Thermal Storage: Residential and Commercial Buildings IEA Committee on Energy Research and Technology Strategic and Cross-Cutting Workshop Energy Storage Issues and Opportunities Prof. Dr. Luisa F. Cabeza Dr. Albert Castell

Contents • Introduction – Human comfort requirements – Demand for heating and cooling

• Heating and cooling of buildings – Applications for space heating – Applications for space cooling – Applications for domestic hot water

• Conclusions

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Contents • Introduction – Human comfort requirements – Demand for heating and cooling

• Heating and cooling of buildings – Applications for space heating – Applications for space cooling – Applications for domestic hot water

• Conclusions

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• Temperature – air temperature: 22°C to 26°C – thermal radiation (surface temperatures): – changes < 5°C vertically, < 10°C horizontally

• Relative humidity – 30% - 70% ok, 50% best

• Air velocity

temperature of the air [°C]

Human comfort requirements 30 too warm

25 20

ok too cold

15 10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 temperature of the surrounding surfaces [°C]

– velocity < 9m/min in winter,