SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN £0

HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES BY

FRANZ BOAS

PART 2

WITH ILLUSTRATIVE SKETCHES By EDWARD SAPIR, LEO J. FRAOHTENBERG,

AND WALDEMAR BOGORAS

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INsTITuTIoN, BUREAU OF AMERIcAN ETHNOLOGY,

Washington, D. C., February 20, 1911.

SIR: I have the honor to submit for publication, subject to your approval, as Bulletin 40, Part 2, of this Bureau, the manuscript of a portion of the Handbook of American Indian Languages, prepared under the editorial supervision of Dr. Franz Boas. Yours, respectfully,

F. W. lODGE, Ethnologist in Charge.

Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institutiom. III

CONTENTS Page

The Takelma language of southwestern Oregon, by Edward Sapir Coos, by Leo 3. Frachtenberg Siu8lawan (Lower TJmpqua), by Leo 3. Frachtenberg ... Ohukchee, by Waldemar Bogoras..

1

297

431 631 V

THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON BY

EDWARD SAPIR

3045°-Bull. 40, Pt 2-2------1

1

CONTENTS Page

§ 1. Introduction § 2-24. Phonology § 2. Introductory §

3-11. Vowels General remarks System of vowels Stress and pitch-accent § 6-11. Vocalic processes Vowel hiatus Dissimilation of u

7

8

8 10 10 10

.

15 22 22 24 24 27 28 29 31 31

I- umlaut

§

K-sounds preceded by u-xowels Inorganic a Simplification of double diphthongs 12-24. Consonants System of consonants Final consonants § 14-17. Consonant combinations General remarks Initial combinations Final combinations Medial combinations

35 36 36

36 38

§ § 18-24. Consonant processes Dropping of final consonants Simplification of doubled consonants Consonants before x Dissimilation of n to 1 and m

§

Catch dissimilation Influence of place and kind of accent on manner of articulation Inorganic h 25-115. Morphology Introductory § 26-32. Grammatical processes General remarks Prefixation Suffixation § 29 Infixation Reduplication Vowel-ablaut Consonant-ablaut §

33-83. I. The verb Introductory §

34-38. 1. Verbal prefixes General remarks Incorporated nouns Body-part prefixes Local prefixes Instrumental wa-

39 41 41 42 44 45 47

48 51 52 52 55 55 55 56 56 57 59 62 63 63 64

66 72 86

91 3

4

CONTENTS

25-115. Morphology-Continued. §

33-83. I. The verb-Continued. 39,40. 2. Formation of verb-stems General remarks Types of stem-formation § 41-58. 3. Verbal suffixes of derivation General remarks § 42.Petrified suffixes § 43. Frequentatives and usitatives § 44-51. Transitive suffixes General remarks Causative -(a) nComitative -(a) gwIndirective -of- (-s-) Indirective (a') idIndirective -(a') md§

Indirective -(a)n (an)- "for" §

Indirect reflexive -gwa52-57. Intransitive suffixes General remarks Active intransitive -xaReflexive -gwi-

152

Non-agentive -xPositional-I £ Impersonal -iau59-67. 4. Temporal-modal and pronominal elements

153 155 156 157 157 160 164 167 167 170 172 177 180 181 184 184 186 189 196 199 201 201 201 204 204 204 205 207 208 208 208

§

§

Introductory Intransitives, class I Intransitives, class II 62-66. Transitives, class III

General remarks Transitive subject pronouns Connecting -x- and -iForms without connecting vowel Passives Verbs of mixed class, class IV 68-72. 5. Auxiliary and subordinating forms Periphrastic futures

Periphrastic phrases in na(g)- "do, act"

§

150 152

}an

Reciprocal

§

Page 92 92 95 117 117 118 127 135 135 135 137 141 143 144 145 148 149 149

Subordinating forms Conditionals Uses of potential and inferential 73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives Introductory Infinitives § 75-78. Participles General remarks

§

Active participle in -t' Passive participle in (a)k'w, -i'k" Passive participle in -xap' (-sap') 79-82. Nouns of agency Introductory Nouns of agency in (a')es

CONTE1cP$

5

25-115. Morphology-Continued. §

33-83. I. The verb-Continued. § 73-83. 6. Nominal and adjectival derivatives-Continued. 79-82. Nouns of agency-Continued. § Nouns of agency in sii, sãa Nouns of agency in -xi Forms in -i'ya

§

84-102. II. The noun Introductory §

§

85, 86. 1. Nominal stems General remarks Types of stem formation 87, 88. 2. Noun derivation Derivative suffixes Compounds

§

3. Noun-characteristics and pre-pronominal -x90-93. 4. Possessive suffixes General remarks Terms of relationship

Schemes II and III §

§

Possessives with pre-positives. 94-96. 5. Local phrases General remarks Pre-positives Postpositions 97-102. 6. Post-nominal elements General remarks

Exclusive -ta Plural -t'an (-han, -h!an) Dual -dii

-wj' every Deictic _ea\ §

§

§

§

103-105. III. The pronoun Independent personal pronouns Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs Interrogative and indefinite pronouns 106-109. IV. The adjective General remarks. Adjectival prefixes Adjectival derivative suffixes Plural formations 110,111. V. Numerals Cardinals Numeral adverbs 112-114. VI. Adverbs and particles Adverbial suffixes Simple adverbs Particles

VII. Interjections Conclusion Appendix A: 1. Comparative table of pronominal forms 2. Scheme of seven voices in six tense-modes

