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Voices of the American Indian Experience VOLUME 2 1878-Present

James E. Seelye Jr. and Steven A. Littleton, Editors

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GREENWOOD

AN IMPRINT OF ABC-CLIO, LLC Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England

Contents Preface Introduction Chronology of American Indian History Part A: Creation to 1715 1. "The Creation of Beginning (Navajo/Dine)" 2. White Mountain Apache Creation Story 3. Inupiat Creation Story 4. Salish Creation Story 5. Skagit Creation Story 6. Thompson Indians Creation Story 7. Tlingit Creation Story 8. A Legend of Crater Lake 9. The Great Law of Peace (Gayanashagowa) 10. Response to the Spanish by Native Priests, 1524 11. An Account of the De Soto Expedition, ca. 1546 12. The Dutch Arrive in Manhattan, 1609 13. Powhatan, 1609: "Why Should You Destroy Us, Who Have Provided You with Food?" 14- Samuel de Champlain's Battle with the Iroquois, July 1609 15. William Wood (1634): "They Took the First Ship They Saw for a Walking Island" 16. Jean de Brebeuf, Mission to the Huron, 1635-1637 17. John Mason Discusses the Taking of the Fort at Mystic during the Pequot War 18. The Smallpox Epidemic of 1639 19. Miantinomo, 1642-1643: "Brother, We Must Be One as the English Are, or We Shall Soon All Be Destroyed" 20. Reverend Paul Ragueneau, S. J., on Huron Martyrdom, 1658 21. Reverend Francois le Mercier, S.J., Describes the Anishinabe Encounter with Catholicism, 1668 22. Dialogue between Piumbukhou and His Unconverted Relatives, ca. 1671 23. The Conversion of Daniel Garakontie, an Onondaga, 1671-1672

xiii xv xix 1 1 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 16 19 20 25 27 28 33 34 51 55 57 57 58 61 64

vi Csmekts 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Metacom's Grievances, ca. 1675 A Micmac Questions French "Civilization," ca. 1677 An Indian's Decision to Become a Christian, 1679 "As They Had Been in Ancient Times": Pedro Naranjo Relates the Pueblo Revolt, 1680 The Declaration of a Rebellious Christian Indian in the Pueblo Revolt, 1680 Mary Rowlandson Captivity Narrative Letter from William Penn to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders, 1683 Edward Randolph Describes King Philip's War, 1685 Don Geronimo Describes Violence and Raids against Spanish Settlements

Part B: 1716-1826 33. 34. 35. 36.

Pierre de Charlevoix, Journal of a Voyage, 1721 Chekilli—Origin of the Creek Confederacy, 1735 Charlevoix's Story of Kateri Tekakwitha, 1744 Onondaga Chief Canasatego Speaks at the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 37. The Governor of New France Warns Indians of British Designs on Their Land, 1749 38. George Croghan's Account of a Diplomatic Confrontation at Logstown, 1751 39. Atiwaneto Resists Colonial Expansion, 1752 40. Robert Eastburn's Captivity Narrative, 1757 41. Frederick Post's Mission to the Delaware and Shawnee, 1758 42. Minavavana, 1761: "Englishman!—You Know that the French King Is Our Father" 43. Pontiac Describes Neolin's Vision, 1763 44. "We Will Have Our Lands!" Dragging Canoe Speech, 1775 45. The Dominguez-Escalante Expedition (1776) 46. Corn Tassel's Speech about the Treaty of Long Island, 1777 47. Chickasaw Chief's Message to Congress, 1783 48. Joseph Brant's Message to Governor Frederick Haldimand, 1783 49. United Indian Nations: Speech at the Confederate Council, 1786 50. Saukamappee—Memories of War and Smallpox (1787—1788) 51. Cornplanter, Half Town, and Big Tree Remind President Washington of the Iroquois' Role in the American Revolution, 1790 52. The Treaty of Greenville, 1795 53. An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse with the Indian Tribes (1799) 54. Red Jacket—"You Have Got Our Country, But Are Not Satisfied; You Want to Force Your Religion upon Us," 1805

