The newsletter of EAA members for EAA The newsletter of EAA members for EAA members members

–Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 –

In this issue Editorial ....................................................................................................................................... 3 EAA Matters The 20th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists ................................... 4 Call for Student Award ..................................................................................................................... 8 TEA duplicates .................................................................................................................................. 9 Oscar Montelius Foundation ............................................................................................................ 9 The European Archaeological Heritage Prize ............................................................................... 10 Joint letter to National Geographic ................................................................................................ 12 Further actions against National Geographic ............................................................................... 12 Calendar for EAA members May – December 2014 ....................................................................... 14

Reports Oceanic climate and underwater archaeology (by Mark Dunkley) .............................................. 15 Human and animal remains from three eras. New documentation methods of a vertical cave of the Northern Franconian low mountain range and its inventory (by Timo Seregély) ................. 17 FRAGSUS. Fragility and sustainability in prehistoric Malta (by Simon Stoddart) ...................... 20 “Pegman” caught looters in the act! How digital media can help in raising awareness of looting and destruction of archaeological sites. The example of Ratiaria (by Jutta Zerres) ..... 25 Resumption of regular archaeological excavations in Ratiaria (by Zdravko Dimitrov) ............. 28

Published by the European Association of Archaeologists, c/o Institute of Archaeology CAS, Letenská 4, 11801 Praha 1, Czech Republic. Tel./Fax: +420 257014411, [email protected]. ISSN 1022–0135 Editor: Alexander Gramsch ([email protected]), Assistant Editor: Lidka Żuk ([email protected]), Language Editor: Jennifer Sharman, EAA Administrator: Sylvie Květinová ([email protected]) Contents © named authors and the EAA. The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent official EAA policy.

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Books

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Announcements First Textiles. The Beginnings of Textile Manufacture in Europe and the Mediterranean ......... 38 Summer School ‘History Takes Place – Dynamics of Urban Change’ ........................................ 39 Isotope analysis of well dated cattle and red deer bones from Swiss Neolithic lakeshore settlements as indicator for herd management, dairying, environment and human impact ..... 40 The Day of Archaeology 2014 will be held on Friday 11 July ....................................................... 41 Heritage Values Network ................................................................................................................ 41

Conference Announcements ShowRoom

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Editorial This will be the last issue of The European Archaeologist as you know it. Don’t worry, for the time being we are not planning a major reshuffle – but we will duplicate the number of issues per year: Since the number of pages we have published has increased considerably in recent years, and since a number of EAA deadlines, e.g. for submitting session proposals for our annual meetings, have moved to earlier dates, TEA from now on will be published four times per year. More information is provided in the EAA Matters. Part of that move is that we are going to reanimate the tradition of having TEA correspondents from various regions. TEA already has a number of regular contact persons; we now have approached colleagues from different regions, and currently the following agreed to serve as official correspondents for TEA: Riika Alvik Karl Cordemans Marcel Cornelissen Ericka Engelstad Rocío Varela Pousa Yuri Rassamakin Kai Salas Rossenbach

National Board of Antiquities, Helsinki, Finland Vlaamse Landmaatschappij, Brussels, Belgium Institute for Pre- and Protohistory, University of Zurich, Switzerland Department of Archaeology & Social Anthropology, University of Tromsø, Norway CISC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Institute of Heritage Sciences (Incipit), Spain Institute of Archaeology, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Kiev, Ukraine INRAP, France

Thanks to all of you, and welcome on board of TEA! As usual the EAA Matters section also contains the EAA calendar, and I would like to draw your attention to two deadlines: 2 June is the deadline for proposals of candidates for the European Archaeological Heritage Prize; and 15 August is the deadline for submission of papers for the Student Award. TEA repeatedly reported on the ancient mining site at Roşia Montană, last in the Winter Issue, TEA No. 40. Our former president Willem Willems has drawn my attention to similarly threatened mining sites such as Sakdrissi in Georgia and to the US based GAPP Initiative (s. http://gasandpreservation.org/). GAPP is the “Gas and Preservation Partnership”, a “not-forprofit organization whose mission is to work collaboratively and pragmatically with both the energy industry and the preservation community to identify and properly manage historic and cultural resources while encouraging efficient exploration and development of energy reserves”. Similar partnerships between (mining) industry and heritage management are crucial, and I sincerely hope that the aim not only is “to manage historic and cultural resources” but also to preserve them, despite the “efficient exploitation”! More on Sakdrissi can be found here: http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/08/2013/plea-to-saveancient-georgian-gold-mine-from-total-destruction. The destruction of sites by illegal excavation again is a major topic of this Summer Issue. The Reports section contains two reports on the Roman town Ratiaria in Bulgaria, heavily devastated by looting. And the EAA Matters contain a joint letter by SAA, EAA, AIA, AAA and others as well as a position paper by EAA, CAA, ICAHM and others expressing their concern with certain media – National Geographic TV in particular – who are broadcasting programmes that present in a favourable manner non-professional excavations of archaeological materials and encourage illegal activity. Alexander Gramsch (Museum Herxheim, Germany) TEA Editor ([email protected]) 3

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

EAA Matters

The 20th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists 10 – 14 September 2014 in Istanbul, Turkey The EAA 2014 annual meeting will be held in Istanbul, the town where nature and history merge in harmony to create an enchanting cultural environment. Due to its central location among distinct cultural geographies, Istanbul has always been a world city of focal importance from early prehistory to the present, and is adorned with the fabulous relics of three great empires. Linking East and West, past and present, the city is a uniquely multicultural metropolis. The meeting will be hosted by Istanbul Technical University and held at Taşkışla Campus of the Faculty of Architecture (Fig. 1). The Taşkışla Campus is centrally situated in the European part of Istanbul, overlooking the Bosporus and within walking distance to major hotels, budget accommodation facilities, and Istanbul’s world famous hub of entertainment. The meeting will be organized under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and sponsored by Vehbi Koç Foundation.

Fig. 1: Taşkışla campus of the Istanbul Technical University – one of the oldest and reputed academic institutions in Turkey.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 More than 2500 academics will attend the 20th Annual Meeting of the EAA, 1929 presenting papers, 267 posters. During the Annual meeting, there will also be a number of round tables organized by various international institutions. The 2014 İstanbul Meeting will be esteemed as the most extensive archaeology meeting held in Europe since the 1979 UISPP congress in Nice with 3500 presentations. Moreover, it will be the first large-scale international meeting held in Turkey on cultural heritage and archaeology. Considering the significance of this meeting as an international medium in archaeology and in cultural heritage, we are confident that it will enrich the scholarly debate in Turkey. Istanbul abounds with historic monuments, museums, art galleries, and exhibitions. The organizing committee considers the EAA meeting as an exceptional occasion to raise awareness of and generate a feeling of excitement towards archaeology and cultural heritage, and to share this incentive with the town. On the occasion of the EAA Annual Meeting, a number of exhibitions, displays, and public activities will take place in various parts of Istanbul. We thus anticipate a festive atmosphere sharing cultural assets with the congress attendants and the people of the town. Istanbul has two international airports on both sides of the city. There are many daily flights to both of the airports from all over the world. Star Alliance, as the official carrier of the meeting is applying special rates to the delegates. There are shuttle bus services from the airports to Taksim area where the meeting venue and most of the hotels booked by the Meeting Secretariat are. One can reach to Taksim Square by metro as well. PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES

Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Serbia, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Vatican City State

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 Sessions The following six themes define the framework of the EAA Istanbul 2014 Meeting; the decision in selecting these themes was taken within the context of incorporating a wide range of subjects covering all time periods on a supra-regional level. So as to concert with the objectives of the EAA, the Scientific Committee considers the first theme, “Connecting seas – across the borders” as the prime theme of the Istanbul Meeting. The official language of the conference is English. 1) Connecting seas – across the borders 2) Managing archaeological heritage: past and present 3) Ancient technologies in social context 4) Environment and subsistence: the geosphere, ecosphere and human interaction 5) Times of change: collapse and transformative impulses 6) Retrieving and interpreting the archaeological record The list of accepted sessions and round tables is online at https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/sayfa/145. The Tentative Meeting Program is online at https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/sayfa/155. Registration Online Registration is open at https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/paket. Before registering you are requested to sign up the web system at https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/site/kayit. Registration Fees: EAA Member

