allocated Annual Trade Capacities ................................................ 22 Figure 7: Annual Trade Capacity development by West Africa coastline ............................................................. 23 Figure 8: Annual Trade Capacity development (1) ............................................................................................... 26 Figure 9: Annual Trade Capacity development (2) ............................................................................................... 27 Figure 10: West Africa containerised trade, by direction (TEU) ........................................................................... 28 Figure 11: West Africa 2014 containerised trade, by trade lane (TEU) ................................................................ 29 Figure 12: West Africa countries economy development .................................................................................... 30 Figure 13: Map outline of West Africa .................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 14: Actual or attempted attacks against merchant vessels in West Africa ............................................... 37 Figure 15: Far East‐West Africa service grid ......................................................................................................... 79 Figure 16: Mediterranean Hub‐West Africa service grid ...................................................................................... 92 Figure 17: North Europe‐West Africa service grid .............................................................................................. 106 Figure 18: Mediterranean Gateway‐West Africa service grid ............................................................................ 119 Figure 19: Middle East/Indian Sub Continent‐West Africa service grid ............................................................. 128 Figure 20: East and Southern Africa‐West Africa service grid ............................................................................ 136 Figure 21: South America (East Coast)‐West Africa service grid ........................................................................ 143 Figure 22: North America‐West Africa service grid ............................................................................................ 149 Figure 23: Intra‐West Africa service grid ............................................................................................................ 158 Figure 24: APMT terminals in West Africa .......................................................................................................... 179
LIST OF FIGURES
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The West Africa Container Trades (2016)
Figure 25: CMHI terminals in West Africa .......................................................................................................... 181 Figure 26: DP World terminals in West Africa .................................................................................................... 182 Figure 27: ICTSI terminals in West Africa ............................................................................................................ 182 Figure 28: TIL terminals in West Africa ............................................................................................................... 183 Figure 29: Bolloré Africa Logistics terminals in West Africa ............................................................................... 183 Figure 30: Portek's terminals in West Africa ...................................................................................................... 186 Figure 31: Carrier terminal interests in West Africa ........................................................................................... 186 Figure 32: Cocoa production by country/region ................................................................................................ 188 Figure 33: Most popular West Africa export items and industries ..................................................................... 193 Figure 34: Most popular West Africa import items ............................................................................................ 194 Figure 35: West Africa major export partners (clients) ...................................................................................... 195 Figure 36: West Africa main import partners (suppliers) ................................................................................... 196 Figure 37: West African countries membership of transnational organisations ................................................ 206 Figure 38: Tripartite Free Trade Area ................................................................................................................. 207
LIST OF PICTURES Picture 1: Master of the Safmarine Kuramo and Nigerian Navy representatives ................................................ 37 Picture 2: MN Aviso Cdt Birot ............................................................................................................................... 39 Picture 3: A Baco Liner vessel in operation .......................................................................................................... 55 Picture 4: WafMax design vessel Safmarine Chachai ......................................................................................... 160 Picture 5: Artists impression of Badagry MegaPort & Free Zone ....................................................................... 175 Picture 6: Artist's impression of Lekki port development .................................................................................. 176 Picture 7: Freetown Container Terminal Extension ............................................................................................ 177
LIST OF CARRIER PROFILES Carrier profile 1: Africa Express Line ..................................................................................................................... 47 Carrier profile 2: Angola South Line ...................................................................................................................... 47 Carrier profile 3: Arkas Line .................................................................................................................................. 48 Carrier profile 4: Boluda Lines .............................................................................................................................. 48 Carrier profile 5: China Shipping ........................................................................................................................... 49 Carrier profile 6: CMA CGM (and Delmas) ............................................................................................................ 50 Carrier profile 7: Coscon ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Carrier profile 8: Evergreen .................................................................................................................................. 52 Carrier profile 9: Grimaldi ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Carrier profile 10: Hamburg Süd ........................................................................................................................... 53 Carrier profile 11: Hanjin ...................................................................................................................................... 54 Carrier profile 12: Hapag‐Lloyd ............................................................................................................................. 54 Carrier profile 13: Hartmann PL ............................................................................................................................ 55 Carrier profile 14: Lignes Maritimes Congolaises ................................................................................................. 56 Carrier profile 15: Maersk Line (and Safmarine) .................................................................................................. 56 Carrier profile 16: Marguisa .................................................................................................................................. 58 Carrier profile 17: Messina ................................................................................................................................... 58 Carrier profile 18: MOL ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Carrier profile 19: MSC ......................................................................................................................................... 60 Carrier profile 20: Naviera DAL ............................................................................................................................. 61 Carrier profile 21: NileDutch ................................................................................................................................. 61
List of Carrier Profiles
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Carrier profile 22: NYK .......................................................................................................................................... 62 Carrier profile 23: PIL ............................................................................................................................................ 62 Carrier profile 24: Portline .................................................................................................................................... 63 Carrier profile 25: PSL Navegaçao ........................................................................................................................ 64 Carrier profile 26: Transinsular ............................................................................................................................. 64 Carrier profile 27: UASC ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Carrier profile 28: Universal Africa Lines .............................................................................................................. 65 Carrier profile 29: ZIM .......................................................................................................................................... 66