Tomorrow’s Leaders Capstone Project-‐ Syrian Refugee Housing
Prepared by: Hayfaa Assaad (ID 201000306) Advisor: Dr. Ramzi Haraty
Table of Contents Desired Goal: .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Current Housing Available: ..................................................................................................................... 14 Refugee Housing Specification: .............................................................................................................. 15 Main Components of the frame design: ................................................................................................ 16 General Geometry: ............................................................................................................................. 17 Pipes: .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Anchors: ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Joints: ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Cross Braces: ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Design of the walls and the roof: ........................................................................................................... 21 Wall Panels: ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Roof: ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Solar Panels and Sustainable Lighting: ................................................................................................... 21 Project Implementation: ............................................................................................................................ 23 Manufacturing Costs: ............................................................................................................................. 24 Summary of Total Cost of Manufacturing: ......................................................................................... 25 Transportation Cost to Refugee Camps: ................................................................................................ 25 Truck Size: .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Syrian Refugee Housing Setup: .............................................................................................................. 26 Total Cost per Syrian Refugee Housing Unit: ............................................................................................. 26 Project Marketing, Distribution and Setup: ............................................................................................... 27 Project Marketing: ................................................................................................................................. 27 Project Distribution: ............................................................................................................................... 27 Project Setup: ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Project Time Frame: ................................................................................................................................... 28 Project Funding: ......................................................................................................................................... 29 Appendix A: ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Appendix B: ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Appendix C: ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Appendix D: ................................................................................................................................................ 31 2 | P a g e
Appendix E: ................................................................................................................................................ 32 References: ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Table 1: CBC news, 2013 Statistics ............................................................................................................... 5 Table 2:Approximate Number of Registered Refugees ................................................................................ 7 Table 3:Distribution of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon .................................................................................. 10 Table 4: Available Housing Options ............................................................................................................ 14 Table 5: Material Costs Needed for the Syrian Refugee Housing (SRH) ..................................................... 24 Table 6: Summary of Refugee Housing Costs ............................................................................................. 25 Table 7: Transportation Costs .................................................................................................................... 26 Table 8: Setup Costs ................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 9: Summary of Costs ......................................................................................................................... 26 Table 10: Project Time Frame .................................................................................................................... 28 Table 11: Summary of Project Requirements ............................................................................................ 30 Figure 1: General House Geometry ............................................................................................................ 17 Figure 2: Anchor Options Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 18 Figure 3: Joint Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 4: Packaging of the joints ................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 5: Bracing to provide Lateral Support ............................................................................................. 20 Figure 6: Bracing Placement ....................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 7: Solar Batteries ............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 8: Detailed Proposed Geometry ...................................................................................................... 24 Figure 9: Typical Truck Sizes ....................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 10: Current Available Funds ............................................................................................................ 29
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Chapter 1: Introduction Due to the increase in the population of the human race and the increase in scarcity of our resources, access to essential services is becoming increasingly hard. At any point in time where people feel that they are deprived of the basic needs of survival by improper governmental disciplines turmoil is bound to occur.
History of the Syrian Crisis: The al-Assad Regime came to power at around 1970 after a peaceful military overthrow. This non-violent overflow had shifted the power to the hands of Hafiz al-Assad, father of the current Syrian president Bashar al Assad. Hafiz al-Assad had established an authoritarian regime and placed the country under and emergency law in 1962 that grants the right to call a State of Emergency which strips the Syrian citizens of the most rudimentary constitutional right and gives the government unlimited power when it comes to national and domestic security. This law gives the Syrian government the right to arrest, torture, and detain all that is perceived as appropriate to protect state security. This regime intimidated citizens and prevented them to protest in masses to defend their rights. Subsequently, al-Assad was able to easily suppress popular resistances until 1976 which witnessed the revolution headed by the Muslim Brotherhood. In 1982, this uprising was put to an end and crushed in a massacre, where the Syrian Armed forces raided the City of Hama and murdered 10,000 Syrian citizens. The bloodbath at Hama represented the first signs that al-Assad was not afraid to use violence against his people. Despite all violations of constitutional rights that ranted the Syrians, they remained reluctant to rebel against such a stringent power ravenous regime.