Since 1 May 2014 115 €

Student

80 €

East European Member

80 €

East European Student

60 €

Non-Member

200 €

Student Non-Member

135 €

East-European Non-member

135 €

East European Student Non-Member

105 €

Retired Member

60 €

Retired Non-Member

130 €

Retired East European Non-Member

105 €

Accompanying Person

80 €

Accommodation ITU Taşkışla Campus is conveniently located just in the middle of the business section of Istanbul, reachable from almost all kind of categories of hotels on foot or by public transportation. Meeting Secretariat Oasis Travel is holding room allotments in different category hotels nearby Taksim Square and the old town close to the historical monuments. For viewing and booking the hotels online visit: https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/urunler/konaklama Tours As the organizing committee we are offering numerous tour options to major archaeological and historic sites in Turkey to take place before and after the Annual Meeting. Considering the wide spectrum of interests of the expected participants, we have done our best to cover sites of all periods. Even if the excursions have been listed under thematic categories, sites and other monuments of interest en-route will also be visited. 6

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 All tours will be accompanied by expert guides and most of the archaeological sites that are currently under excavation will be presented by a member of the excavation team. In designing the tours, we have given priority to sites of utter importance that remain outside of the standard touristic itineraries, thus difficult to reach by oneself. Regretfully, these tours will have only a limited number of participants. Tours around the Marmara Region will be conducted by comfortable coaches and/or vans and minivans, whereas long distance ones will cover air and train as well. Accommodation will be in tourist class hotels in the cities, or the best available accommodation facilities in the remote areas. As prices of flight tickets increase over time, in long-distance tours the prices of early and late booking will differ. If a tour is under-subscribed it will be cancelled. If it is over-subscribed, you may be refused a place. As the organization committee, we are open to all inquiries for tailor-made itineraries according to special interests. For viewing and booking the tours online you can visit https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/urunler/turlar For general information about Turkey and Istanbul visit https://www.eaa2014istanbul.org/sayfa/34

For more information please visit the EAA 2014 Istanbul website: www.eaa2014istanbul.org and the EAA 2014 Istanbul Meeting Secretariat: www.oasis.com.tr/en. Oasis Travel Enterprises Ltd P:+90 212 292 4714 F:+90 212 292 4797 7

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Call for Student Award

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

TEA duplicates The European Archaeologist (TEA) is the newsletter of the EAA and, thus, made by EAA members for EAA members. It is designed to collect and spread information on archaeology as it is devised and conducted by our colleagues within Europe and beyond. It reflects current trends, new developments and challenging issues, both concerning heritage management and academic archaeology. It keeps members of the EAA informed about discussions and decisions taken in the various EAA bodies, such as the Executive Board, the editors of the European Journal of Archaeology (EJA), the Oscar Montelius Foundation, the Nomination Committee, and the various Working Parties and other committees. During the past years, the scope of each volume has extended, leading to more voluminous issues sent out to the EAA members twice a year. Now, the EAA Executive Board and the TEA editor have decided to move from a biannual publication schedule to a quarterly schedule. From now on, your newsletter will be published four times a year, giving you the opportunity to submit your contributions more often and disseminate them amongst your fellow EAA members more quickly. Thus, the number of annual issues duplicates from two to four – however, this does not mean that the overall number of pages will also double. Our aim is to have a quicker turnover rather than a higher quantity. But in the end – the number of reports, announcements, debate papers, session reports, and so on published in TEA is up to you! The new schedule also allows EAA to remind you more frequently of deadlines for the submission of session proposals and paper abstracts for future annual meetings. These deadlines have moved to earlier dates due to the rising numbers of participants, sessions and presentations at our annual meetings. The schedule from now on will be as follows:

issue

deadline for submissions

publication date

Fall (starting with Issue No. 42)

late September (after EAA annual meeting)

mid-October

Winter (Issue No. 43)

mid-December

early January

Spring (Issue No. 44)

late February

mid-March

Summer (Issue No. 45)

mid-May

mid-June

Alexander Gramsch (Museum Herxheim, Germany) TEA Editor ([email protected])

Oscar Montelius Foundation The European Association of Archaeologists established the Oscar Montelius Foundation on 26 August 2013. Contact The seat of the Foundation is: Letenská 123/4, 118 00 Praha 1 - Malá Strana, Czech Republic. Phone: +420 257014411, +420 733701679 Fax: +420 257014411 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 9

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 Aims 1) To promote the development of archaeological research and the exchange of archaeological information in Europe. 2) To promote the management and interpretation of the archaeological heritage of Europe. 3) To promote proper ethical and scientific standards for archaeological work. 4) To promote the interests of professional archaeologists in Europe. 5) To promote cooperation with other organisations with similar aims. 6) To support and serve the membership of the EAA. Statutes The OMF statutes are available online at http://e-a-a.org/foundation_statutes.pdf. Governance There are three Trustees appointed by the Executive Board of the EAA. The statutes state that they should be former members of the EAA Executive Board who are not serving in any other positions of the Executive Board at the same time. They may only be appointed to a maximum of two terms of office. The present Trustees are: Willem Willems (Chair, 2013 – 2015) Eszter Bánffy (Vice-Chair, 2013 – 2016) Carsten Paludan-Müller (Member, 2013 – 2017) The Auditor, appointed by the Executive Board of the EAA, supervises the Foundation. The term of office of the Auditor is three years, after which they may be reappointed. The present Auditor is Adrian Olivier.

THE EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE PRIZE CALL FOR NOMINATIONS The European Association of Archaeologists instituted the European Archaeological Heritage Prize in 1999. An independent committee awards the prize annually to an individual, institution, (local or regional) government or a (European or international) officer or body for an outstanding contribution to the protection and presentation of the European archaeological heritage. In principle, this can be any contribution that is outstanding and of European scope or importance, it does not have to be a scientific contribution. A set of nominations that, when seen together, reflect the full diversity in geography, age and gender as well as in institutions, operating within the heritage field, will be highly appreciated. The prize for 2014 will be awarded during the Annual Meeting of the EAA in Istanbul, Turkey, on 10 September 2014. The EAA Committee for the European Archaeological Heritage Prize consists of: Carsten Paludan-Müller (chair), Norway, Margaret Gowen, Ireland, Luboš Jiráň, Czech Republic, and Mircea Angelescu, Romania. The Committee will discuss all serious proposals for the award. Nominations may be made by any of the following: • Members of the Association (all grades of membership) • Professors and heads of departments of archaeology in European universities and institutes • Directors of governmental heritage management organisations and agencies in European countries (members of the Council of Europe) • Non-governmental archaeological, heritage, and professional organisations in European countries. You are invited to use this form to nominate a person, institution, or a (local or regional) government: 10

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

PROPOSAL FOR THE EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE PRIZE 2014 The proposal should be sent to the following address: EAA Secretariat, c/o Institute of Archaeology CAS, Letenská 4, 118 01 Praha 1, Czech Republic, or by email to: [email protected]. THE CLOSING DATE FOR PROPOSALS IS 2 JUNE 2014. Person/institution considered: Title:_________________ First Name:__________________________________ Last Name:__________________________________ Institution:_________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Address:__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

Reasons for receiving the award: ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 11

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Joint letter to National Geographic 1 April 2014 Dear Colleagues: This morning the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), the Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA), the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), the American Anthropological Association (AAA), the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA), and the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) sent a joint letter to the National Geographic Society (NGS), the National Geographic Channels (NGC), and the National Geographic Channel International (NGCI) requesting that the TV show, ‘Nazi War Diggers’, be renamed and revised to meet the profession’s archaeological ethical principles and standards of research performance or that the show not be aired. Our letter can be found at: http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/GovernmentAffairs/Nazi%20War%20Diggers-V5.pdf When I was first alerted to the promotional video and material for the show by the AAA, I contacted NGS and asked for an explanation. Charles Ewen, president of SHA, did the same with NGC. As we continued the dialogue with NGS and NGC, we reached out to other professional organizations in the U.S. and Europe and proposed a joint letter as the best means of conveying our concerns over the TV show. Within hours of finishing our letter, NGS informed me that NGCI had decided to pull the show from its schedule indefinitely. Their press release speaks to NGS and NGC’s commitment to engage viewers and produce shows to the highest standards. SAA appreciates the decision not to air the show. We also stand ready to assist NGS and NGC in meeting their stated goals. Jeff Altschul, President, Society for American Archaeology (SAA)

