Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century series The series “Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century” was initiated by the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Democracy, an interdisciplinary research program launched by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the University of Zurich in 2005. The program examines how globalization and mediatization challenge democracy today (www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch).

Series Editor: Hanspeter Kriesi, University of Zurich, Switzerland Democracy faces substantial challenges as we move into the 21st Century. The West faces malaise; multi-level governance structures pose democratic challenges; and the path of democratization rarely runs smoothly. This series examines democracy across the full range of these contemporary conditions. It publishes innovative research on established democracies, democratizing polities and democracy in multi-level governance structures. The series seeks to break down artificial divisions between different disciplines, by simultaneously drawing on political communication, comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and political economy. Series Editorial Board: Marc Bühlmann, University of Berne, Switzerland Claes de Vrese, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Frank Esser, University of Zurich, Switzerland Herbert Kitschelt, Duke University, USA Sandra Lavenex, University of Lucerne, Switzerland Jörg Matthes, University of Zurich, Switzerland Gianpietro Mazzoleni, University of Milano, Italy Wolfgang Merkel, WZB-Berlin, Germany Titles include: Timm Beichelt, Irene Hahn, Frank Schimmelfennig and Susann Worschech (editors) CIVIL SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY PROMOTION

Laurent Bernhard CAMPAIGN STRATEGY IN DIRECT DEMOCRACY Hanspeter Kriesi, Daniel Bochsler, Jörg Matthes, Sandra Lavenex, Marc Bühlmann, and Frank Esser DEMOCRACY IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIATIZATION Hanspeter Kriesi POLITICAL COMMUNICATION IN DIRECT DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGNS Enlightening or Manipulating? Maija Setälä and Theo Schiller (editors) CITIZEN’S INITIATIVES IN EUROPE Procedures and Consequences of Agenda-Setting by Citizens

Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–30487–1 (hardback) and 978–0–230–30488–8 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Civil Society and Democracy Promotion Edited by

Timm Beichelt European University Viadrina, Germany

Irene Hahn-Fuhr European University Viadrina, Germany

Frank Schimmelfennig Center for Comparative and International Studies, Switzerland

and

Susann Worschech European University Viadrina, Germany

Selection, introduction and editorial matter © Timm Beichelt, Irene Hahn-Fuhr, Frank Schimmelfennig and Susann Worschech 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-29108-0 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2014 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-45072-5 DOI 10.1057/9781137291097

ISBN 978-1-137-29109-7 (eBook)

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.

Contents List of Figures and Tables

vii

Acknowledgments

ix

List of Contributors

x

1 Introduction Irene Hahn-Fuhr and Susann Worschech

1

Part I Democracy Promotion and Civil Society: Conceptualizing the Link 2 External Democracy Promotion and Divided Civil Society – The Missing Link Irene Hahn-Fuhr and Susann Worschech

11

3 Democracy Promotion and Civil Society: Regime Types, Transitions Modes and Effects Timm Beichelt and Wolfgang Merkel

42

Part II Democracy Promoters: Actors, Objectives, and Approaches 4 From the Unity of Goodness to Conflicting Objectives: The Inherent Tensions in the External Promotion of Democracy and Civil Society Jonas Wolff 5 The Changing Nature of EU Support to Civil Society Natalia Shapovalova and Richard Youngs 6 Making Transnational Democracy and Human Rights Activism Work? On the Trade-Offs of Eastern EU Support for Civil Society Development Abroad Tsveta Petrova

67 86

110

Part III Civil Society: Developments and Consequences 7 Democratization from Below: Civil Society versus Social Movements? Donatella della Porta

v

137

vi

Contents

8 Engineered Civil Society: The Impact of 20 Years of Democracy Promotion on Civil Society Development in Former Soviet Countries Armine Ishkanian 9 Who Is Supported by Western Civil Society Promotion? The Russian Case Šteˇpánka Busuleanu 10 Participation in Civil Society Organizations and Political Parties in Post-Communist Europe: The Impact of Political Divides Franziska Blomberg and Edina Szöcsik

150

171

191

Part IV Concluding Remarks 11 Democracy Promotion and Civil Society in Eastern Europe: Conclusions Frank Schimmelfennig