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Hafiz al-Assad died in 2000 after a rule of 30 years, only to be recaptured by Bashar al-Assad, after an alteration of the constitution. Under poor living conditions and the quest for mere and basic needs of survival the ongoing turmoil raided Syria on March 15, 2011. The situation further escalated when the protesting youth were faced with Syrian army military attacks in the city of Deraa. During the initial phases of the uprising the Syrians were requesting a change of regime. However, with the increasing violence against the protestors, further outrage now calls for immediate departure of Bashar alAssad (Middle East: The Crisis in Syria).
Statistics: After a year and a half into the Syrian Turmoil the Red Cross had declared “civil war”, below are some statistics provided by CBC news, 2013 describing the current situation in Syria: Table 1: CBC news, 2013 Statistics
Causalities
More than 130,435 people were killed; however, the UN suspects that the number is even larger due to the lack or reporting.
Refugees
More than 2,000,000 Syrian refugees are registered, with an extra 10,000 refugees waiting to be registered
Local Displacement and Homeless
http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/syria-dashboard/index.html
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More than 4,000,000 Syrians have been displaced and driven out of their homes
Main Stakeholders involved in the Conflict:
Bashar al-‐ Assad United States of America
Turkey
The Syrian Opposi`on
Main Stakeholders involved
Lebanon
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Jihadists Groups
Free Syrian Army
Current Humanitarian Situation in Lebanon: Out of the 2,000,000 refugees neighboring adjacent countries have accommodated the Syrian refugees as follows: Table 2:Approximate Number of Registered Refugees
Host Country
Approximate Number of Registered Refugees
Lebanon
957,773
Jordan
553,311
Turkey
521,493
Iraq
202,976
Egypt
127,605
http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/syria-dashboard/index.html
Throughout history it has become evident that the effects of war, whether civil or foreign, have the capacity to reach neighboring countries. This raging war has created a severe dent in Syrian history outlining it with deaths, destruction, and refugees. To this day, the count is at bar with approximately 115,000 deaths and the number is unfortunately not static. Statistical data has bluntly shown us that there are about 2.2 million Syrian refugees, 52% of which are children.
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About 868,000 Syrian refugees have fled to Lebanon with the rest being scattered amongst Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq and North Africa. With this surge of refugees, there is no doubt that several questions arose across Lebanese nation. How are we going to ensure that they receive viable resources and necessities without possible depletion? How many more refugees can our country accommodate? To what degree do we need to worry about possible pandemics? Most importantly, how can we provide them with sustainable housing? These questions have been rising to focus for the past two years in particular, and the search for answers has been running thin. Currently Lebanon is facing one of the worst refugee crises in its history (CLMC Elderly Syria Refugee Study FINAL, 2013). These numbers represent a growing concern to the Lebanese government, being trapped between the humanitarian aspect of the issue on one hand, and the economic and resource dwindling capacity of Lebanon. On the other hand, the problem rooted when the Lebanese government, under political and security fears, had not allowed the setup of refugee camps. This chaotic system had pushed the Syrian refugees to go and seek their own private accommodation of living arrangements. This phenomenon had caused the Syrian citizens to scatter all over the Lebanese territory in a haphazard manner, putting pressures on our resources and infrastructure. With refugee population is steadily increasing although the Lebanese government had loosened the ban on refugee camps; however, the Lebanese government had not managed to provide affordable and sustainable shelters for most Syrian refugees.
My Role as a Civil Engineer: Being a civil engineer that is aware of the Syrian refugee problem from a humanitarian perspective, I believe it is my role to provide a thorough assessment of the ground situation and 8 | P a g e
propose a solution for sustainable shelters to accommodate the Syrian refugees. This further allows me to analyze the Syrian refugee issue in Lebanon from an engineering and sustainable perspective. I will begin by identifying the major areas that are mostly affected by the increasing population of the Syrian refugees in Lebanon. My mission is as follows: “Provide sustainable housing and affordable shelters for the Syrian refugees in Lebanon.”