Further actions against National Geographic The withdrawal in the US of the ‘Nazi War Diggers’ TV show that promotes the looting of sites (s. Altschul’s message above) is highly welcomed. However, the ICAHM-committee – of which I am copresident – the World Archaeological Congress (WAC), the EAA, and the Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA) now want to go on and press for the ‘Diggers’ show (broadcasted all over Europe by National Geographic Channel International, NGCI) to be abolished as well. It should be known that the National Geographic Channels are not owned solely by the National Geographic Society. In Europe NGCI is a joint venture between News Corporation (Fox, Rupert Murdoch) and the National Geographic Society, so the NGS is in bed with the most ultra right wing news group around. The American associations (notably SAA, SHA and AIA) want to “continue dialogue” and are pleased that at least National Geographic Channel nowadays works within the law. That, however, only applies to the US and it means the looting takes place only on private land with consent of the owner, which makes it legal in the States! Of course the rest of the world is not too satisfied with that, nor should anyone confuse ‘legal’ with ‘ethical’, so we drafted the following statement that was presented to a representative of National Geographic at a meeting in Austin, TX, in April this year:

Position Paper: Excavation of Archaeological Material in the Popular Media 24 April 2014 Excavating an archaeological site is an unavoidably destructive process. Archaeologists mitigate this destruction through the use of excavation, documentation, preservation, and reporting procedures that have been developed by them over the past century, and are updated as new technologies become available. Procedures include documenting exactly what 12

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

was done in the field; analyzing and describing in detail all that was found that might be pertinent to a wide range of questions regarding human and environmental history; obtaining and analyzing samples of material pertinent to those questions (for example, soils, pollen, micro faunal remains, and charcoal or other organic materials); comprehensively documenting, describing, and analyzing of all recovered artefacts; developing a catalogue of artefacts and other material taken from the site; preparing field notes each day that include photographs and drawings; preparing all materials taken for storage and placing them in an environmentally controlled facility; and preparing a report that describes all the above activities and provides an interpretation of what was found in the context of current research questions and interests. To excavate a site without following such protocols is unmitigated destruction of the archaeological record, and with it, all of the information that might have been gained from that record about human history and the changing relationships among human groups and the environment. Such questions have never been more important as we move into a future in which human alteration of the environment and social change continue to accelerate enormously. In certain countries, notably the United States (with the exceptions of a few states), the legal structure is such that property owners have the right to engage in undertakings that disturb or destroy archaeological sites, or to allow others, including non-archaeologists, to excavate archaeological sites on their property. In such countries, it is crucial to inform the public about how proper archaeological research is conducted, why it is undertaken, and what this research has revealed that might be of interest to them. In most countries, however, archaeological sites cannot be disturbed without a license, and sometimes they are not even considered private property. In such countries, broadcasting programmes that depict excavation for pleasure or profit can only encourage illegal activity. For these reasons, we, the undersigned, call upon the media to refrain from broadcasting any programme that presents in a favourable manner excavation of archaeological materials in any way that does not adhere to the excavation protocols outlined in the first paragraph, above, which conform to standard archaeological practice the world over. Further, we note that, if appropriately produced, archaeology- and heritage-related programmes in the media can be effective tools that provide the public with knowledge that is satisfying on a personal level and useful to all of us as we plot our course through a globalized and rapidly changing world. Signatories Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA) European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Archaeological Heritage Manage (ICAHM) IPPA (Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association) World Archaeological Congress (WAC) Willem Willems ([email protected]) Co-president of ICAHM (International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management at ICOMOS)

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Calendar for EAA members May – December 2014 2 June

Deadline for proposals of candidates for the European Archaeological Heritage Prize

before 1 August

Message sent to all voting members, together with short biographies and candidate statements of the candidates and ballot papers for the EAA election, will also be available on-line in the members’ only section of the EAA web page.

15 August

Deadline for submission of papers for Student Award.

5 September

Deadline for postal ballot papers

7–14 September EAA conference in Istanbul 7–10 September Pre-conference excursion 10 September

17:00 Opening ceremony

12 September

Deadline for ballot papers to be returned to the ballot box at the conference and for electronic voting at 12 pm. ABM and announcement of the election results

12 September

EAA Annual Party

13 September

Annual Dinner

14 September

Post-conference excursions

28 September

Deadline for sending in articles and announcements for TEA Fall Issue

17 October

TEA Fall Issue

21 December

Deadline for sending in articles and announcements for TEA Winter Issue

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Reports Oceanic climate change and underwater archaeology Mark Dunkley ([email protected]) Maritime Designation Adviser, English Heritage The identification of major environmental threats to cultural heritage and the built environment has been one of the core strands of our ‘National Heritage Protection Plan‘ (http://www.englishheritage.org.uk/professional/protection/national-heritage-protection-plan/) with work already begun to assess the potential effects of climate change on the historic environment. We already know that climate change is likely to mean that the UK will experience hotter, drier summers and warmer, wetter winters. There is a likelihood of increased drought, heatwaves, changes in seasonal precipitation and the intensity of weather events such as rainfall leading to flooding. To date though there has been very little consideration given to how climate change might affect archaeological remains underwater. Even at a European level, there is a paucity of references to underwater cultural heritage within studies of climate change impacts: most recently, the EU-funded ‘Climate for Culture‘ (http://www.climateforculture.eu/) project addressed only the built heritage. It is already accepted that for the UK’s marine environment the impacts of climate change include relative sea level rise, increased seawater temperatures, ocean acidification and changes in ocean circulation, which will affect underwater cultural heritage. In the 20th century, the average level of the UK seas rose by some 14 cm. UK Climate Projections (http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/) of UK coastal sea level rise (not including land movement) for 2095 range from 12 to 76 cm, with an extreme scenario for sea level rise in the range of 93 cm to 1.9 m by 2100. Throughout this period, the effect of sea level rise on archaeological diving projects will be to incrementally reduce the amount of time (and therefore productivity) an air-breathing diver can spend underwater safely. For example, a 20% increase in diving depth can result in a 32% decrease in dive time. UK waters have warmed over the past 50 years, at least partly because of human-induced climate change. UK Climate Projections indicates that UK shelf seas will be 1.5 to 4 °C warmer by the end of the 21st century. The upper ocean to the west and north of the UK has become saltier since a fresh period in the 1970s, but trends within the shelf seas are less clear. However, ‘warmer oceans‘ indicates more energetic oceans so that erosion in shallow-water contexts may be enhanced, controlled by the seabed topography around the UK.

Fig. 1: Illustration of the Mary Rose in the Anthony Roll (as reproduced in C.S. Knighton and D.M. Loades (eds), “The Anthony Roll of Henry VIII’s Navy” (Cambridge 2000)).

