Validation Study of the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS)

Validation Study of the Law Enforcement  y Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) Vincent B. Van Hasselt, Ph.D., Vi tB V H lt Ph D Ryan A. Reddin, M.S.,  R A R...
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Validation Study of the Law Enforcement  y Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) Vincent B. Van Hasselt, Ph.D., Vi tB V H lt Ph D Ryan A. Reddin, M.S.,  R A R ddi M S Judy Couwels, M.A., Gregory M. Vecchi, Ph.D., & Monty T. Baker, Ph.D.

Nova Southeastern University (NSU) – Center For Psychological Studies (CPS) NSU Quality of Life Council Meeting: May 11, 2010

The authors would like to extend their  appreciation to Broward Sheriff’s Office and      Nova Southeastern University’s               Quality of Life Council for their strong  support of this study.

Introduction • Stress ‐ A physiological reaction that prepares the  body to manage environmental changes, threats, body to manage environmental changes, threats,  or demands, whether actual or imagined (Selye,  1978). • Stress inducing occupations: – – – – – –

Medical Intern / Surgeon Medical Intern / Surgeon Cooperate Executive / Administration  Air Traffic Controller / Commercial Pilot Coal Miner Coal Miner Paramedic / EMT / Fireman Police Officer

Law Enforcement Officers Engage in a Wide  Range of Stress Inducing Activities f d • Operational Stressors:  Operational Stressors:

• Organizational Stressors: 

Detrimental Effects of Police Stress Detrimental Effects of Police Stress • Physical  – Hypertension H i – Cardiovascular disease – Cancer – Ulcers • Psychological  – Anxiety Anxiety  – Depression – Burnout  – PTSD  • Behavioral – Disturbed sleep – Substance abuse  Substance abuse – Marital discord – Suicide

Purpose of the Present Study Purpose of the Present Study • Extend research on a brief, early warning  , y g screening measure of stress among law  enforcement officers: the Law Enforcement Stress  Survey (LEOSS; Van Hasselt et al 2003 2008) Survey (LEOSS; Van Hasselt et al., 2003, 2008).  • This project expands upon previous research on  this instrument by: this instrument by:  – (1) obtaining normative data on a clinical sample of  police officers – (2) developing a scoring system that can be employed  to detect stress, and stress levels, in this population.

Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey  ( (LEOSS) ) LEOSS sample items ‐Scenario‐ • You are executing an arrest warrant when the suspect  barricades himself/herself. • You respond to a major motor vehicle accident with multiple  You respond to a major motor vehicle accident with multiple injuries and possible fatalities. • You must rely on employees that you feel are not  trustworthy or incompetent. trustworthy or incompetent. • You find that work is taking up more time, leaving you with  little left for family and recreation. • Changing shifts has interfered with your sleep patterns. Changing shifts has interfered with your sleep patterns

Method •Participants are currently being recruited from the Broward Sheriff’s Office  Employee Assistance Program (BSO EAP). Participants are being given packets that  contain a cover letter, a demographic questionnaire, and a copy of the following  instruments to be completed: instruments to be completed: 

ƒ Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) ƒReynolds Short Form A (RFSA) y ( ) ƒ Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS) ƒPost Traumatic Stress Disorder symptom checklist (PCL) ƒPost Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) ƒ Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ‐Op)  ƒ Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ‐Org) ƒ Brief Symptom Inventory ‐ 53 (BSI‐53)  ƒ Job Stress Survey (JSS)  J bS S (JSS) ƒ Dispositional Resilience Scale ‐ 15 (DRS‐15) The aforementioned measures were considered for this project because of their    The aforementioned measures were considered for this project because of their brevity, sound psychometric properties, and relevance to police stress.

Data Analysis and Hypothesis Data Analysis and Hypothesis • Descriptive statistics and the internal consistency  esc pt e stat st cs a d t e te a co s ste cy reliability will be computed for each measure.  Correlations will be calculated among the  measures and factor analysis performed to  df l f d evaluate the number and nature of dimensions  tapped by the LEOSS tapped by the LEOSS.  • Hypothesis 1: the LEOSS is a practical measure  with good reliability and validity with good reliability and validity.  • Hypothesis 2: a clinical cutoff score can be  id ifi d h diff identified that differentiates between clinical and  i b li i l d non‐clinical law enforcement officers

Practical Implications Practical Implications • Develop Develop a short, easily administered screening  a short easily administered screening measure of police stress, having heuristic  value in both clinical and research contexts value in both clinical and research contexts. • Ascertain prevalent sources of police stress Promote measures that help officers and • Promote measures that help officers and  administrators collectively combat operational  and organizational stress  • Discuss avenues for additional research

Future Directions Future Directions  ƒ Researchers should consider: conducting longitudinal and/or cross‐ sectional studies on police officers to investigate any changes in  ti l t di li ffi t i ti t h i occupational and organizational stress levels with changes in:  ƒ years of experience ƒ Rank ƒ Age ƒ education level education level ƒ shift‐work time ƒ work environment ƒ personal factors (e.g., marital status and number of children) ƒ The The goal of this research would be to determine which variables are  goal of this research would be to determine which variables are related to different forms of police stress so they may be targeted via  programs aimed at reducing and/or preventing such stress

continued… ƒ Researchers should ascertain the efficacy of: Researchers should ascertain the efficacy of: ƒ individual counseling ƒ stress management training ƒ critical incident stress debriefing ƒ employee assistance programs ƒ Summative and formative program evaluations will  investigate the effectiveness of these programs investigate the effectiveness of these programs

THANK YOU

References • •



Selye, H. (1978). The stress of police work. Police Stress, 1, 7‐8. Van Hasselt, V.B., Sheehan, D.C., Malcolm, A.S., Sellers, A.H., Baker, M.T., &  Couwels, J. (2008). The law enforcement officer stress survey (LEOSS):  Evaluation of psychometric properties. Behavior Modification, 32, 133‐ 151. 151 Van Hasselt, V.B., Sheehan, D.C., Sellers, A.H., Baker, M.T., & Feiner, C.A. (2003).  A behavioral‐analytic model for assessing stress in police officers: Phase I.  Development of the law enforcement officer stress survey (LEOSS).  p y( ) International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 5, 77‐84.

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