PAR RT I Swedish Nu uclear Fuel and Waste Managgement Company

The owners o

Collaboration partners Universities and colleges of higherr education education, consulting companies, companies the Geological Survey of Sweden (S SGU), organisations and institutions

SKBʼs startting points Assignment: dy and we must take care of it it. • We have nuclear waste alread Responsibility: generations who have created c the nuclear waste have the • Those g responsibility to deal with it – not the coming generations. This is a legal requirement. The solution: w many independent security • Nuclear fuel will be enclosed within barriers, using nature as a mo odel. The solution has been reviewed by y safety authorities on several occasions and will be reviewed once more before the final repository is built.

The Nuclear Waste W Fund Ab t About

0.001 $ per kWh

of nuclear electricity

Almost 5 billion $ in 2008

The Swedish system

Nuclear power station 1972

Spent nuclear fuel CLAB B 1985

m/s Sigyn Operational waste

Medical care, industry and research

Encapsulation E l ti plant 2020

S SFR 1988

Final repository for spent nuclear fuel 2020

m/s Sigyn (start of operation 1982)

Transports witth m/s Sigyn (Today we have 10 powerplants in operation) 1

SFR Operational waste – short-lived

2

Clab Spent nuclear fuel – long-lived

Forsmark, SFR

Studsvik

Oskarshamn, Clab

Ringhals

Barsebäck

1 2

Clab – Central Interim I Storage Facility for Spen nt Nuclear Fuel

32 m Forsmark/SFR

In the unloading pool the fuel assemblies are lifted out and placed in a storage canister

Clab Ringhals Barsebäck

Clab 2 increases the capacitty from 5,000 to 8,000 tonnes

Graphic art: Mats Jerndahl

Clab – Central Inte erim Storage 1985 Facility for Spen nt Nuclear Fuel

SFR – Final Repository R p y for

Radioactive Ope erational Waste

SF FR Silo 500 mSv/h

100 mSv/h 2 mSv/h 10 mSv/h

The Canister Laboratory y (start of operation 1998)

Before the spent nuclear fuel is emplaced in the deep repository, it will be encapsulated in tightly sealed copper canisters. c The Canister Laboratory in Oskarshamn is a centre for further development d of the encapsulation technology.

KBS S-3

Increasing knowle edge, step by step

1

2

34

5

Östhammar

6 7

8

Oskarshamn

Possible feasible bedrock

Type areas 1977–1985

Regional studies 1990s

Feasibility studies 1993–2002

Site investigations 2002–2009

Building a repository Completed 2018

The final repository – three key factors

Rock and general safety

Industry and enviro onment

Long term safety Long-term Construction n and operation

Society and public confidence Democratic decisionmaking process Public opinion

Safe working environment Transp portation Human and environmental e conseq quences Impact on o society

Talking to the e local people

Final repository in own municipality? Opinio on 2008 100 % 80 %

83 %

77 %

Definitely against Against

60 %

43 %

52 %

43 %

40 %

40 % 20 %

27 %

34 %

16 % 7% 6 % 10 %

For

31 % 40 %

Definitely for

13 3% 4%

8%

4% 9%

25 %

9%

0%

Östhammar 2008

Undecided, not for or against

Oskarsham mn 2008

Sweden 2007

Källa: Sy ynovate y

Site invesstigations

Geophysical surveyss of the entire area Reflectionseis smic studies

Helicopte er surveys y

Site invesstigations From the e surface

Soil wa ater samples

Studies of rock r types and fracture e zones

Site invesstigations Boreholle tests

Groundwater G m measurement

Borehole e radar

Site invesstigations Ecological inventories

Site invesstigations Cultural in nventories

Äspö Hard Roc ck Laboratory

Äspö HRL L Facility

• Office space for 100 people on site • Main experimental area between 220 and 450 m levels • Hoist and two ventilation shafts • On-line hydro-monitoring system

• Chemical lab and Bentonite lab • Quality systems: Sicada • Rock Visualisation System (RVS)

Äspö Ha ard Rock Laborratory -220 m

Vertical Pillar Sttability Disposal Experim ment Backfill and Plug Test

Horizontal Disposal

RNR Experiment True Block Scale Prototype Repository

-340 m

Lot Canister Retrieval Test TBT

-450 m

Slurrying Test

RNR Experiment Microbe Project Two-phase Flow

LTDE

Matrix Fluid Chemistry Experiment

Lasgit

Rex Project Colloid Project j

True e-1

Prototype Repository

Prototype Repository R

S ection 1 1

13 m

2

6 m

S ection 2 3

6 m

4

6 m

6

5

9 m

9 m

6 m

8 m

Full-scale prototype of KBS-3V concept Heavily instrumented – morre than 1000 gauges

Äspö Ha ard Rock Laborratory 460 m

The Prototype Repository

Sensors are installed in the boreholes, the clay and canisters canisters. Heat is simulated by electrical heaters.

Vertical Disposal

Graphic art: Mats Jerndahl

Vertical or horiz zontal disposal?

Horizontal emplacement, KBS-3H • KBS KBS-3H 3H is estimated to be a more efficient disposal method compared to KBS-3V – Reduction in rock excavation and backfilling – Less environmental impact during construction – Reduced costs – Reduced disturbance on the rock mass during construction and operation • Quality aspects – Prefabricated disposal container enables an easier quality assurance of the canister near zone

KBS-3H – Key y components

Canister Retrieval Test Three stages: 1. Boring of deposition holes and installation of instrumented bentonite blocks and canisters with heaters. 2000 2. Saturation of the bentonite and evolution of the thermal regime with measurement of thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes. 2000-2006 3. Test of freeing the canister from the bentonite and retrieving it. 2006

The MICROBE site at -450 m “ongoin ng work”

International co-operation

PAR RT II Municipality p y organiza g ation and consultation

Municipality o of Oskarshamn Conditions for pa articipating in the site selection l i process, i.e. i not using i the h right i h to veto

The Swedish constitution • Instrument of Government • Act of Succession • Freedom of the Press Act • Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression • Riksdag Act • EU and the fundamental laws

Chapter 1. Basic principles of the form of government Art. 1. All public power in Sweden proceeds from the p p people. p Swedish democracy is founded on the free formation of opinion and on universal and equal suffrage. It shall be realised through a representative and parliamentary polity and through local selfg government.

Hypothetical transp port of the Swedish organization to a cou untry with politically governed regions (US S Japan Germany etc) The local entity (mu uncipality etc, e.g. Nye County) is mandate ed to veto or accept a siting suggestion, de enying the region the corresponding mand date

The thirteen Oskarrshamn conditions Some exxamples l ⁻ continuos ti ffundi diing i off the th municipality i i lit work k from the Nuclea ar Waste Fund ⁻ only l S Swedish di h spent s t nuclear l fuel f l and d waste t accepted

⁻ correction of the lack of correlation between the safety analyysis, siting criteria and the site investigation g p prrogram g ⁻ alternatives to the t KBS-3 method shall be defined as a result of the EIA consultation process

FROM the Kariita Research VALDOC/Riscom Mod del of Transparency Truth/efficiency y - Objective world - Scientific S i ifi methods h d an nd d technology: h l “Are we doing things s right?”

Legitimacy

Authenticity

- Social world g the right g things? g - “Are we doing

- Personal integrity/ g identity y organisational -”are we doing what we say? hidden agenda)

Karita Research

(no