USING GIS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS Dr. Ori Gudes
Outline of the Presentation • Nature of a geographic enquiry – Problem definition. – Data collection. – De...
Outline of the Presentation • Nature of a geographic enquiry – Problem definition. – Data collection. – Defining criteria. – Presentation. – Examples of everyday problems. – How GIS help to solve problems. – Four types of spatial relationships (i.e., distance, intersection, adjacency and containment).
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Nature of a geographic enquiry • Problem definition. • Data – Depending on the problem at hand, determining the data sources, quality of the data, acquisition process and how to clean, organise and manipulate. • Criteria – Defining how you can use raw data to generate meaningful information. It can be attribute- or location-based. • Presentation – Audience. Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
The Analytical Process The Analytical Process The GIS analytical process usually includes seven steps, which are: 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
Define the problem. Define the criteria. Identify the data you need. Plan the analysis (preparing diagram). Prepare the data for analysis. Execute the analysis. Examine and present the results.
*** Often, you'll find you need to repeat at least some of the steps in order to refine or adjust your analysis.
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
1. Define the broad problem •
Workshop 1
To understand whether we have sufficient GPs and Health Services in Logan area.
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
2. Define the criteria • Define a competent level of health service, for instance, X GPs clinics / HRs for Y population.
So we can understand whether we have sufficient GPs / health services per population in need.
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
3. Identify the data you need • A layer presenting the area of Interest.
• A layer presenting the GP locations. • A layer presenting the population (e.g., based on SLAs). • Number of GP clinics / HRs in each geographical entity (SLAs).
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Example of Map Layers GIS displays information in map ‘layers’
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
4. Plane the analysis 1. Geocode the list of GPs clinics from the addresses into a points geocoded layer. 2. Exclude those GPs that are out of our area of research boundaries. 3. Calculate the number of GPs’ clinics for each geographical entity (e.g. SLA in our case study). 4. Calculate the area (KM^2) for each geographical entity (e.g. SLA). 5. Calculate the ratio of GPs’ clinics as oppose to area (KM^2).
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
4. Plan the Analysis 1. Geocode the list of GPs clinics from the addresses into a points geocoded layer. 2. Exclude those GPs that are out of our area of research boundaries (not contained). 3. Calculate the number of GPs’ clinics / HRs for each geographical entity (e.g. SLA in our case study). 4. Calculate the ratio of GPs’ clinics / HRs as oppose to population. 5. Compare this to known standard (e.g., Australian average) is it less or more?
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
5. Prepare the data for Analysis Because data doesn't always come exactly as you wish for your analysis purpose, you may identify steps that are needed to prepare the data. For example, you may need to add a field to a table, edit or update features, correct data errors, and change or define coordinate systems. It's usually best to do these preliminary tasks before you run the analysis…
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
6. Execute the Analysis Execute the analysis by using the different spatial analysis tools.
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
7. Examine and present the results
Visualise a map based on the new health competency ratio; * Often, you'll find you need to repeat at least some of the steps in order to refine or adjust your analysis.
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Proximity Analysis Proximity analysis, involves finding what is near or within a certain distance of one or more features. Buffer is a common geoprocessing operation used for proximity analysis. In this example, a buffer has been created to define the area within a certain distance of the bus stop.
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Proximity Analysis – Demo in class
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Examples of how GIS was used by health practitioners in QLD
Distribution
Admissions to Hospitals for Depression (Hot Spots) vs Mental Health Facilities
Distribution
Heat Map of BMI
Supply Vs Demand
Risk Analysis
Distribution
Applying Spatio-temporal Analysis using Dataset Hosted in ArcGIS Online http://bit.ly/O1VNIU
Clusters analysis of Hendra (horse disease)
Distribution
Access
Utilisation
Patients’ Behaviour
Scenarios of how GIS was used by health practitioners in WA
A case study of articulated heavy vehicle crashes in the Perth metropolitan area only: 2001-2013
Space time Hot Spots of articulated heavy vehicle crashes in the Perth metropolitan area only: 2001-2013
Space time Hot Spots of articulated heavy vehicle crashes in the Perth metropolitan area only: 2001-2013
Kernel density estimation surface of articulated heavy vehicle crashes (within the Perth area): 2001-2013
Network Analysis Network analysis, computing the network connectivity based on driving time travel or pedestrian travel time to reveal accessibility to services and visualise areas not serviced.
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Density and Hotspot Analysis The surface shows the density of ozone-monitoring stations in California, using a kernel radius of 150 km. http://esrilabs2.esri.com/sanfrancrime/
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Applying spatio-temporal analysis using hosted in ArcGIS Online - spatio-temporal animation
http://bit.ly/O1VNIU
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Cluster Analysis
Workshop 1
Using GIS to solve problems
Tutor: Ori Gudes
Spatial Analysis? The case of John Snow Earliest documented epidemiologic study relied on mapping
Snow used maps and statistical data to trace source of outbreak to public water pump on Broad Street
