Urethral Trauma Management
Urethral 21. Surgeons may place suprapubic tubes (SPTs) in patients undergoing open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for pelvic fracture. (Expert Opinion)
Foley and SP Tube
•
May place suprapubic tubes (SPTs) in patients undergoing open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for pelvic fracture. (Expert Opinion)
Urethral 22. Clinicians may perform primary realignment (PR) in hemodynamically stable patients with pelvic fracture associated urethral injury. (Option; Evidence Strength: Grade C) (Option; Evidence Strength: Grade C) Clinicians should not perform prolonged attempts at endoscopic realignment in patients with pelvic fracture associated urethral injury. (Clinical Principle)
Urethral Trauma Management •
Primary Realignment
May perform primary realignment (PR) in hemodynamically stable patients with pelvic fracture associated urethral injury. (Option; Evidence Evidence Strength: Grade C) Strength: Grade C)
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Foley and SP Tube
Urethral 23. Clinicians should monitor patients for complications (e.g., stricture formation, erectile dysfunction, incontinence) for at least one year following urethral injury. (Recommendation; E id S h G d C) Evidence Strength: Grade C)
Complete Scar Excision (26Fr) & Bulbomembranous Anastomosis
Urethral 24. Surgeons should perform prompt surgical repair in patients with uncomplicated penetrating trauma of the anterior urethra. (Expert Opinion) (Expert Opinion) 25. Clinicians should establish prompt urinary drainage in patients with straddle injury to the anterior urethra. (Recommendation; Evidence Strength: Grade C)
Urethral GSW Injury
Urethral Straddle Injury
• Pure anterior urethral injury • Partial or complete
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Genital 26. Clinicians must suspect penile fracture when a patient presents with penile ecchymosis, swelling, cracking or snapping sound during intercourse or manipulation and immediate intercourse or manipulation and immediate detumescence. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)
Signs and Symptoms • Penile swelling and ecchymosis – Majority of patients in all studies
• Cracking/snapping detumescence – 46‐100% of patients 46 100% f i
• Pain – 0‐100%
• Penile angulation/deformity – Highly variable
Genital 27. Surgeons should perform prompt surgical exploration and repair in patients with acute signs and symptoms of penile fracture. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B) (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)
Complications
Surgical Approach
• Infection
• Degloving
• Erectile dysfunction
• Over hematoma1 • Inguinal/scrotal/penile2
• Angulation/curvature • High scrotal midline3 • Midline ventral penis4
1. 2. 3. 4.
Ozen et al, Br J Urol 1986 Seftel et al, J Urol 1998 Su et al, Urology 1998 Mazaris et al, BJU Int 2009
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Degloving
Mellinger, Urology 1992
Seftel et al, J Urol 1998
Prompt?
2 Weeks After Injury
• N=24, surgical repair 7‐12 days after injury • No complications reported • Recovery of sexual function in 4‐6 weeks
Nasser and Mostafa,J Sex Med 2008
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Genital 28. Clinicians may perform ultrasound in patients with equivocal signs and symptoms of penile fracture. (Expert Opinion)
?
Ultrasound
MRI
• 93% accurate in location of tear, n=581 2
1. El-Assmy et al, Urology 2011 2. Kachewar, Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2011
Equivocal imaging? • Panel recommends exploration
Genital 29. Clinicians must perform evaluation for concomitant urethral injury in patients with penile fracture or penetrating trauma who present with blood at the urethral meatus gross present with blood at the urethral meatus, gross hematuria or inability to void. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)
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Urethrography or urethroscopy? • Almost all studies report urethrography as method • No direct comparison di i • Discretion of surgeon
Penile Fracture
Complete Urethral Rupture & Fracture of Both Corpora
Corpora Repaired
Urethra Mobilized & Repaired
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Post‐Op
Genital 30. Surgeons should perform scrotal exploration and debridement with tunical closure (when possible) or orchiectomy (when non‐salvagable) in patients with suspected testicular rupture in patients with suspected testicular rupture. (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)
When to Suspect Rupture?
Ultrasound • 16 cases with hematocele surgery
• Ultrasound findings
–7 tunical rupture
• Hematocele
• U/S: 5 false (‐), 2 false (+) / ( ), ( ) • 58% negative predictive value
• Penetrating injury – 7 studies reviewed
Corrales et al, J Urol 1993
Scrotal Ultrasound in Blunt Injury
Scrotal Ultrasound
• San Francisco, N=661 – – – –
47 ultrasound,32 suspected ruptures Parenchymal heterogeneity, loss of contour definition 2 false (+), no delayed orchiectomy 93 5% 93.5% sensitive, 100% specific iti 100% ifi
• France, N=33, 16 testis ruptures2 – Tunical rupture: 8/16, 4 false (+) – 50% sensitive, 76% specific – Additional U/S findings: 22 ruptures: 6 false (+) • 100% sensitive, 65% specific 1. Buckley and McAninch, J Urol 2006 2. Guichard et al, Urology 2008
Buckley and McAninch, J Urol 2006
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Tunica Vaginalis Graft • First described in testicular trauma 19921 2 • First significant series 2007 g
– 7 cases reconstructed with tunica vaginalis – 2 cases PTFE, both developed abscess
1. Kapoor et al, Urology 1992 2. Ferguson & Brandes et al, J Urol 2007
Genital 31. Surgeons should perform exploration and limited debridement of non‐viable tissue in patients with extensive genital skin loss or injury from infection shearing injuries or burns from infection, shearing injuries, or burns (thermal, chemical, electrical). (Standard; Evidence Strength: Grade B)
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Genital
“Two bag system”
32. Surgeons should perform prompt penile replantation in patients with traumatic penile amputation, with the amputated appendage wrapped in saline‐soaked wrapped in saline soaked gauze, in a plastic bag gauze in a plastic bag and placed on ice during transport. (Clinical Principle)
• Rinse with saline, wrap in gauze and moisten with saline • Place in biohazard bag l i bi h db • Place bag in a saline/ice slush for transport
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Post‐op Day #2
Post‐op Day #8
3 months post‐op
6 months Cystoscopy and Uroflow
AUA Urotrauma Guideline: Conclusions • • • •
Organ salvage increasingly achievable Multi‐disciplinary evidence‐based approach Timely interventions y Interface with diagnostic and inteventional radiology, trauma and orthopedic surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgery
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