Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, UK Editorial Board: Roland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia; Henry F. Carey, Georgia State University, USA; Costas Constantinou, University of Keele, UK; A.J.R. Groom, University of Kent, UK; Vivienne Jabri, King’s College London, UK; Edward Newman, University of Birmingham ,UK; Sorpong Peou, Sophia University, Japan; Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, University of Sheffield, UK; Professor Michael Pugh, University of Bradford, UK; Chandra Sriram, University of East London, UK; Ian Taylor, University of St. Andrews, UK; Alison Watson, University of St. Andrews, UK; R.B.J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada; Andrew Williams, University of St. Andrews, UK.

Titles include: Sofia Sebastián Aparicio POST-WAR STATEBUILDING AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES Beyond Dayton in Bosnia Roland Bleiker AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS Thushara Dibley PARTNERSHIPS, POWER AND PEACEBUILDING NGOs as Agents of Peace in Aceh and Timor-Leste Claire Duncanson FORCES FOR GOOD? Military Masculinities and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq Kirsten Fisher TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE FOR CHILD SOLDIERS Accountability and Social Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Contexts Daria Isachenko THE MAKING OF INFORMAL STATES Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria Stefanie Kappler LOCAL AGENCY AND PEACEBUILDING EU and International Engagement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus and South Africa Roger Mac Ginty INTERNATIONAL PEACEBUILDING AND LOCAL RESISTANCE Hybrid Forms of Peace Sara McDowell and Maire Braniff COMMEMORATION AS CONFLICT Space, Memory and Identity in Peace Processes

S.M. Farid Mirbagheri WAR AND PEACE IN ISLAM A Critique of Islamic/ist Political Discourses Audra L. Mitchell LOST IN TRANSFORMATION Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland Frank Möller VISUAL PEACE Images, Spectatorship and the Politics of Violence Chavanne L. Peercy LOCAL LEADERSHIP IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION Michael Pugh LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM The Interwar Movement for Peace in Britain Oliver P. Richmond and Audra Mitchell (editors) HYBRID FORMS OF PEACE From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo BUILDING STATES, BUILDING PEACE Global and Regional Involvement in Sri Lanka and Myanmar Emil Souleimanov UNDERSTANDING ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered Lynn M. Tesser ETHNIC CLEANSING AND THE EUROPEAN UNION An Interdisciplinary Approach to Security, Memory, and Ethnography

Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Standing Order ISBN 978-1-4039-9575-9 (hardback) & 978-1-4039-9576-6 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Partnerships, Power and Peacebuilding NGOs as Agents of Peace in Aceh and Timor-Leste Thushara Dibley University of Sydney, Australia

© Thushara Dibley 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-36969-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-47505-6 ISBN 978-1-137-36970-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137369703 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Peries, the first activist I met

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Contents Acknowledgements

viii

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

x

Introduction

1

1

Landscapes of Partnership

27

2

Contract Relationships

60

3

Partner-Driven Relationships

91

4

Networked Relationships

121

Conclusion

151

Notes

165

Bibliography

179

Index

197

vii

Acknowledgements I am grateful to the many people whose contributions have enriched this project and made its completion possible. First I owe thanks to Michele Ford, who has been consistently supportive of this project and always available with the right advice about how to move it forward. This project also benefited from the assistance of Wendy Lambourne, who shared with me her knowledge of peacebuilding and transitional justice and consistently provided thoughtful feedback on various drafts. Equally, I want to convey my deepest thanks to the many people who I met, interviewed and worked with in Timor-Leste and Aceh throughout this research project. NGO activists are busy people, and I am very grateful to each person I spoke with for patiently recalling events and answering my questions and generously sharing their time and insight. There are many others I would like to thank in both Aceh and Timor-Leste for their support during my fieldwork. I am very grateful to the Aceh Research Training Institute and its staff for their support during my months in Aceh. In Timor-Leste I was graciously hosted by Joao Boavida and the team at CEPAD. I also owe many thanks to Paul Zeccola who shared with me his insight about and contacts in Aceh. Thanks also to Sarah Dewhurst in Timor-Leste and Lisma Yani in Aceh for thoughtful discussions, and to Eve Warburton, Annie Sloman, Leena Avonius and Sue Butler for providing me with comfortable, fun and supportive share houses during my research trips. A special thanks to Misnatun and Fatima da Rosa for transcribing the Indonesian and Tetum interviews. My fieldwork was completed with the support of grants from the University of Sydney. My fieldwork in Aceh was supported by funding from the Aceh Research Training Institute. I also would like to thank my extended network of friends and family for their support over the last four years. There are a few people who I would like to especially mention. Eve Warburton – thanks for hours of conversations about research, your encouragement and your insightful thoughts on chapter drafts and during my fieldwork; thank you to Daniel Nethery for convincing me that I had more to do in Timor, and for reading (some rather hideous) first drafts of chapters; and to Hedda Askland for being an inspiring role model and a great viii

