Vasopressor and Inotrope Use in Canadian Emergency Departments: Evidence Based Guidelines
What’s your VICE? CAEP Critical Care Committee (C4) Evidence Based Consensus Guidelines
Dennis Djogovic MD, FRCPC Associate Clinical Professor, University of Alberta Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Deputy Director, EG King General Systems Intensive Care Unit University of Alberta Hospital
Disclosure Faculty: Dennis Djogovic
Relationships with commercial interests: Grants/Research Support: none Speakers Bureau/Honoraria: none Consulting Fees: none
Objectives Is there any real evidence (beyond physiology and opinion) behind the pressors and tropes you are already using? To provide you with evidence that you can use on your next shift with the very next critically ill patient you take care of
CJEM 2015;17(S1):1‐16
But why ask the question? We all treat shock We should be experts in early treatment of shock
But, what is shock? How do we clinically define it?
Does the treatment change depending on type of shock? Does one size fit all?
Watering a garden = types of shock
Vasopressors vs Inotropes
phenylephrine vasopressin norepinephrine
dobutamine epinephrine dopamine
milrinone nitroprusside
Building a guideline: GRADE Development Process • Frame the question and identify key outcomes • AGREE PICO • Section authors, literature search, non voting chair
• Rate the evidence • Assign Quality of Evidence
• Create recommendations • Delphi Consensus process • Strength of Recommendation
Literature Search Question
Articles Identified
Focused Article List
Best Articles
Side Effects
1400
109
10
Cardiogenic Shock
95
21
5
Hypovolemic Shock
881
71
8
Obstructive Shock
1594
43
10
Distributive Shock
19122
104
21
Undifferentiated Shock
309
76
6
65129
616
53
Vascular Access
GRADE Quality of Evidence Score Rating
Best Evidence
A
Well done RCT
B
Poorly‐done RCT Well done observational series
C
Average observational series
D
Case series and expert opinions
Determining Strength of Recommendation
Question 1
For ED patients, what are the SIDE EFFECTS of vasopressors and inotropes? Dopamine increases the risk of tachyarrhythmia compared to norepinephrine (Grade A) Epinephrine increases metabolic abnormalities compared to norepinephrine (Grade A) Dopamine use in septic shock increases mortality compared to norepinephrine (Grade B) Epinephrine increased metabolic abnormalities compared to norepinephrine‐dobutamine in cardiogenic shock without acute cardiac ischemic (Grade B)
Question 2
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used in the treatment of ED patients with CARDIOGENIC SHOCK? Cardiogenic shock patients in the ED should receive norepinephrine as the first line vasopressor. (Strong) Cardiogenic shock patients should receive dobutamine if an inotrope is necessary (Conditional)
Question 3
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used for the treatment of ED patients with HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK?
Routine vasopressor use in hypovolemic shock is not recommended. (Conditional) Vasopressin may be indicated in hemorrhagic or hypovolemic shock if a vasopressor is deemed necessary. (Conditional)
Question 4
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used the treatment of ED patients with OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK?
In obstructive shock not responding to indicated treatment, vasopressor should be instituted. (Conditional) For patients with HOCM / outflow tract obstruction, inotropic agents should be avoided. Judicious vasoconstrictive agents considered. (Conditional)
Question 5
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used in the treatment of ED patients with DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK?
Norepinephrine is the first line vasopressor for use in septic shock. (Strong)
Conclusions: “In patients with septic shock, dopamine administration is associated with greater mortality and a higher incidence of arrhythmic events compared to NE administration.”
Question 5
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used in the treatment of ED patients with DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK?
Dobutamine should be used for septic shock with low cardiac output despite adequate volume resuscitation. (Strong)
Vasopressin should be considered in catecholamine refractory septic shock. (Conditional)
Question 5 Continued
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used in the treatment of ED patients with DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK?
Epinephrine infusion is the preferred agent for ANAPHYLACTIC shock that does not respond to intramuscular or intravenous epinephrine. (Strong)
Question 5 Continued
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used in the treatment of ED patients with DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK?
Norepinephrine is the first line agent for management of distributive shock due to HEPATIC failure. (Conditional)
Vasopressor choice in NEUROGENIC shock is not clear. (Conditional)
Vasopressor choice in distributive shock secondary to ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY not responding to steroid replacement is not clear. (Conditional)
Question 6
Which vasopressors and inotropes should be used in ED patients with UNDIFFERENTIATED SHOCK? In undifferentiated shock not responding to fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine should be the first‐line vasopressor. (Strong) In undifferentiated shock, a second vasopressor should be added if a goal MAP > 70 mmHg is not being achieved. (Conditional)
Question 7
How should vasopressors and inotropes be ADMINISTERED to ED patients? Short term vasopressor infusions (2‐6 hours) should preferentially be administered via central venous catheters. (Conditional) Inotropes can be given via peripheral catheter (short term) or central venous catheters (prolonged period) with a similarly low incidence of local complications. (Conditional) The administration of vasopressors via intra‐osseous line is safe in adults. (Conditional)
SMC Syndrome
SMC Syndrome Sunday Morning Conference Syndrome
CAEP Critical Care Practice Committee (C4) Vasopressors and Inotropes in Canadian Emergency Departments
STRONG RECOMMENDATIONS Cardiogenic shock patients in the ED should receive norepinephrine as the first‐line vasopressor. Norepinephrine is the first line vasopressor for use in septic shock. Dobutamine should be used for septic shock with low cardiac output despite adequate volume resuscitation. Epinephrine infusion is the preferred agent for anaphylactic shock that does not respond to IM or IV bolus epinephrine. In undifferentiated shock not responding to fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine should be the first‐line vasopressor.
In Summary… Dopamine=Don’t! Levophed=Let’s go! SPREAD THE WORD! www.emicu.org Join:
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