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Chapter 2: Literature Review Before we begin in tackling we must begin by setting up a criteria that any solution must have, any proposed solution must answer the following major three concerns: i. Any proposed urban refugee camps that is funded by international agency must not offend Lebanese citizens living under the poverty line. ii. Investment must be in cost-effective sustainable development and yet benefit both Lebanese and Syrian refugees. iii.
Priorities must be taken into consideration before any solution is implemented.
Ever since the beginning of the Syria influx to the Lebanese territory the United Nations and Local Non-Governmental Organizational have worked closely together. Syrian refugees started settling in areas of Bekaa, where the UNHCR started its Full time operations in March 2012. The dispersion of the Syrian Refugees as per the UNHCR is as follows: Table 3:Distribution of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon
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Location
Percentage of the Total Refugees
North of Lebanon
50%
Bekaa Valley
40%
Beirut and other Suburbs
10%
It is worthwhile to mention that Lebanon has signed various human rights treaties that override any domestic law that exists. From a humanitarian perspective Lebanon, in cooperation with international organizations, is bound to find a sustainable solution that should address the prior three points mentioned earlier. Different informal camps composed of tents have been constructed in areas like Bekaa and Arsel. However these camps constitute of mere tents that are greatly vulnerable to extreme winter conditions. The UNHCR had cooperated with the Lebanese army to distribute household supplies in order to give the Syrian refugees some minimum warmth, these items include but are not limited to thermal blankets, and money for heaters. There are over than 200 informal camps dispersed around areas like Bekaa and the North region. These tents may have provided the Syrian refugees to some privacy and shelter during the hot months of the year; however they pose serious mishap when warm is also needed during the cold months of the year. During the phenomena of extreme precipitation water had penetrated into the tent’s roof and seeped through from the ground (Naharet Newsdesk, 2013). Internationally many governments have participated in solving the issue of the Syrian refugee influx to neighboring countries. For instance; the Danish Refugee Council embarked on a project of construction of what is called “box shelter”. These box shelters are composed of plywood walls placed on a concrete ground foundations with a door and two windows and a zinc roof. However these box shelters have been banned by the Lebanese government that claim that these rudimentary shelters pose a national threat as they might encourage the Syrian Refugees to stay in Lebanon permanently. The Lebanese government views any potential Syrian dwellings as a potential permanent fact. The lack of the Lebanese government to initial a program or a policy to deal with the current Syrian refugee issue is its fear from imbalances to the secular division in Lebanon when it comes to Sunnis, Shiites and Christians. Given the fact that Lebanon had been welcoming in accepting the refugees, expressed with their open borders, this had caused the refugees to squeeze into preexisting buildings and blend in Lebanese societies. With the ban of these “box shelter’s “ refugees are now taking shelter by occupying nooks, crannies, under 11 | P a g e
construction buildings, abandoned schools and universities. The Danish Refugee Council began construction the box shelters in 2012. Although the box shelters had Mindful of Lebanon’s sensitivities, it created deals with homeowners who accepted the building of the shelters in their land as an addition to their property; the shelters would belong to the homeowners after the refugees left. Only 160 box shelters were built, this was enough to put the project to an end. On a different movement came the Norwegian Refugee council took an opportunity to the countless half-finished buildings that are scattered all over Lebanon, the rebuilding process that was cut short due to the economic slump in recent years. The Norwegian Refugee Council had added doors, windows, bathrooms to almost 7,000 buildings investing almost $ 1,500 per family. In return, the landowners that had their buildings completed would allow the refugees to dwell in the buildings for a year. This presented a good temporary solution yet it had not achieved a solution that touches all the Syrian refugees. Recently however a new solution is on the verge of realism, where after six months of lobbying with the Lebanese government, the government had finally agreed to allow the temporary homes, developed by the Swedish Furniture Company in association with the UNHCR, to be placed into action. The UNHCR and the Ikea foundation had spent over 4.6 million dollar in developing an alternative to traditional impractical tents. The Ikea propose structure weighs 100 kg and it made up of light, semi-hard plastics with foam panels for lighting, shade and warmth. At the starts the prototypes are expected to cost $ 7,000; however, with the increased production this cost is expected to