Acknowledgements ix

source of ideas, tips and encouragement. Thanks also to Beryl, Gabi, Louie, Deb, Lee, Sam and Carmen for your constant support and encouragement. Arjuna Dibley, thank you for asking me the difficult questions and for reminding me why this project is useful and relevant. My sincerest thanks to my parents Rani and Michael Dibley, whose adventurous spirits are the reason I am connected to Indonesia and Timor-Leste and without whose support it would have been difficult to complete this project. And finally – thanks to Matt Flax for passing me the baton and cheering me on the whole way. Your encouragement, support and belief in me have made completing this project possible.

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 3P ADAP AJMI AMM APRC BRA CALMER CAVR

CB-CEWS CNRM CNRT

CoHA DOM DTP EPC ETADEP

F-FDTL

FOKUPERS

FONGTIL FORBES

Pusat Penguatan Perdamaian (Peace Strengthening Centre) Aceh Peace and Development Aceh Justice Monitoring Institute Aceh Monitoring Mission Aceh Peace Resource Center Badan Reintegrasi Aceh (Aceh Reintegration Board) Community Activities for Local Mitigation, Empowerment and Reintegration Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação (Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation) Community Based Conflict Early Warning System Conselho Nacional da Resistência Maubere Congresso Nacional da Reconstrucao de Timor (National Congress for the Reconstruction of East Timor) Cessation of Hostilities Agreement Daerah Operasi Militer (Military Operations Zone) Diplomacy Training Program Education Peace Center East Timor Agriculture Development Program (initially known as Road to Progress Organisation or Yayasan Ema Mata Dalan Ba Progresso) Forças Armadas de Libertação National de Timor Leste/FALINITL – de Defesa de Timor Leste (Timor Leste National Defence Force) Forum Kommunikasi Untuk Perempuan Timor Lorosae (East Timorese Women’s Communication Forum) Forum Organização Não-Governamental Timor Leste (NGO Forum of Timor Leste) Forum Bersama (Joint Forum)

x

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xi

FRETILIN

FTM GAM HAK Association

HDC HHK HIVOS

ICRC ICTJ IDP KKR Koalisi NGO HAM KontraS Aceh

KPK LBH Banda Aceh LSM PNTL RPuK SAHE SIRA SMUR SPKP-HAM

Frente Revolucionária de Timor Leste Independente (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) Forum Tau Matan (Watch with Care) Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh Movement) Perkumpulan HAK (formerly Yayasan Hukum, Hak Asasi dan Keadilan or Foundation for Law, Rights and Justice) Henry Dunant Center Hamutuk Hari’i Konfiansa (Together Build Trust) Humanistisch Instituut voor Ontwikkelingssamenweking (Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation) International Committee of the Red Cross International Center for Transitional Justice Internally Displaced Person Komisi Kebeneran dan Rekonsiliasi (National Truth and Reconciliation Commission) Human Rights NGO Coalition Komisi Untuk Orang Hilang dan Korban Tindak Kekerasan (The Commission for ‘the Disappeared’ and Victims of Violence, Acehnese branch) Komisi Pengungkapan Kebenaran (Truth Seeking Commission) Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Banda Aceh (Banda Aceh Legal Aid Institution) Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (Community SelfReliance Institution) Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (Timor Leste National Police Force) Relawan Perempuan untuk Kemanusiaan (Women Volunteers for Humanity) SAHE Institute for Liberation Sentral Informasi Referendum Aceh (Aceh Referendum Information Centre) Solidaritas Mahasiswa untuk Rakyat (Student Solidarity for the People) Solidaritas Persaudaraan Korban Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (Association of Human Rights Abuse Victims)

xii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

TAPOL

UDT UN UNAMET UNDP UNHCR UNICEF UNIFEM UNMISET UNMIT UNOTIL UNPO UNTAET UNTL UUSC

A human rights organization established in 1973 to campaign on human rights issues. The name is an abbreviation for the Indonesian tanahan politik, or political prisoner. União Democratica Timorense (Timorese Democratic Union) United Nations United Nations Mission for East Timor United Nations Development Program United Nations High Commission for Refugees United Nations Children’s Fund United Nations Development Fund for Women United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste United Nations Office in East Timor Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor Universidadé Nasional Timor Leste (National University of Timor Leste) Unitarian Universalist Service Committee