3. Forms of na(g)-"say, do" Appendix B: Specimen texts with analysis

Page

209 210 210 210 210 214 214 215 221 221 225 227 231 231 232 235 237 241 241 242 243 246 246 246 247 249 249 250 251 251 252 254 255 255 256 258 262 264 264 266 267 267 270 272 278 281 284 285 286 291

THE TAKELMA LANGUAGE OF SOUTHWESTERN OREGON B EDWARD SAPIR

§ 1. INTRODUCTION

The language treated in the following pages was spoken in the southwestern part of what is now the state of Oregon, along the middle portion of Rogue river and certain of its tributaries. It, together with an upland dialect of which but a few words were obtained, forms the Takilman stock of Powell. The form "Takelma" of the word is practically identical with the native name of the tribe, Daagelmaem THOSE DWELLING ALONG THE RIVER (see below, § 87, 4);

there seems to be no good reason for departing from it in favor of Powell's variant form. The linguistic material on which this account of the Takelma language is based consists of a series of myth and other texts, published by the University of Pennsylvania (Sapir, Takelma Texts, Anthropological Publications of the University Museum, vol. ii, no. 1,

Philadelphia, 1909), together with a mass of grammatical material

(forms and sentences) obtained in connection with the texts. A series of eleven short medicine formulas or charms have been published with interlinear and free translation in the Journal of American Folk-Lore (xx, 35-40). A vocabulary of Takelma verb, noun, and adjective stems, together with a certain number of derivatives, will be found at the end of the "Takelma Texts." Some manuscript notes on Takelma, collected in the summer of 1904 by Mr.

H. H. St. Clair, 2d, for the Bureau of American Ethnology, have been kindly put at my disposal by the Bureau; though these consist mainly of lexical material, they have been found useful on one or two points. References like 125.3 refer to page and line of my Takelma Texts. Those in parentheses refer to forms analogous to the ones discussed. 7

8

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

(BULL. 40

The author's material was gathered at the Siletz reservation of Oregon during a stay of a month and a half in the summer of 1906, also under the direction of the Bureau of American Ethnology. My informant was Mrs. Frances Johnson, an elderly full-blood Takelma woman. Her native place was the village of Dak'1s!asi or DaidaniVc', on Jump-off-Joe creek (Dtp!Oits!i'ida) , a northern affluent of Rogue river, her mother having come from a village on the upper course of Cow creek (Hagwai). Despite her imperfect command of

the English language, she was found an exceptionally intelligent and good-humored informant, without which qualities the following study would have been far more imperfect than it necessarily must be under even the very best of circumstances.

In conclusion I must thank Prof. Franz Boas for his valuable advice in regard to several points of method and for his active interest in the progress of the work. it is due largely to him that I was encouraged to depart from the ordinary rut of grammatical description and to arrange and interpret the facts in a manner that seemed most in accordance with the spirit of the Takelma language itself.1

PHONOLOGY (

2-24)

§ 2. Introductory In its general phonetic character, at least as regards relative harshness or smoothness of acoustic effect, Takelma will probably be found to occupy a position about midway between the characteristically rough languages of the Columbia valley and the North Californian and Oregon coast (Chinookan, Salish, Alsea, Coos, Athapascan, Yurok)

on the one hand, and the relatively euphonious languages of the Sacramento valley (Maidu, Yana, Wintun) on the other, inclining rather to the latter than to the former. From the former group it differs chiefly in the absence of voiceless i-sounds (L, 1,2 .rd) and of velar stops (q, g, g!); from the latter, 1 What little has been learned of the ethnology of the Takelma Indians will be found Incorporated In two articles written by the author and entitled Notes on the Tskelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, In American Ant hropologist, n. S., IX, 251-273; and Religious ideas of the Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon, in Journal of American Folk-Lore, xx, 33-49. 11n the myths, 1 Is freely prefixed to any word spoken by the bear. Its uneuphonious character is evidently Intended to match the coarseness of the bear, and for this quasi-rhetorical purpose It was doubtless derisively borrowed from the neighboring Athapascan languages, in which it occurs with great frequency. The prefixed sibilant s- serves in' a similar way as a sort of sneezing adjunct to indicate the speech of tbe coyote. (Jwi'di wExRx? says the ordinary mortal; lgwi'di, the bear; sgw'di, the coyote.

§2

BOAS]

HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES-TAKELMA

9

in the occurrence of relatively more complex consonantic clusters, though these are of strictly limited possibilities, and hardly to be considered as difficult in themselves.

Like the languages of the latter group, Takelma possesses clearcut vowels, and abounds, besides, in long vowels and diphthongs; these, together with a system of syllabic pitch-accent, give the Takelma language a decidedly musical character, marred only to some extent by the profusion of disturbing catches. The line of cleavage between Takelma and the neighboring dialects of the Athapascan stock ([Jpper TJmpqua, Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chasta Costa) is thus

not only morphologically but also phonetically distinct, despite resemblances in the manner of articulation of some of the vowels and consonants. Chasta Costa, formerly spoken on the lower course of Rogue river, possesses all the voiceless i-sounds above referred to; a peculiar illusive q!, the fortis character of which is hardly as prominent

as in Chinook; a voiced guttural spirant r as in North German Tage; the sonants or weak surds dj and z (rarely); a voiceless interdental spif ant ç and its corresponding fortis tç!; and a very frequently occurring tl vowel, as in English nup. All of these are absent from Takelma, which, in turn, has a complete labial series (b, p, p!, m), whereas Chasta Costa has oniy the nasal m (labial stops occur apparently only in borrowed words,boçi' CAT