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 One particular effect of ocean warming already visible in UK waters is the northward migration of invasive species; of particular interest is the blacktip shipworm Lyrodus pedicellatus. Lyrodus p. is a species of shipworm that is active all year and has begun to invade the UK from more southerly latitudes as a result of sea temperature increase. It has been recorded off Cornwall, Langstone Harbour in Hampshire and on the Mary Rose (Fig. 1) protected wreck site in the Solent and in 2005 it was recorded on the coast at Sandwich, Kent. Considered to be a major threat to wooden wrecks and other wooden structures, the GB Non-native Species Secretariat (NNSS) does not yet identify Lyrodus p. as an invasive species to the UK. The oceans play an important role in mitigating climate change, taking up and storing about a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions through a combination of biological processes, solubility, and circulation patterns. However, dissolving excess atmospheric CO2 in surface waters has already noticeably increased their acidity, and this may in turn affect the ocean’s ability to take up further CO2. Further chemical changes to the oceans will ultimately depend on the emissions pathway that society takes. The direct effects of acidification upon the stability and condition of exposed wooden structures and iron and steel shipwrecks are not well understood, though decreases in ocean pH have the potential to increase current rates of metal corrosion. It is believed that changes in ocean temperatures and wind patterns, resulting from the combined effects of overall climate change, will affect and alter oceanic currents. However, the large-scale circulation of the Atlantic, which helps to maintain the relatively temperate climate of Northern Europe, has shown high variability in recent years but no clear trend. Other circulation patterns are likely to be as variable in the future as they are today, being mainly controlled by the complex topography of the seabed around the UK, as well as by highly variable tides, winds and density differences. Understanding the impacts and effects of climate change is necessary to help us manage the marine historic environment in the future. We are therefore planning work to firstly understand the full extent of invasion by the Lyrodus p. shipworm and secondly to better understand the effects of chemical attrition on archaeological remains underwater by working with the UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme (http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/). We need to ensure that we take full account of the findings of the latest UK Climate Change Risk Assessment, relevant national adaptation programmes and the latest set of UK Climate Projections. We also need to be mindful about balancing the scale of the effects or possible effects of oceanic climate change and we recognise that more work needs to be done to clarify this balance so that our priorities can be determined.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014

Human and animal remains from three eras. New documentation methods of a vertical cave of the Northern Franconian low mountain range and its inventory Timo Seregély ([email protected]) Professur für Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie der Universität Bamberg (Faculty for Prehistoric Archaeology of the University of Bamberg, Bavaria), Germany Vertical caves used by prehistoric man in the Northern Franconian low mountain range can be classed as quite common. However, until now, in no case in the history of research has it been possible to reconstruct the precise development of the many soil and rubble deposits containing human and animal bones and thus interpret the ritual deposition activities. This inability to reconstruct deposition sequences was the result of finds being excavated inexpertly or mislaid by laymen, the finds being inventoried only selectively and a lack of strict plotting of individual finds. In addition, very few representative dating sequences were done. The Kirschbaumhöhle (Cherry Tree Cave), found in November 2010 by members of the research group Fränkischer Karst e.V., now offers the ideal opportunity to reconstruct prehistoric deposition processes using new documentation methods and an interdisciplinary research approach and thus also move closer to the motives behind deposition practices. This is primarily thanks to the cave’s discoverers, who left each and every bone in its place and immediately informed the Bavarian heritage management office. First surveys were achieved through a research project of the faculty for Prehistoric Archaeology of the University of Bamberg, which was mainly financed by the Oberfrankenstiftung (Upper Franconia Foundation), the administrative district office of Forchheim, the Bavarian Society for Archaeology, and the University of Bamberg.

Fig. 1: Cherry Tree Cave. Generalized layout and 3D view (latter seen from the north-west). Key: 1 – Entry Shaft; 2 – Descent Tube; 3 – Dome; 4 – Sinter Chamber; 5 – Bone Chamber. The detritic cone covered with sediment in the area of the Descent Tube is marked grey. The entry gap to the Bone Chamber is green, the entry to the Sinter Chamber is dotted blue. The red points mark the bone finds.

The quite small-scale vertical cave is divided into several parts (Fig.1). Through the vertical Entry Shaft, which is just under 2 m long, the steep north-easterly Descent Tube can be reached through a narrow gap. Along the first third, the Descent Tube opens up and out to the Dome. About 6 m below ground level, the Descent Tube ends and an extremely narrow gap in the north-west leads to the very low and fissured Bone Chamber, which measures approximately 3.5 m x 3 m. Toward the east, and much more easily reached, is the 3.5 m x 2.5 m Sinter Chamber, which is characterized by many different sinter processes such as flowstones, sinter terraces and rimstones. The upper two-thirds of the Descent Tube 17

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 are covered by a dark brown clay, which is part of the detritic cone. Apart from a few large patches in the Sinter Chamber, the cave floor is generally covered in fist-size to double-head-size dolomite rubble. Although some of the rubble is probably broken material that has fallen from the cave ceiling, a large part was more likely used to temporarily block the cave access, and sometimes slipped down into the cave. It is also possible that the rubble was part of ritual activities, which involved throwing the stones down the Entry Shaft and Descent Tube. The project initially focused on the visible finds laying on the surface of the cave, which consists exclusively of human and animal bones. Six human skulls, human long bones and remains of domestic and wild animals were obvious even during the first cave inspection. As it was desired to obtain the exact position of each bone and as it was impossible to use tachymetric plotting due to the narrowness of the cave, the method of terrestrial 3D scanning was used. Here, the Faro Focus 3D scanner with a dedicated tripod was used. In the Cherry Tree Cave, resolutions of 3-6 mm at 10 m were implemented, so as to pick up delicate deposit details on the larger bones, such as the skulls. Thus the largest part of the outer cave structure and the upper surface layer could be accurately depicted. The latest 3D model of the cave is made up of 50 single scans. Additionally, photographic documentation of each individual find was made. The work inside the cave was done exclusively in contamination-secure protective clothing to avoid polluting the prehistoric bones with modern DNA (Fig. 2). Corresponding samples from the teeth from each of the human skulls and all recovered human long bones, as well as a sample of the animal bones, have already been archived at the Palaeogenetic lab of the University Mainz awaiting further study. In all, 188 bones with a weight of about 10 kg have been recovered until now, of which only 30 are in such a state of fragmentation or size that identification was not possible. Another 12 bones come from rodents such as the bank vole and the mole. One third of the remaining 146 bones are from humans, the other two thirds from mammals, where domestic animals (95%) clearly outweigh wild animals (5%). The human skull fragments belong to at least seven individuals, who are represented by five complete and one fragmented skull, as well as one mandible. We have radiocarbon dates for all skulls, which indicate at least three different deposition phases of human remains. The oldest phase dates to the Late Neolithic (ca. 2820 – 2660 cal BC; 2 sigma) and is probably linked to the Corded Ware Culture. This is indicated by the dolichocranic skulls of a 35-45 year old male and a 25-35 year old (probable) female, who both date to this period and lay near each other in the Bone Chamber. The skull of an adult dog also dates to this phase. The skull of another 25-35 year old female, which lay immediately next to the Sinter Chamber, as well as the metacarpal bone of a red deer next to it, date to the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1900 – 1750 cal BC; 2 sigma). The three other skulls, that of a 35-45 year old male and two teenaged individuals Fig. 2 Cherry Tree Cave. Recovery of a human skull. between 12 and 16 years, date to the Hallstatt or Early La Tène period (ca. 760 – 410 cal BC; 2 sigma). They were located in the upper part of the Descent Tube, which was blocked to the east by large rubble pieces. The dates of a sheep metacarpal bone and the humerus of a wildcat fall into the same period of usage. The latter may, of course, have been a natural denizen of the cave and died within it, but an anthropogenic deposition of the animal is also possible, as the age corresponds to a human period of usage. 18

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Fig. 3: Cherry Tree Cave. 3D scan of a (probable) female Late Neolithic skull without (left) and with (right) colour information, for example, with traces of rimstone. The round depression in the area of the Os parietale is probably from a healed fracture.