decrease to a $ 1,000 when they are produced in masses. These housing last for three years, and they do not solve the issue of sustainable housing neither do they tackle other infrastructure requirements like water and waste treatment produced (Trenwith, 2013). On the other hand Lebanon is not the only country suffering from the increasing Syrian refugee influx, so are countries in the region including Jordan and Turkey. With 578,717 Syrian refugees registered with the UNHCR in Jordan, Jordan has taken action in protecting the Syrian Refugees. Zaatari Camp was constructed to originally host 80,000 people; however, it now hosts 136,891 people putting a strain on nearby general management of the camp. In response to the draqmatic increase in Syrian refugees influx the Jordanian government have authorized the construction of Azraq camp. On 17 March, 2013 the construction of the 12 | P a g e
Azraq camp and infrastructure began immediately learning from taking into consideration the lessons learnt from Zaatari Camp ( Joint Assessment Review of the Syrian Refugee Response in Jordan, January 2014). Turkey on the other hand had its own procedures to adapt to the influx of the Syrian refugees. In April 2013 turkey promulgated its Law on Foreigners and international protection, this law provides a framework for the protection of the Syrian Refugees in compliance with international standards. Since the start of the crisis in Syrian in 2011, over 500,000 have sought protection in Turkey. Turkey had constructed 21 camps in 10 provinces hosting more than 201,000 Syrian refugees. UNHCR has provided basic items to support the Turkish authorities in tackling the needs of the Syrian refugees. The UNHCR office will cooperate hand in hand with Turkish authorities to help in managing the increase in Syrian influx, and improve and control their registration and identification procedures.
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Chapter 3: Solution Desired Goal: This proposal of the Syrian Refugees housing (SRH) is to provide a temporary shelter that can use local Lebanese materials and grow with them into a sustainable solution capable of providing security and dignity to the people living in it.
Current Housing Available: There are currently 4 major types of refugee shelters that are being employed: Table 4: Available Housing Options
Housing Option Shelter Kit + Tarpaulin
Figure
Canvas Tents
Hard Shell shelters
Shipment of standard components for house fabrication.
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Not Available
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fast Widespread Reaction Effective Short Run Solution
Vulnerable to life conditions Material can break
Rigid Frame Not Need Vulnerable to life for extra stabilizers conditions Easily Packed, Material can break transported and manufactured
Closest Option to a house Durable, Sturdy and can withstand weather Conditions
Bulky to Transport Slow to Build Do not have the temporary look
Can be customized to suit peoples own architectural taste. Economy booster .
Not flexible, cannot be relocated Requires skilled labor to build Settlement issues arise.
Refugee Housing Specification:
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf
1- The shelter should be of sufficient size to house a family of 5. 2- Complete shelter has packed volume between 0.3m³ and 0.5m³. 3- Range of 3.5m² and 4.5m² of covered living area. 4- The shelter can be distributed as a complete package, ready to put up, with all components included and all required tools. 5- Height of the covered space is a minimum of 1.8 m over at least 60% of the covered floor area. 6- Easily obtained from different local Lebanese manufacturers and a competitive market must be available. 7- Must be able to withstand a wind speed of 18 m/sec in any direction. 8- Shelter must be able to withstand 300N/m2 of snow loading without damage. 9- Must be able to withstand 1500mm water column. 10- Roof must be sloped to have enough rain drainage. 11- The structure must be able to stand for 36 months. 12- Temperature range from -30ºC to +55ºC, without change in functionality. 15 | P a g e
13- Shelters shall have a ceiling to provide an adjustable air gap for insulation and ventilation. 14- Must be able to be assembled by unskilled people. 15- The housing must be sustainable, temporary to prevent any settlement issues. 16- Easily transported and packaged throughout all the Lebanese territory. 17- The shelter shall not ignite when exposed to 10 seconds of flame. 18- All doors and windows shall be protected against insects. 19- The color of the shelters shall not be military or camouflages and must take into account cultural and political sensitivities. 20- Based on environmental limitations the shelter shall not be made of material that is toxic to humans or produce toxins when buried or burned or cut. The general design will now be discussed, this design is developed by the IKEA foundation with cooperation with the UNHCR, and however these will be designed locally by Lebanese manufacturers and transported by Lebanese companies. Instead of purchasing these housing units from IKEA, similar units will be manufactured locally. Not only with the manufacturing of these units be cheaper if local material was utilized, but this project will boost the Lebanese economy.