66 68 70 72 75 76 107 109 111 115 115 131 134 143 144 145 146 149 151 154 155 157 158 158 160 162 164 166

170 174 182 189

Contents vii 55. Tenkswatawa, the Shawnee Prophet: Speech to Indiana Territory Governor William Henry Harrison, 1808 56. Shawnee Chief Tecumseh's Address to William Henry Harrison (ca. 1810) 57. "Sleep Not Longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws": Tecumseh, 1811 58. "Let the White Race Perish": Tecumseh, 1811 59. Tecumseh's Speech to the Osages in the Winter of 1811-1812 60. "We Do Not Take Up the Warpath without a Just Cause and Honest Purpose" 61. Cherokee Women's Petitions 62. The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 63. Metea—"You Are Never Satisfied": Address to U.S. Government Officials, 1821 64. Sharitarish—Address to President James Monroe (1822) 65. Mary Jemison Captivity Narrative, 1824 66. "An Address to the Whites Delivered in the First Presbyterian Church on the 26th of May, 1826" Part C: 1827-1877

190 192 193 196 196 198 200 203 203 205 207 212 221

67. The Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, 1827 221 68. Captivity Narrative of John Tanner 229 69. President Andrew Jackson's Message to Congress "On Indian Removal" (1830) 251 70. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 253 71. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) 254 72. Black Hawk Discusses the Institution of Slavery, 1833 258 73. Black Hawk Talks about the Coming of the Americans, 1833 259 74. William Apess Narrative (1836) 261 75. Letter from Chief John Ross, "To the Senate and House of Representatives" 263 76. Memorial of Protest of the Cherokee Nation, 1836 265 77. Four Bears (Mato-Tope) Speech during the Smallpox Epidemic of 1837 279 78. Reverend John H. Pitezel, 1843-1850 280 79. George Copway Narrative 284 80. "Our Indian Difficulties" (1851) 286 81. Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 287 82. Randolph B. Marcy Provides Tips for Westbound Pioneers, 1859 290 83. Big Eagle's Account of the Dakota War of 1862 296 84- Little Bear's Account of the Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 300 85. "Fort Gibson Civil War—Refugee Living Conditions" 301 86. Congressional Testimony of Mr. John S. Smith Regarding the Sand Creek Massacre (Washington, DC, March 14, 1865) 303 87. Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 311 88. Bear Head—Account of the Massacre on the Marias: Massacre Occurred in 1870; This Story Not Recorded until 1935 319

89. Chief Red Cloud on Indian Rights 90. "Story Told by Strikes Two and Bear's Belly of an Expedition under Custer to the Black Hills in 1874" 91. Bull Eagle's Oath of Enlistment (1874) 92. Wooden Leg's Account of the Battle of the Little Big Horn, 1876 93. "We Preferred Our Own Way of Living" (1877)

321 323 326 327 329

Part D: 1878-1920

331

94. An Indian's View of Indian Affairs: Chief Joseph, 1879 95. We Ask to Be Recognized as Men (1879) 96. White Eagle's Statement Regarding the Removal of the Ponca Indians to Indian Territory 97. Standing Bear v. Crook, May 12, 1879 98. Sarah Winnemucca Narrative (1883) 99. Sitting Bull's Report to a Senate Committee, 1883 100. Merrill E. Gates on Indian Policy, 1885 101. The Dawes Act (1887): An Act to Provide for the Allotment of Lands in Severalty to Indians on the Various Reservations (General Allotment Act or Dawes Act) 102. Extract from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, October 1, 1889 103. Lone Man's Account of the Death of Sitting Bull, 1890 104- Wovoka's Message to the Cheyennes and the Arapahos (ca. 1890) 105. Ghost Dance Songs 106. Black Elk, Account of the Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890 107. An Act for the Relief of the Mission Indians in the State of California (1891) 108. Red Cloud's Speech 109. Simon Pokagon Offers the Red Man's Greeting, 1893 110. Talton v. Mayes, 1896 111. The Curtis Act of 1898 112. "Impressions of an Indian Childhood: My Mother" 113. Testimony of Clement V. Rogers, October 22, 1900 114. Zitkala-Sa, "The Cutting of My Long Hair" (1900) 115. "The Laughing Philosopher" 116. Letter from Hoopa Valley Agency Superintendent to Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Response to Commissioner's "Long Hair" Letter (July 21, 1902) 117. Why I Am a Pagan 118. Lone Wolfv. Hitchcock (1903) 119. United States v. Winans (1905) 120. Geronimo Narrative (1906) 121. The Burke Act, 1906