In the skull of the Late Neolithic (probable) female, apart from 1.2kg of dolomite grus and sediment, there were small fragments of charcoal, as well as 56 small bones of animals and humans. Some of the material may have been “collected” by the skull through rolling along the cave floor. However, it is more likely that the sediment, charcoal and small bones were swept into the upward-pointing foramen magnum by temporary water action. The small charcoal bits are beech and lime, and further fragments, which were compacted onto the upper jaw of a sheep, were hazel. Two further radiocarbon dates from bovine and pig bones suggest a fourth usage period, which also falls into the Late Neolithic. Studying the radiocarbon data (2620 – 2345 cal BC; 2 sigma), a certain discrepancy between these dates and the dates of the two humans with the dog can be detected, where a minimum of 40, but probably more years lay between the two deposition phases. Of course, continuity between the two phases may be postulated, but the current state of research does not provide evidence for this. Certainly, documented animals in the Cherry Tree Cave are at least three cattle (of which one was adult and two sub-adult), two sheep (both not yet fully grown), a sub-adult pig, three dogs (adult, sub-adult, fetal/ neo-natal), an adult red deer, an adult wild cat, and an adult hare. Evidently, at least one goat is also among the bone spectrum, but only one tooth could be assigned. The degradation of the tooth proves it to be singularly older than the two identified sheep. The find distribution of the bones showed interesting details even in the first layer recovered. Thus, bones of cattle, pig and dog were all located exclusively in the Bone Chamber, which contained the two Late Neolithic skulls. The bones of the sub-adult cattle were less dispersed than the adult animal. The remains of each of the two sheep showed a very homogenous spread, one in the western bulge of the Bone Chamber, the other in the southern part of the Sinter Chamber. In the latter, no other animal bones apart from the metacarpal bone of the red deer were documented up to now. With regard to the human remains, as well as the dominant species of sheep and dog, various bones, such as skulls, long bones, pelves, vertebrae and ribs were found, which suggests that the bodies probably were intact as they entered the cave. This obviously can only be verified once the cave is completely examined. However, the lack of cut and butchering traces further support this. Only the cattle bones show a few cut marks on specific bones, such as femur and mandible, despite all body parts being present. A small number of the bones could be documented within the framework of the project with the help of a Breuckmann 3D-Stereoscanner. This method documents all metric, taphonomic and pathological details, as well as colour details, such as flowstone patches, burn marks, etc. in great detail (Fig. 3). Linked to a database that records all parameters, such as find position, bone data, age, taphonomy, pathology and possible individual affiliation, this may offer a comprehensive reconstruction of the cave depositions, if the recording regime is consistently used. The documentation of the other finds still in the cave is to continue in the following years within the framework of a long-term project, so that, of course in conjunction with ancient DNA and isotope analyses, and further dating methods and the inclusion of the cave exterior, scientifically grounded answers may be given to central questions about the motives of use. 19

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FRAGSUS. Fragility and sustainability in prehistoric Malta Simon Stoddart ([email protected]) Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge The FRAGSUS project has been formed to study the sustainability and subsequent radical change amongst the Maltese Temple Building populations of prehistoric Malta in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. Key questions posed are: Why do some cultures manage to sustain their civilization for centuries or millennia, while others collapse in response to the impact of changing conditions in the wider environment? What factors lead to socio-economic decline and failure in a society? Can science, by employing a suite of interdisciplinary approaches, begin to explore and understand how humans interacted with, and impacted on, the changing natural environment? Human history is punctuated by the succession of changing cultures and civilization, many of which emerged and failed within decades or centuries. Change and instability imposed stress on these societies, causing either extinction or adaptation and evolution. However, there are few studied examples of the immensely important issue of adaptation towards sustainability in ancient society. In this project, we bring together key interdisciplinary approaches in environmental science, chronology, archaeology and biological anthropology to explore factors that underpinned the sustainability of a specific European island society. This research, using innovative fieldwork analysis and synthesis, may provide answers that are relevant today at a continental and even global scale. The current project grew out of a long-standing collaboration between the University of Malta, the University of Cambridge, and the then Museums Department of Malta, and latterly Heritage Malta and the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage for Malta, led most recently by Queen’s University Belfast. In 1985, Anthony Bonanno of the University of Malta held a conference on ritual in Malta to which he invited Colin Renfrew. Colin Renfrew took this opportunity to suggest renewed Anglo-Maltese collaboration to Maltese colleagues, and on receipt of a warm reception to this idea, invited David Trump, Caroline Malone and Simon Stoddart to collaborate with Tancred Gouder of the Museums Department and Anthony Bonanno of the University of Malta. The resultant Cambridge Gozo Project undertook fieldwork between 1987 and 1995, implementing geophysical and regional survey, environmental reconstruction (through the work of Patrick Schembri and Christopher Hunt on land snails), excavation of a remnant domestic structure, and, most importantly, the detailed excavation of c. 220,000 fragments of human bone from the Brochtorff Xaghra Circle. Further study of this material was undertaken and the results published (Malone et al. 2009). More work was undertaken in 2005-2007, principally by Caroline Malone, to develop wider ritual understanding of the Maltese monuments with the support of the Templeton Foundation (Malone et al. 2007). The project thus brings together a team where many members have been working together for almost thirty years. As well as scientific publication, many features of the results were publicized in the form of exhibitions by travel to London (Piccadilly) (1995), Florence (1996), Prague (1999), San Marino (2001), Brussels (2001), Amsterdam (2005) and Alicante (2008), Harrods department store in London (2012) and, most recently, the new Ggantija UNESCO World Heritage Visitor Centre, which opened in September 2013. The artefacts became a leitmotif for political and cultural change. The launch of this trajectory was celebrated in 1996 by the publication of an issue of Maltese postage stamps of prehistoric art, 75% of which were drawn from objects discovered by the project, and a Malta Telecom card, showing a similar range of artefacts. The arefacts’ influence can also be followed in contemporary art, poetry and even music. At a cultural level, this has been maintained by a continuous presence of main project participants, notably David Trump, at local cultural events, including the annual Mediterranea Festival in Gozo. At another level, every souvenir shop in the island has models, mugs and fridge magnets, even a board game, of the material culture derived from the project. The products of the project are central to the current Maltese school textbooks written by local archaeologists (eg. Bonanno 2001; Vella et al. 2004), the main guide books (Trump 2002, 2010) and popular presentations of Maltese culture, economic studies of cultural tourism, and further afield, it is a point of reference for many megalithic websites, ranging from the serious amateur to the fringe cosmologist. The new five year project (1 May 2013 – 30 April 2018), financed by the European Research Council, has now completed a first year of work. The scheme brings together participants from seven nations (Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the United Kingdom and the United States) and five institutions 20

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 (the Universities of Queen’s Belfast, Cambridge and Malta, Heritage Malta and the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage) in a programme of interdisciplinary information exchange and research, focused on the fragile environment of Malta, addressed to the period 4000 – 1500 BC. Techniques employed include the study of animal bones, human bones, pollen, tephra, invertebrates and soils, through the deployment of augering, excavation, GIS (Geographical Information Systems), geophysics (magnetometry, resistivity and GPR [Ground Penetrating Radar]), GPS (ground position systems), LiDAR, magnetometer and reconnaissance aerial photography. Preparatory meetings have been held in Malta (May, September and November 2013) and Belfast (January 2014). Fieldwork started in September 2013, continuing in January 2014, with the drilling of nine boreholes for extracting pollen, and continues at present with a five month season of archaeological prospection and excavation on the island of Gozo, and study of human remains from the Brochtorff Xaghra Circle, also from Gozo, in Valletta. The plenary Belfast meeting brought together the majority of the project team in January 2014. The project team was welcomed by Keith Bennett, the outgoing Head of School of Archaeology, Geography and Palaeoecology. Members of the team then addressed component parts of the proposed activities: Caroline Malone (the overall programme); Anthony Bonanno (the wider perspective and challenges), Sara Boyle (Settlement development and digitization of human bones), Vanessa Ciantar (Museum practice), Nathaniel Cutajar (the historical perspective), Colm Donnelly (Professional training and knowledge transfer), Katrin Fenech (Land snails), Charles French (Geoarchaeology), Rory Jordan (ERC finance and practice), Reuben Grima (sites in the Landscape), Christopher Hunt (Pollen), Lydia Lepecuchel (ERC reporting), Finbar McCormick (animal bones), Sean Pyne O’Donnell (tephra and cores), Conor Graham (GPS), Alastair Ruffell (Ground Penetrating Radar), Patrick Schembri (land molluscs), Jay Stock (human bones and isotopes, reporting on behalf of Tamsin O’Connell), Simon Stoddart (landscape and the fieldwork programme), Katya Stroud (the monuments), Nicholas Vella (historic landscapes), Nicki Whitehouse (invertebrates and resilience). The concluding day of the meeting was attended and addressed by Norman Hamilton, the High Commissioner of Malta in the United Kingdom; Audrey Horning, the Head of the School of Archaeology, Geography and Palaeoecology; Steve Royle, Professor of Island Studies at Queen’s Belfast; Tony Gallagher, Pro-ViceChancellor for Academic Planning, Staffing and External Relations; and Caroline Malone, Principal Investigator of the project and Professor of Prehistory at Queen’s Belfast.