Main Components of the frame design:
General Geometry Pipes Cross Braces Anchors Joints
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General Geometry: When it comes to the geometry of these houses, there is a tradeoff when it comes to space available for the inhabitants versus the cost. It is true that more space available for the inhabitant will provide comfort and attractiveness however this would incur cost on the manufacturers supplying the Lebanese suppliers and the agencies funding such projects. Below is an optimized geometry shape, that will be used be Lebanese manufacturers.
Figure 1: General House Geometry
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf Pipes:
Pipes must be of the same length in order to facilitate their transport, and they must have a maximum of 2m so they can fit in a regular pallet. Pipes that form the structural frame of the represent the heaviest part of the housing unit, it is necessary to ensure that there pipes are light weight. So the material that needs to be used for these must have high strength and light weight. These pipes can be made of galvanized steel. These pipes can be manufactured locally, and below are some Lebanese industries that can manufacture these pipes: 1- Demco Steel 2- Attar Steel Lebanon 3- Sultan Steel Manufacturing & Processing Lebanon 17 | P a g e
4- TRAM Steel 5- Sfeir Industries Anchors:
The design of the anchor depends on the type of soil of the camp lands. There are different types of anchors these include:
Figure 2: Anchor Options Evaluation
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf
This analysis was performed on the Anchors available in the Swedish market, nevertheless after analyzing the availability of these anchors in the Lebanese; we notice that the T pegs are most commonly manufactured in Saudi Arabia; these anchors can be imported from the Saudi market and include: 1- Tent House Establishments 2- Al Kadi tent Manufacturer 3- Tamimi Tents and Tensile Structures 4- Taco Tents & Awning Co 18 | P a g e
Joints:
The joints are very vital as they transfer the stresses in the pipes; these joints must easily manufacture and rapidly assembled. The joints must be able to stacked, and well packed. The design that was proposed by the IKEA foundation is presented in the figure below:
Figure 3: Joint Geometry
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf These Joint can be stalked in the following manner:
Figure 4: Packaging of the joints
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http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf The joints can either be manufactured locally by Steel Manufacturer or imported from abroad. The cost of procurement from abroad shall be weighed against producing them locally. Cross Braces: Bracing are very important to enhance the stability of the frame. These braces can be added for reinforcement. Plastic Bracing can be incorporated for the cross bracing, these are depicted below:
Figure 5: Bracing to provide Lateral Support
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf Possible Lebanese Manufacturers for these plastic cross braces: 1-‐ Multi Plastics 2-‐ Metallo Plastica 3-‐ SomoPlast Plastic Lebanon These braces can be fixed as follows by the receiver of the housing units:
Figure 6: Bracing Placement
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Design of the walls and the roof: Wall Panels: Now that the steel structural frame is manufactured, we need to provide laminated lightweight
panels that provide both UV and thermal protection. These panels can be clipped with ease on the steel frame. In the original IKEA design the lightweight strong polymer rhulite was used, this polymer was manufactured in Sweden to fit its purpose. However after examining the Lebanese markets for strong lightweight polymers, High density polyethylene (HDPE) can be used to make these wall panels. HDPE is a material that possesses the strength needed as well as being lightweight. Lebanese manufacturers include: 1- Nasco Polymers & Chemicals 2- Matta Trading Est. 3- Kumaro Plastics Factory Roof:
As for the roofing, the roof must have be lightweight so as not to induce stress on the structural frame, water proof and able to reflect solar energy during the daylight and maintain heat during nighttime. Firstly a tarpaulin will be placed as the base on the roof. A tarpaulin, is a large sheet of strong, flexible, water-resistant or waterproof material, often cloth such as canvas or polyester coated with urethane, or made of plastics such as polyethylene. Local Lebanese manufacturers of tarpaulin include: 1- Khochman Trading Est. 2- Jahjah company 3- Abdul Kader Rakha Trading Secondly, roof panels will be manufactured of HDPE and clipped onto the steel frame. The same Lebanese manufacturers used to manufacture the wall panels can also fabricate the roof panels.