331 344 345 351 353 356 357

363 367 368 371 372 374 376 379 381 384 391 396 398 399 401

405 406 408 418 423 426

Contents 122. Letter Written by Susan La Flesche Picotte, M.D. to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1907 123. Henry Roe Cloud—Education of the American Indian, 1914 124. A Navajo Writes Home from Boarding School, 1914-1916 125. "The Menace of the Wild West Show" (1914) 126. The Last "Wild" Tribe of California, 1915 127. Affidavit of Wallulatum Regarding the Treaties of 1855 and 1865 (April 9, 1915) 128. Arthur C. Parker Describes the "Social Elements of the Indian Problem," 1916 129. Let My People Go by Carlos Montezuma, M.D. (Apache) 130. "Phoenix Indian School" 131. Delos Lone Wolf (Kiowa): How to Solve the Problem 132. Flint Working by Ishi, 1916 133. The Story of Ishi, 1917 134- Nativity Myth at Laguna, 1918: Recorded by Elsie Clews Parsons 135. "Hunting Song" (Navajo) 136. Robert Yellowtail Calls for Self-Determination, 1919 137. Zitkala-Sa Discusses the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 138. Citizenship for World War I Veterans (November 6, 1919) 139. "How Aua Became a Shaman"

428 429 433 436 43 7 445 447 457 459 461 462 467 472 474 475 477 478 479

Part E: 1921-1973

483

140. "What Has Happened to the Crow Indian Horses" 141.AKlamathStory 142. Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 143. Luther Standing Bear Recalls His First Buffalo Hunt, 1928 144. The Problem of Indian Administration: Report of a Survey Made at the Request of Honorable Hubert Work, Secretary of the Interior, and Submitted to Him, February 21, 1928 (Meriam Report) 145. "A Tamed Old Man" 146. "The White Man's Depression of 1930" 147. Stealing Horses from the Arapahoe, Chief Plenty Coups (Crow), 1930 148. "Across the Big Water" (1932) 149. Luther Standing Bear on "What the Indian Means to America" (1933) 150. Luther Standing Bear on Education, 1933 151. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 152. Petition to Eleanor Roosevelt, 1934 153. John Collier, an "Indian Renaissance," 1935 154. Flying Hawk's Recollections of Wounded Knee (1936) 155. Navajo Livestock Reduction 156. Eva Spicer Whitetree Nichols Interview, April 21, 1937