Fig. 1: The principal site of Tac-Cawla under investigation.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 The first field seasons in September 2013 and January 2014 concentrated on the recovery of pollen and sediments to seek understanding of regional change in vegetation over the archipelago during the Holocene. Six field sites, including five on Malta (Xemxija, Salini, Salini salt pans, Wied Zemba and Marsaxlokk) and one on Gozo (Marsalform), were chosen on the basis of geoarchaeological assessment by Christopher Hunt (Queen’s Belfast), in collaboration with other colleagues (notably Patrick J. Schembri of the University of Malta). These sites were ground truthed with georadar by Alastair Ruffell (Queen’s Belfast) to assess depth and hazard. Nearly 50 m of length of core have been successfully recovered, ranging in depth from 2 to 10 metres. Archived halves of the cores are currently undergoing analyses within two partner institutions. Stephen McCarron (National University of Ireland, Maynooth) is undertaking the analysis of sediment core physical properties at the Irish Sediment Core Research Facility (ISCORF). The cores are undergoing non-invasive high-precision quantification of sediment seismic velocity, magnetic susceptibility, bulk density, colour/visual reflectance and electrical resistivity using the GeoTek Multi Sensor Core Logger. Jonathan Turner (University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy) is employing an Itrax XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis) Core Scanner to undertake high resolution analysis of the cores to determine elemental composition. Work is well advanced in both of these fields, with encouraging preliminary outcomes, and substantive results are expected soon. At Queen’s Belfast, analysis of the other half of the cores has begun with tephra isochron analysis to detect volcanic tephra/cryptotephra, which can be correlated with regional and global volcanic events. This essential chronological work, combined with radiocarbon dating, which already suggests substantial Holocene coverage, will allow the detailed phasing of vegetational and environmental change from pollen and other proxy data. The analysis of the pollen has just started in the hands of Michelle Farrell. The current field season (late March to July 2014) is addressing the archaeology of Gozo. The main thrust of the work has been directed towards the excavation of a rare settlement site at Tac-Cawla, first investigated in 1994 and 1995 (Fig. 1). Work so far has prepared the site for sampling of Neolithic structures by removing the fills of later Classical vine trenches. Further work has been undertaken at the Neolithic site of Ggantija and the Bronze Age site of InNuffara (Fig. 2). At Ggantija, a combination of augering, geophysics (resistivity and GPR) and limited excavation has detected new structures and intact early soils (Figs. 3 and 4). Further work will investigate the date and extent of these discoveries. At the Bronze Age defended site of In-Nuffara, a systematic GPS study of the hill top has recorded the distribution of silos and other structures visible from the surface, which will later be investigated by limited excavation. A similar iterative programme of remote sensing, and in some cases limited excavation, is planned at other Neolithic sites, including Santa Verna, Ta’ Marziena and sites near Ghajnsielem, such as L-Imrejsbiet and Borg il-Gharib North and South, during the course of the next few months. Processing of LiDAR data, kindly provided by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority, has been undertaken by Rachel Opitz (University of Arkansas) and Gianmarco Alberti (University of Malta) as a backdrop to assessing the wider landscape of Gozo. Fig. 2: GPS work on In-Nuffara, led by Conor Graham and Sara Boyle.

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Fig. 3: Charles French and Sean Taylor locating soils profiles at Ggantija.

Fig. 4: Resistivity undertaking in an olive grove near Ggantija by David Redhouse.

In Valletta, at the National Museum of Archaeology, Jay Stock has started to reassess the human remains from the Brochtorff Xaghra Circle (Fig. 5). Teeth and Individual bones have been selected from specific contexts to look at changing lifestyles over time. Work has started on the most clearly closed contexts: the Zebbug chambered tomb and the stacks of articulated burials in the Tarxien period central shrine at the site. Innovative work includes the three dimensional scanning of long bones to analyze bone engineering. A parallel project will digitize a substantial sample of the locations of the approximately 220,000 human bones recovered from the Circle to increase the analytical potential of contextual information. The first results of the project will be given at the Istanbul EAA conference in September 2014. Further details of the project can be found in the following internet locations: http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/FRAGSUS/ https://www.facebook.com/FRAGSUS http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/gozo-project 23

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Fig. 5: Jay Stock scanning long bones from the Brochtorff Xaghra Circle.

Acknowledgements The project is supported by the European Research Council.

Magnetometer and resistivity equipment was supplied by the Division of Archaeology, University of Cambridge. LiDAR was kindly provided by MEPA (Malta Environment and Planning Authority) from funds co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, which provided 85% of the project’s funding, and the Government of Malta, which financed the balance under Operational Programme 1 – Cohesion Policy 2007-2013: Investing in Competitiveness for a Better Quality of Life (for more information see http://geospatialworld.net/News/View.aspx?id=24306_Article#sthash.eys1dX9J.dpuf). The Ministry of Gozo kindly provided workmen to clear rubbish from the site of Tac-Cawla. Virtu ferries kindly upgraded project accommodation on the ferry service from Pozzallo to Valletta. The Ministry of Gozo has given kind logistical support at the site of Tac-Cawla. The ditta Pucciarella (Magione, PG) provided wine to support the energies of the research team. The Principal Investigator of the Project is Caroline Malone, and the Co-investigators in their respective institutions are Anthony Pace (Superintendence of Cultural Heritage), Katya Stroud (Heritage Malta), Nicholas Vella (University of Malta), Christopher Hunt (Queen’s Belfast) and Simon Stoddart (University of Cambridge). References BONANNO, A., 2001. Il-Preistorja. Kullana Kulturali. Malta, Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. MALONE, C., Barrowclough, D. and Stoddart, S., 2007. Introduction. In D. Barrowclough and C. Malone (eds) Cult in Context: 1-7. Oxford: Oxbow. MALONE, C., S. STODDART, D. TRUMP, A. BONANNO, T. GOUDER and A. PACE (eds), 2009. Mortuary Ritual in Prehistoric Malta. The Brochtorff Circle Excavations (1987-1994). Cambridge: McDonald Inst. TRUMP, D. 2002. Malta: prehistory and temples. Malta: Midsea Books. TRUMP, D. 2010. Malta. An archaeological Guide. Valletta: Allied Publications. VELLA, E., M. BORG and A. BONANNO, 2004. L-Arkeoloġija ta' Malta. Malta: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. 24

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“Pegman” caught looters in the act! How digital media can help in raising awareness of looting and destruction of archaeological sites. The example of Ratiaria Jutta Zerres ([email protected]) Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, Germany In March 2012, a Google Street View car drove on a lonely road in the area northwest of the Bulgarian town of Archar, photographing while driving. The pictures that can now be seen on the internet service show an awful crater landscape on both sides of the road. Two of these images are particularly interesting: they show men with shovels who are digging up the ground. All of this would not be worth mentioning if these photos were not taken in the area of the ancient city of Ratiaria (see contribution by Z. Dimitrov in this issue), which is deeply affected up to the present days by illegal excavations. As a result, Google Street View unconsciously made public the widely extended crater landscape caused by illegal excavations and – on top of everything – photographed looters “in situ”! But these are only accidental snapshots of a tragedy that began more than twenty years ago with the collapse of the communist system in Bulgaria and the subsequent economic crisis. In 1992, the state stopped financial support for all archaeological activities in Ratiaria. After the archaeologists left, the inhabitants of the neighbouring town of Archar and other villages began looting, drawn by the possibility of finding gold objects. For a long time, the locals told the story that the fields around the ancient city gleamed and sparkled when the rains had flushed out gold coins. In 1986, a gold treasure was discovered and its exhibition, entitled “Gold of Ratiaria”, attracted much public attention. Shocked archaeologists reported that up to 2000 people were involved daily in the predatory excavations. Ratiaria looked like a huge construction site. Organized gangs joined the ransacking residents and the terrain was dug metres deep. There are rumours about corruption often preventing an effective intervention by the authorities. Due to out-of-control treasure-hunting, Ratiaria is one of the most destroyed archaeological sites in Bulgaria and looting continued all over the area, as the pictures from March 2012 show. The place looks back on a great past: In the time of the Thracians, there was a gold mine and an associated settlement is presumed. In the Roman and early Byzantine period, the place became one of the most important settlements on the lower Danube. According to recent studies, Ratiaria was founded as a military camp in the beginning of the 1st c. AD. Later, it became also the base of the Classis Pannonica. Under Trajan, the city was the starting point for the military campaigns against the Dacians. In AD 106, the emperor gave Ratiaria the title of Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria, to honour it for the victory against the Dacians. After that, the settlement gained more and more importance as a military and economic centre. One of six state-owned weapons factories in the Roman Empire and a mint were located here. Pieces of monumental architectural decoration show that the city had an abundance of monumental public architecture. Finds of jewellery, sarcophagi or bronze statues provide evidence for an excellent craftmanship. In the end of the 3rd c. AD, Ratiaria became the capital of the province Coastal Dacia and a bishop’s see was established. Twice, in AD 441 and in AD 447, the city was destroyed by the Huns and was rebuilt both times by the Byzantine emperors Anastasius I and Justinian, respectively. An attack by the Avars in AD 586 brought the final end of Ratiaria. But findings from the excavations suggest that somehow habitation of the city continued during the Middle Ages (for more information on the history of the site, see the contribution by Z. Dimitrov in this issue). Only a few areas of the city were excavated professionally between 1862 and 1991. A private and nonprofit association, called “Bulgarian Archaeological Association Ivan Venedikov”, together with the “Association Ratiaria” “founded the “Association Ratiaria” promotes the site in public. This organization started a donation campaign called “Help to preserve the biggest archaeological site in North Bulgaria – Colonia Ulpia Ratiaria” and an online petition. Recently, the National Archaeological Institute and Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NAIM-BAS) started rescue excavations and conservation measures. Preserved findings were transported to the museum in the town of Dimovo, and an epigraphic exhibition was established in Archar. As well as this work, some preserved architectural monuments were restored. The site is also included in an application for an EU-funded project for the creation of nine cultural heritage sites in the Bulgarian section of the Roman Limes system. 25