Solar Panels and Sustainable Lighting: Renewable solar energy will be used to allow inhabitants to generate their own electricity; this eliminates the need to use Kerosene Lamps and minimized the risk of accidental fires. 21 | P a g e
Photovoltaic cells can represent a very practical cost effective, sustainable solution. The Photovoltaic (PV) System comprises of a solar panel and a transferable light and a USB power outlet. The solar panel can be integrated into the housing panels. Lebanese Manufacturers for these solar panels include: 12345-
Clearsource Sarl Contra International The Green Pact Sal Future Powers MUST sarl
Figure 7: Solar Batteries
http://www.wired.com/design/2013/07/ikeas-innovative-new-refugee-shelter/
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Chapter 4: Proposed Plan Implementation Project Implementation: The primary cost associated with the setup of each of the SRH (Syrian Refugee Housing) can be broken down into three main components: 1- Manufacturing by Lebanese Companies (Includes Material, Labor, Equipment, and Packaging). 2- Transport to Syrian Camp Locations. 3- SRH Housing Setup. Other components can be divided as depicted by the chart below:
Project Implementa`on
Project Financing
Project Time Frame
Project Funding
Project Distribu`on
Manufacturing Cost
Manufacturing Time Frame
Lebanese Government
SRH Marke`ng
Transport Cost
Distribu`on and Setup
Foreign Agencies
SRH Distribu`on
SRH Setup Process 23 | P a g e
Manufacturing Costs:
Figure 8: Detailed Proposed Geometry
Area of Each unit will be 188 square feet, about 18 square meters. The units will be rectangular in shape with length = 6m and width = 3 m. The height of the Ceiling shall be 2m at the shortest end as shown on the table below: Table 5: Material Costs Needed for the Syrian Refugee Housing (SRH)
Material Needed
Dimension
Quantitie s
*Manufacturing Cost in USD
Calculation
Pipes-‐ Type A Pipes-‐ Type B Pipes-‐ Type C Anchors
100 cm 200 m 120 cm Provided at Each Corner Join 3 Pipes Join 4 Pipes -‐ 100 cm by 200 cm 14.4m2 350 cm by 650 cm
36 18 16 6
60$/ SRH 57$/ SRH 30$/ SRH 20$/ SRH
Appendix A Appendix A Appendix A Imported
26 21 8 18 1 1
260 $/SRH 252 $/SRH 40 $/SRH 720 $/SRH 288$/SRH 28$/SRH
Appendix B Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix D Appendix E
20 cm by 40 cm
1
Joints-‐ 3 Legged Joints-‐ 4 Legged Cross Bracing Wall Panels Roof Panels Flooring and Proofing -‐ tarpaulin Solar Batteries 24 | P a g e
20$/Unit
-‐
*The total Manufacturing cost is the retail price that includes (Raw Material, Labor (Skilled, Unskilled), Capital Cost, and Overhead Cost). Summary of Total Cost of Manufacturing: Table 6: Summary of Refugee Housing Costs
Syrian Refugee Housing
Value
Unit
Total Manufacturing Cost
1775
USD/ one unit of Syrian Refugee House
Reduction Due to Economies of Scale
45
%
Net Manufacturing Cost
980
USD/ one unit of Syrian Refugee House
Transportation Cost to Refugee Camps: Truck Size:
Figure 9: Typical Truck Sizes
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Table 7: Transportation Costs
Length of each SRH Packaged Unit
2.5 m
Width of Each Packaged Unit
1.6 m
Depth of Each Packaged Unit
1
Volume of Each Unit
4 Cubic Meters
Typical Truck Capacity
9.1m by 3.5 by 2.6 m (Refer to Typical Truck Dimensions)
SRH/Truck
21 SRH
Total Number of Refugees Services / Truck
105 Refugees
Transport Cost in $/km
20$/km
Average Distance Travelled by Truck from Capital Transportation Cost Per Truck
50 km
Transportation Cost Per Housing Unit (150$/105Units)
Around 10 $
500$
Syrian Refugee Housing Setup: Table 8: Setup Costs
Setup Manual
20 A4 Pages
Cost of Printing of Manual Page
0.2 dollars
