What is the Subjunctive? The subjunctive is a MOOD. Like other moods, subjunctive verbs have person, number, tense, and voice. Indicative: Factual statements Imperative: Direct commands Participle: verbal adjective Infinitive: verbal noun
Subjunctive: Hypothetical / everything else
What are the uses of the subjunctive? Split into two categories: Independent (Main Verb)
Dependent (Clause) Purpose Clauses Result Clauses Indirect Commands Indirect Questions Fear Clauses Cum Clauses
The Matrix vs. The Real World Life WITHOUT the Subjunctive (The Matrix)
Life WITH the Subjunctive (The Real World)
We are going.
Let’s go!
I am going to the store. Yo momma is so fat.
I am going to the store in order to buy groceries. Yo momma is so fat that when she goes to Rome, it has 8 hills!
Worksheet 40: Subjunctive Rules There are four tenses of the subjunctive:
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
Since the subjunctive deals with what might or could happen, there are no future tenses!
Present Subjunctive “The Vowel Shifter” The key change in the present subjunctive is the vowel shift. Each conjugation changes its thematic vowel in a particular way: 1st
2nd
3rd
-‐e
-‐ea
-‐a
3rd -‐io
4th
-‐ia -‐ia
Remember: “ShE wEArs A dIAmond tIAra.”
Present Subjunctive Once the vowel has shifted, use these endings: Active
Hortatory Subjunctive hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum: to encourage
• ONLY Present Subjunctive • 1st singular / 1st plural • “Let me verb” / “Let us verb” • Negated with nē “Vivāmus et amēmus.” “Let us live and let us love.” (Catullus 5)
Jussive Subjunctive iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order
• ONLY Present Subjunctive • 3rd singular / 3rd plural • “Let him/her/it verb” / “Let them verb” • (RARELY) 2nd person sg./pl. (“Let you verb”) • Negated with nē “Arma togae cedant.” “Let weapons yield to the toga.” (Cicero -‐ De Officiīs)
The Present Subjunctive of Sum The verb sum also has subjunctive forms. These can be used by themselves or as part of the perfect passive system. Present
sum, esse, fuī, futurus
1st sg.
sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
The Imperfect Subjunctive of Sum The verb sum also has subjunctive forms. These can be used by themselves or as part of the perfect passive system. Imperfect
sum, esse, fuī, futurus
1st sg.
essem essēs esset essēmus essētis essent
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Perfect Subjunctive ACTIVE The perfect subjunctive starts out as the THIRD principal part. Drop the -‐ī. Then, add the endings: Sg.
The perfect passive system always contains the 4th principal part. The perfect passive INDICATIVE pairs the PPP with the present indicative of sum (amatus sum). The perfect passive SUBJUNCTIVE pairs the PPP with the present SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (amatus sim).
1st 2nd 3rd
Sg. sim sis sit
Pl. simus sitis sint
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE Perfect
1st conjugation (amāre)
1st sg.
amātus sim amātus sīs amātus sit amātī sīmus amātī sītis amātī sint
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE Perfect
2nd conjugation (monēre)
1st sg.
monitus sim monitus sīs monitus sit monitī sīmus monitī sītis monitī sint
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE Perfect
3rd conjugation (legere)
1st sg.
lectus sim lectus sīs lectus sit lectī sīmus lectī sītis lectī sint
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE Perfect
3rd -‐io conjugation (capere)
1st sg.
captus sim captus sīs captus sit captī sīmus captī sītis captī sint
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Perfect Subjunctive PASSIVE Perfect
4th conjugation (audīre)
1st sg.
audītus sim audītus sīs audītus sit audītī sīmus audītī sītis audītī sint
2nd sg. 3rd sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl.
Pluperfect Subjunctive PASSIVE The pluperfect passive system always contains the 4th principal part. The pluperfect passive INDICATIVE pairs the PPP with the imperfect indicative of sum (amatus eram).
The pluperfect passive SUBJUNCTIVE pairs the PPP with the imperfect SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (amatus essem).