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 The randomly photographed images on Google Street View raise the question of whether and how the internet can be used for the documentation of illegal excavations and destruction of cultural goods at Ratiaria and other places that are threatened by looting and destruction. Using digital media as shown here may be a new way to attract the attention of the scientific community and, of course, the public. The present state of documentation for Ratiaria is a good example: Not only Google Street View shows photographs of the area – even on Google Earth, the illegal excavation holes are perfectly visible.

Fig. 1: Two photographs of looted remains of Ratiaria (author: Widintourist), taken on 15 October 2010, taken from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ratiaria_2010_118.JPG, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ratiaria_2010_033.JPG.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 On Wikimedia Commons.org, other photos of the devastated landscape and the few preserved remains of buildings are published (Fig. 1). On Youtube, videos about Ratiaria are available. However, the problem is that some of the photos are protected by copyright. It would be very helpful for the purposes of cultural heritage management if there were some pictures usable without permission of the originator. Links Pictures of the landscape in the area of the ancient site: https://www.google.de/maps/@43.814576,22.906755,3a,75y,128.34h,91.35t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sInQ MmTtGYJ0ac-_Boefdkg!2e0?hl=de Looters at work: https://www.google.de/maps/@43.81509,22.90361,3a,75y,358.47h,79.82t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sOm0b bB_y4SD5fZep5m6Jbw!2e0?hl=de https://www.google.de/maps/@43.814698,22.905367,3a,75y,74.16h,80.55t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1spoDx 6cLfObpOXAvO0dXoDw!2e0?hl=de Google Earth: https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Ratiaria&hl=de&ll=43.816856,22.907299&spn=0.004715,0.010568&sl l=48.942908,9.279327&sspn=4.394421,10.821533&hnear=Colonia+Ulpia+Ratiaria&t=h&z=17 Videos on Youtube – documentary by Australian free-to-air TV channel SBS Two, in two parts: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gkoh1QYrHoY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pi7aue6WKM More information about Ratiaria and current archaeological activities: http://www.archaeology.archbg.net/ http://ratiaria.archbg.net/index_en.html Petition: https://www.causes.com/causes/791449-help-to-preserve-colonia-ulpia-traiana-ratiara4.6 http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/ratiaria/ Facebook Group “Help to preserve Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria”: https://www.facebook.com/groups/95476867399/ Archaeologik (German archaeology blog): http://archaeologik.blogspot.de/2013/06/ratiaria-die-geschredderte-romersiedlung.html http://archaeologik.blogspot.de/2014/03/google-street-view-zeigt-raubgraber-bei.html Google Maps Northwest Bulgaria: https://www.google.de/maps/place/Colonia+Ulpia+Ratiaria/@43.5557251,24.675708,8z/data=!4m2!3m1! 1s0x47549cfd94b8fd07:0x4678069724b0f337

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Resumption of regular archaeological excavations in Ratiaria Zdravko Dimitrov ([email protected]) National Archaeological Institute and Museum – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Ratiaria – a Roman centre on the Danube One of the most important centres in the Lower Danube limes system of the Roman Empire is Ratiaria. Its ruins are on the outskirts of Archar village, Vidin district, northwestern Bulgaria. The archaeological site is located in the Kaleto area, at the end of the so-called Turkish quarter of Archar. To the north, between the ancient city and the Danube River, Ratiaria’s north cemetery is located, in an area called Yaliata; to the west is the largest known necropolis, in an area called Parlozite. Ratiaria originated as a Roman military centre. It is still questionable whether a legion was garrisoned here or not. Certainly, though, at the very beginning of the first century AD, in this part of the Moesian limes, different troops were based, probably divisions (vexillationes) from Legio IV Flavia and from Legio VII Claudia, whose presence in Viminatium is confirmed. In Ratiaria, there was a port and the base of the Roman military river fleet (Dinchev 2014: in print). In the year AD 86, Ratiaria became part of the province of Moesia Superior. After the Dacian wars of Trajan (AD 101-106), and the shift of the Roman limes in Dacia, Ratiaria acquired the status of a Roman colony. It became a civilian settlement and started growing significantly. Epigraphic monuments confirm the name of the town – Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria, in an inscription from Hadrianic times, AD 125 (CIL, III, 14499). This colonial period is the richest in terms of the development of Ratiaria. For more than one hundred years, surveys and excavations in the region have found numerous architectural details, burial and votive monuments, sarcophagi (richly decorated and of the so-called Asia Minor type), sculptures, statues and many other finds. Ratiaria and its region is characterized by a high concentration of gold jewelry artefacts and finds – many more have been found here than in other Roman cities and forts along the lower Danubian limes. In the late Roman era (late 3rd – 4th c. AD), the situation in Ratiaria changed dramatically. After the return of the Roman legions from Dacia, the military presence in the city resumed. Essential parts of Legio XIII Gemina were redeployed from Apulum (today Alba Iulia, Romania) (Not. Dign. Or., XLII, 38). At the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 4th century AD, the civilian population of the city also increased, mainly due to an influx of immigrants from the old Dacian provinces (Dinchev 2014: in print). In late antiquity, Ratiaria grew in size. The city became a major early Christian centre, capital of the province and received many emigrants from Roman Dacia. Historical sources attested Ratiarian bishops – Paulinos (AD 340), Sylvester (participant in the Council of Serdica of AD 343) and Palladius (Bishop of the city from AD 346 to 381), who confessed to Arianism (Dinchev 2014: in print). Important for the history of Ratiaria is an official inscription mentioning the name of the city in late antiquity – Аnastasiana Ratiaria semper floreat (Velkov, 1985: 886-889). The reason for this inscription was to provide special support for the city by the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491-518); this support also included building constructions and fortifications (Dinchev 2014: in print). In the famous historical Guide of Hierocles, the drafting of which refers to the early years of the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527-565), Ratiaria is referred to as metropolis, i.e. as a major city among the other cities of the province Dacia Ripensis (Hier., Synecd., 655, 2). According to Procopius, Ratiaria was one of the centres where Justinian I conducted restoration works and built new fortifications (Procop., De aedif., IV, 6, 24). Ratiaria is also mentioned by Theophylactus Simocatta in relation to its takeover by the Avars in AD 586 (Theoph. Sim., I, 8, 10). This event actually marks the end of the development of this important Danubian town (Velkov 1966: 170; Martelli 1984: 123-126). History of research Fieldwork in Ratiaria began in the late nineteenth century with F. Kanitz’s work (Kanitz 1879: 96-99). The exact localization of the remains of the city was first published by Vatslav Dobruski and Boris Dyakovich (Dobruski 1890: 22-31; Dyakovich 1900: 156-167). In the early decades of the 20th century, Bogdan Filov, Gavril Kazarov and other prominent researchers published many accidentally discovered artifacts, sarcophagi and tombs (Filov 1910: 8-16; Kazarov 1911: 853-862). 28

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Fig. 1: Hypothetical plan of Ratiaria – after D. Giorgetti, 1987, with amendments by V. Dinchev (after Dinchev 2014: in print).