217

Index

234

List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1

Classification of civil society theories

16

2.2

Democracy promotion via civil society

28

2.3

Democracy promotion and the divided civil society

32

10.1 The development of individual participation rates in civil society organizations and political parties in post-communist Europe

203

Tables 2.1

Functions of civil society in actor-oriented theories

19

2.2

The divided civil society

30

3.1

Relevance of civil society in different stages of democratization

49

3.2

Patterns of civil society oriented democracy promotion

59

5.1

Non-state actors and local authorities in development, 2007–12 (EUR)

90

EIDHR allocations to country-based support schemes in the Eastern Partnership countries in 2007–12 (in EUR)

91

Neighbourhood Civil Society Facility allocations for the Eastern Partnership countries in 2011–13 (in EUR)

97

5.2

5.3

A5.1 EU aid tools supporting civil society actors in the Eastern neighborhood

104

6.1

Activities of Polish and Slovak civic democracy promoters: percentage of NGOs using a particular instrument out of all democracy promoters

6.2

Geographical democracy promotion priorities of the Polish and Slovak civic democracy promotion movement: percentage of NGOs providing democracy assistance to recipient country 124 vii

117

viii List of Figures and Tables

6.3 Democracy sectors targeted by Polish and Slovak civic democracy promoters: percentage of NGOs targeting a particular sector

127

10.1 The determinants of the likelihood of being involved in a civil society organization or a political party

204

A10.1 Operationalization of the variables and data sources

207

A10.2 Summary statistics of the independent variables

209

11.1

Models of democracy promotion and civil society

219

Acknowledgments This volume would not have been realized without the support of many people and organizations. First and foremost, we thank the Heinrich Böll Foundation for establishing the Graduate Studies group (Promotionskolleg) on “Democracy Promotion and Civil Society in Post-Socialist Europe”, which funded the Ph. D. research of Franziska Blomberg, Stepanka Busuleanu, Irene Hahn-Fuhr, Edina Szöcsik, and Susann Worschech, and which was directed by Timm Beichelt and Frank Schimmelfennig. We further thank the Europa-Universität Viadrina at Frankfurt/Oder for hosting the lecture series from which this book originated. Our understanding of democratization processes and the ambivalence of civil society support would have remained incomplete without the inside knowledge of the representatives of the Heinrich Böll Foundation’s regional offices in Moscow, Kyiv, Tbilisi, Belgrade and Sarajevo, who organized and accompanied our field trips. We are grateful for their commitment. Furthermore, we would like to thank several colleagues who commented on our ideas; among them Jürgen Neyer, Anna Schwarz, Jan Wielgohs, Klaus Eder, Reinhard Heinisch, and the anonymous reviewers for Palgrave Macmillan. Also, we would like to thank Linne Selle and Lisa Düsing for their support in preparing the manuscript and assembling the index. Special thanks go to the team at Palgrave Macmillan, in particular Andrew Baird, who steered us through the publication process. Finally, we thank Christoph Breit for the photograph, which we used for the cover of our book and which speaks directly to its major theme: international assistance for democracy and civil society. Taken in Warsaw in late 2004, it demonstrates direct Polish support to the protesters in the first weeks of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution. “Pomaran ´ czowa alternatywa” (“Orange Alternative”) was a creative Polish opposition group performing public happenings in the 1980s. After Poland’s development into a democracy, the “Pomaran ´ czowa alternatywa” movement surfaced again: This time it sought to contribute to democratic change in neighboring Ukraine. Their website www. wolnaukraina.pl (“wolna Ukraina” means “a free Ukraine”) was used as a platform to inform about the events in Kyiv and elsewhere and to coordinate Polish support. ix

List of Contributors Timm Beichelt, European University Viadrina, Germany Franziska Blomberg, European University Viadrina, Germany Šteˇpánka Busuleanu, European University Viadrina, Germany Donatella della Porta, Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Italy Irene Hahn-Fuhr, European University Viadrina, Germany Armine Ishkanian, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Wolfgang Merkel, WZB Rule of Law Center, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB), Germany Tsveta Petrova, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, USA Frank Schimmelfennig, Center for Comparative and International Studies, Switzerland Natalia Shapovalova, FRIDE, Spain and University of Warwick, UK Edina Szöcsik, Center for International Studies, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland Jonas Wolff, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany Susann Worschech, European University Viadrina, Germany Richard Youngs, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

x