Total Cost of Brochure /SRH
4 dollars
UNCHR Trainers
Volunteers
Total Setup Cost ($/SRH)
4 dollars
Total Cost per Syrian Refugee Housing Unit: Table 9: Summary of Costs
Summary tables Total Population Of Syrian refugees Persons / Housing Unit Number of Units required Cost per Unit Total cost of Housing Units
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957,773 Syrian Refugees ( Retrieved Date 03/10/2014) 5 191,554.6 Units 980 + 10 + 4 = 994 Dollars 190.4 million dollars
Project Marketing, Distribution and Setup: Project Marketing: Once the Proposal is approved and the procurement of the housing components had embarked, these houses will be marketed for. Local Media and national newspapers will advertise for these houses. Because the Syrian refugees are not concentrated in one area, but they are distributed everywhere, the ad for these new temporary housing units will catch their attention. Forms will be placed at each municipality, to be filled by the Syrian Refugees Requesting the housing Unit. These Forms will indicate the following: 1- Family Information (Name, Gender, age etc.) 2- Current Location. 3- Agreement to dispose of the house when the turmoil in Syria is over. Each of this municipality will then collect the forms and process them within 2 weeks. And will require the amount of housing units needed and the area of land from the public property that must be needed to construct these housing units.
Project Distribution: Once these applications have been processed each municipality will now have the number of housing units that will be required to be transported to them. Municipalities with few Syrian refugees will coordinated with neighboring municipalities to combine or integrate the housing units. Once orders are placed, truck can now transport these units to these designated locations.
Project Setup: Once these housing units are delivered to the Refugee Camp sites, the following actions are to be performed: 1- The truck will be unloaded and the housing units will be delivered to the person who submitted the application. 2- In each housing unit a manual can be found. 3- A UNHCR volunteer will demonstrate how these units can be built on site.
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4- For each 15 housing units 2 UNHCR volunteers will be assigned, to aid in the installation of these housing units; in the case where the refugees are women and elderly. 5- These housing units shall be numbered and the number designated to each of these units, along with the residents will be recorded. 6- In case smaller units will be required for individual refugees, each housing unit will be divided internally into 2 units using partitions made of the same material as the wall and Roof Panels.
Project Time Frame: Table 10: Project Time Frame
Weeks Needed From Project Notice of Award Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Pipe Procurement
Joint Procurement
Anchors Procurement
Bracing
Wall and Roof Panels
Tarpaulin
Solar Lighting
Fabrication and Packaging
Marketing for SRH
Registration for Housing
Municipality Processing
Training for Setup
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Project Funding: The money to fund the proposed solution is to be obtained from the a special fund for refugees in the ministry of internal affairs, the current amount of international funding that is available and that is needed to embark this proposed urgent Syrian Refugee Housing Units is shown as follows:
Figure 10: Current Available Funds
This shows that there are enough funding collected up to date that can embark the proposed project with preliminary cost of around 190.4 million dollars.