483 485 490 491

492 496 498 500 503 508 515 519 524 525 530 531 535

157. Esther Naktewa's Letter to Santa Claus, 1937 158. "Life of a Cherokee Woman" 159. Kate Shaw Ahrens Interview, 1937 160. Interview with Rudolph White Shield, Cheyenne Indian (February 26, 1938) 161. Memorandum Regarding the Enlistment of Navajo Indians (March 6, 1942) 162. The Iroquois Declaration of War on Germany, 1942 163. Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946 164- "Counting Coup and Capturing Horses" 165. Letter from Ray Fadden of Akwesasne Mohawk Counselor Organization to President Harry S. Truman Regarding Burial of an Indian at Arlington National Cemetery (September 3, 1951) 166. House Concurrent Resolution 108 (August 1953) 167. Indian Relocation Act of 1956 168. A Pima Indian, George Webb, Discusses "Progress" (1959) 169. "A Statement Made for the Young People" 170. "We Are Not Free" (1967): Clyde Warrior (Ponca) 171. Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 172. Sohappy v. Smith (1969) 173. "This Country Was a Lot Better Off When the Indians Were Running It" 174- Suppressed Speech of Wamsutta James, 1970 175. "We Hold the Rock!" The Alcatraz Proclamation to the Great White Father and His People, 1970 176. All-Indian University and Cultural Complex on Indian Land (1970) 177. NARP's Eight-Point Program 178. "We Have Endured. We Are Indians: To the President and the People of the United States" (1970) 179. "To Be Indian in Los Angeles" 180. Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, December 18, 1971 181. Letter to the President of the United States, December 18, 1971, from Joseph Upicksoun, President, Arctic Slope Native Association 182. Trail of Broken Treaties (1972) 183. "Wounded Knee More Important than Watergate" 184. Menominee Restoration Act of 1973 185. "Three-Point Program of the American Indian Movement" 186. About AIM.

539 540 542 546 547 548 548 556

558 558 559 560 562 565 569 570 579 587 589 592 596 597 599 601 606 609 622 623 624 628

Part F: 1974-Present

631

187. United States v. Washington—Boldt Decision (1974) 188. "I Believe in the Laws of Nature"

631 634

Contents 189. Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 1975 190. Pacific Northwest Stories 191. Convicted of Being Chippewa and Sioux Blood by Leonard Peltier (1977) 192. American Indian Religious Freedom Act 193. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 194. "The Haudenosaunee Declaration of the Iroquois: Haudenosaunee Statement to the World" (May 1979) 195. "On the Art of Stealing Human Rights" (1979) 196. "Uranium Mining in the Black Hills" 197. For America to Live, Europe Must Die, 1980 198. United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians (1980) 199. All Indians of the Nation on Trial (1983) 200. The Tekakwitha Conference Responds to Recommendations that Father Junipero Serra Be Declared Venerable, 1987 201. Hodelv. Irving (1987) 202. House Concurrent Resolution 331 (1988) 203. Waterlily 204- National Tekakwitha Conference Vision Statement, 1988 205. Tribal Colleges 206. Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act 207. Greg Sarris Interview (March 9, 1992) 208. White House Conference on Indian Education, 1992 209. Haudenosaunee Faithkeeper, Chief Oren Lyons Addressing Delegates to the United Nations Organization Opened "The Year of the Indigenous Peoples" (1993) in the United Nations General Assembly Auditorium, United Nations Plaza, New York City, December 10, 1992 210. The Tekakwitha Conference Native Profession of Faith, 1995 211. Indian Sacred Sites Executive Order 13007, May 24, 1996 212. "No Matter What Happened to the Indians, We Will Always Have Our Spirit" by Bonnie Ballard (Fort Hall Shoshone-Bannock): American Falls, Idaho—Age 16 213. Oren Lyons Narrative, 1997 214. "Use Science, but Trust Our Own Knowledge" 215. How to Skin a Polar Bear by Linda Akeya (Siberian Yup'ik) 216. When People Carrying Bibles Came by Blanche Jones Criss 217. New Paths, Old Ways by Verne Seum, Ifiupiaq 218. Minnesota v. Milk Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians, March 24, 1999 219. Vernon Bellecourt Speech at Kent State, May 4, 2000 220. Stumped? Magazine Interview with Chris Eyre (September 2002) 221. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2006) 222. Lieutenant Bill Cody Ayon (Southern Cheyenne), New Mexico National Guard, Interviewed on September 16, 2007, Camp Cropper, Iraq

637 641 646 649 650 652 655 657 660 668 671 672 674 680 682 684 687 692 702 706

712 715 715

717 718 722 724 725 727 728 730 735 741

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223. Interview with John EchoHawk 224. 'Twas the Night before Ojibwe Christmas

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Further Reading Index About the Editors

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