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Chapter 5: Conclusion Conclusion: In conclusion the issue of the Syrian refugees in Lebanon is a very urgent matter that must be attended to. This report proposes an idea to resolve the issue of housing where these non-permanent housing units are to be manufacturer locally and assembled by the refugees themselves. Other issues that are not resolved in this proposal is the access of these refugees to waste water collection systems and water networks, however these issues are outside the scope of the project. A total of 191,555 units need to be constructed, provided that there is no increase in the Syrian refugee population, at a total cost of 190.4 million dollars. The project, if initiated now, will take up to 16 weeks, to be completed. However to initiate such a project the Lebanese government must accept the fact that the Syrian refugees are going nowhere is the near future and the only way to control their influx and their stay in Lebanon is by setting for them these houses. It is true that such a project can be viewed as an incentive for the refugees to stay in Lebanon; however the fact that these proposed housing units have a life cycle of 3 years resolves the issue. Below is a summary of the total cost and time frame of the proposed project: Table 11: Summary of Project Requirements
Syrian Refugee Housing (Cost/ Unit)
994 dollars/unit
Total Number of Syrian Refugees in
957,773 Syrian Refugees
Lebanon Duration of the Project
16 weeks
Number of Units Needed
191,555
Total Project Cost
190.4 million USD
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Appendices: Appendix A: Cost of Galvanized Steel Pipes -‐ Lebanese Market Cost Per ton 1000 $/Ton
Length(cm) Quantity
Pipe A Pipe B Pipe C Total (Sum)
100 200 120
Diameter (mm)
Thickness (mm)
50 50 50
4 4 4
38 18 16
Density of Steel( g/cm3) 7.87 7.87 7.87
Total Volume (cm3) 7600 7200 3840
Weight (Tons)
Cost USD
0.059812 0.056664 0.0302208
60 57 30 147
Appendix B: Cost of Connections-‐ Lebanese Market 3 Legged Joints 4 Legged Joints
Quantity 26 21
Cost/Joint 10 12
Cost in USD 260 252
Total (Sum)
512
Appendix C: Cost of Bracing-‐ Lebanese Market
Quantity
Cost $/ Brace
Cost in USD
Cross Bracing
8
5
40
Total (Sum)
40
Appendix D: Cost of Wall Panels-‐ Market Lebanese Cost of HDPE 2.0$/kg Wall Panels Roof Panels Total (Sum)
Quantity Cost ($/ kg)
Length(cm)
Width (cm)
Thickness Volume Weight (mm) (cm3) (kg)
Cost USD
18
2
0.94
200
100
10
360,000
360
720
12
2
0.94
120
100
10
144,000
144
288
1,008
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Density (g/cm3)
Appendix E: Cost of Tarpaulin (Roof Proofing and Floor) -‐ Lebanese Market Cost 0.75/square m Roof Tarpaulin Floor Tarpaulin Total Sum
Length (cm) 120 650
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Width (cm) 100 350
Quantity 12 1
Total Area (m2) 14.4 22.75
Cost USD 11 17 28
References: (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/syrian-civilwar/story?id=20112311 (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/syria-dashboard/ (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://cmsny.org/2013/10/15/discussing-the-syrianrefugee-crisis-and- humanitarian-response-at-the-high-level-dialogue-on-international-migrationand-development/ (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://drc.dk/relief-work/where-we-work/middleeast/lebanon/ (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://world.time.com/2013/12/16/lebanon-says-no-toikea-housing-for-syrian-refugees-because-its-too-nice/ (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://world.time.com/2013/12/16/lebanon-says-no-toikea-housing-for-syrian- refugees-because-its-too-nice/ (n.d) Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://www.arabo.com/ (n.d) Retrieved February 10, 2014 from http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/141887.pdf (n.d) Retrieved February 10, 2014 from http://www.alibaba.com/countrysearch/LB/plastictarpaulin-supplier.html (n.d) Retrieved February 10 , 2014 from http://www.wired.com/design/2013/07/ikeasinnovative-new-refugee-shelter/ (n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2014 from http://nexus.umn.edu/papers/truckoperatingcosts.pdf (n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2014 from http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/High-densitypolyethylene-polymer-Sheet_451186944.html (n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2014 from http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=galv anized+pipe+connections (n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2014 from http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/THREADEDGALVANIZED-STEEL-PIPE-FOR-LEBANON_537655144.html?s=p (n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2014 from https://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122 33 | P a g e
(n.d.). Retrieved March 03, 2014 from http://www.alibaba.com/trade/search?fsb=y&IndexArea=product_en&CatId=&SearchText=galv anized+pipe+connections
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