The first planned archaeological research in the area of Ratiaria was conducted from 1958 to 1962 under the leadership of V. Velkov (Velkov 1965: 1-24). All of these great scientists were internationally recognized professors and directors of the Bulgarian Archaeological Institute and Museum. The most serious, long-term and well-organized excavations were made by a Bulgarian-Italian international team investigating Ratiaria from 1978 to 1989. The team included colleagues from all historical disciplines (historians, epigraphists, archaeologists and other) from the University of Bologna, Italy, and from the National Archaeological Institute and Museum (NAIM-BAS) in Sofia. During the next decade, several volumes of the series “Ratiarensia” were published, presenting the results of the excavation campaigns and of the analyses in almost all available aspects. The most complete and systematic review of the results of the excavations was published in the final volume. This was the work of Dario Giorgetti with regard to the topography and main complexes of the ancient town (Giorgetti 1987: 33-84). These and several subsequent publications1 presented large and very important complexes (Fig. 1): in particular, a large building of a representative character, called the ‘Residence’, significant areas of the western fortification wall and the whole western gate, baths, and some private buildings (Giorgetti 1987: 33-84, Atanasova and Popova-Asenova 1987: 85-96, Kuzmanov 2000: 27-43, Dinchev 2014: in print). Resumption of field work Today, after a 24-year break and regular treasure hunting activities (see contribution by J. Zerres in this issue), these complexes have been demolished or directly buried under large mounds. The state of this ancient city is critical. Previously unexplored areas of Ratiaria were literally plowed from systematic looting with bulldozers. This situation required urgent action to initiate new excavations on the site. These excavations could only begin after clearing of treasure-hunter embankments and ditches. We needed (and still need) to ascertain the level of damage and the depth to which the treasure-hunters reached. These could be the first activities of any new study over the next few years of any region in Ratiaria. 1

Publications include: Atanasova 1995: 59-85, Valeva 2000: 45-57, Kuzmanov, Valeva 2001: 355-368, Kuzmanov 2002: 242-261.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 The Ministry of Culture, NAIM-BAS (through the Department of Ancient Archaeology) and RMH-Vidin are committed to resuming archaeological study in Ratiaria. In September and October 2013, following the quarter-century long destruction by treasure hunters, the first regular excavation of Ratiaria was conducted. The archaeological team discovered remains of a late Roman bath (thermae) that had been partially broken down by the bandits, but is now preserved in some parts to a considerable height. On the surrounding terrain, the remains of other walls are also visible, as well as parts of new, unknown archaeological structures, exposed by looters. Our firm belief is that only annual archaeological excavations will completely cease the process of treasure hunting and will lead to the restoration of scientific studies of preserved structures in this important centre of the Roman Danubian limes system in Europe. In support of this belief, in the first season of our new studies, we have already met strong support from the local authorities – the Municipality of Dimovo and the district administration of Vidin region. First results In 2013, the restored archaeological excavations of the Roman town Ulpia Ratiaria led to the discovery of significant edifices, structures and architectural complexes. At the very beginning of the excavations, the team focused on clearing up the mess from the last 24 years in the area of the largest complex studied in previous excavations – the so-called ‘Residence’, which some interpret as the ‘Praetorium’, the residence of the governor of the province Dacia Ripensis. The aim was to determine the extent of the destruction from weather conditions and treasure-hunting that had been inflicted on this major architectural complex within the Roman colony. The ‘Residence’ or ‘Praetorium’ had serious conservation and restoration work done on it in the 1980s; for example, the anastylosis of the free-standing pillars of the central hall of the building. Also completely restored were the masonry caps on the upper surface of the walls and two arches, showing visitors a possible reconstruction of the interior of this architectural complex.

Fig. 2: The ‘Residence’ building at the beginning of the excavations in 2013.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 Today the condition of the terrain is as follows (Fig. 2): • arches are seriously threatened by complete destruction; • some of the freestanding pillars are broken and two of them have fallen down; • the masonry caps are crumbling and the walls are exposed to direct weathering; • in winter, water enters the architecture, leading to damage to the wall structures and brick floors by freezing; • only the mosaic floors with images of Orpheus are still well preserved today and exhibited in the Museum in Vidin.

Fig. 3: The bath from late antiquity, found north of the ‘Residence’ – three rooms and parts of suspensura.

Apart from the ‘Residence’, in 2013, we found an urgent need to intervene and investigate the bath (thermae) of the late Roman and early Byzantine era, which was almost completely destroyed by the looters. In September of that year, three rooms of this bath with three exedras were excavated. Its walls were badly damaged, almost destroyed. Following the survey, we found that significant parts of the suspensura of the bath complex are preserved (Fig. 3). Two small piscinas – little pools – were also uncovered here. Unfortunately, broken slabs of marble from the floor of the bath, as well as many fragments of a completely destroyed hypocaust system and little pieces from ceramic floors and mosaics, showed the severe state of devastation. The condition of these remains is now very serious. The walls are caving in and heavily eroded. One of the little pools was moved to a different place with a bulldozer, and now it stands a few meters away from its original location. After temporarily strengthening some of the walls that were about to collapse, we preserved the baths before winter with a total covering of the constructions with asphalt paper. However, these activities are only temporary. This newly discovered bath complex from late antiquity, north of the ‘Residence’, is in urgent need of conservation and restoration works. 31

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Fig. 4: The graphic documentation of the constructions of the western wall, gate and towers (after Atanasova, Popova-Asenova 1987).

Future prospects In 2014, our programme for systematic and regular studies and exhibition of architectural complexes in Ratiaria comprises the plan to begin the excavation of the biggest and most attractive complex in the Roman colony, studied 25 years ago – the Western Gate of the fortress and its adjacent walls and towers (Fig. 4). This ambitious program will face two major difficulties: • The fortress wall is almost totally buried under 2-3 metre mounds, caused by looters’ bulldozers; • Immediately after the eventual uncovering of the wall, we will have to proceed with its full restoration, conservation and eventual exhibition. The architectural complex of the western wall could be the main attraction of future exhibitions of Ratiaria, because the structures are only buried under the mounds, but not destroyed. Ratiaria’s Western wall, gate and towers are well-preserved traces of one of the most powerful Roman fortresses situated in today’s northwestern Bulgaria. It is one of the most complicated examples of a complex building history and chronology. The wall has three stages of construction, spanning from the 32

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 early 2nd century AD to late antiquity. In the area of the Western Gate, there are a few additions and extensions in fortification elements; the towers, for instance, are completely unique. They have a heptagonal shape. Full archaeological research of the western wall (including surveys and excavations) cannot be made without a programme for conservation and restoration. All of these initiatives require serious financing and project implementation to provide at least five years of expert construction and restoration activities. A very real possibility, following the uncovering of the wall and its towers, is its restoration to a great height (more than 3 metres) above ground. This may be possible because of considerable preservation of the construction’s original height. Another important point, which is included in the programme of studies for 2014, is the archaeological team’s aim to quickly locate the legionary camp of Ratiaria from the 1st century AD. We currently think that this early camp is not located in the Kaleto area, under the structure of the ‘Residence’, or in its vicinity. It is likely that it is located in the eastern part of the area of Ratiaria, near the existing road between Vidin and Archar village, north of the turnoff to the village of Darzhanitsa. The team plans to excavate several trenches in 2014 with three main purposes: 1. to excavate and preserve the remains of walls that are already visible; 2. to stop treasure hunters’ activities in the region; 3. to establish easy access to the archaeological site of Ratiaria from the Vidin-Sofia road. In view of these goals and objectives, our archaeological team believes that in 2014 and for a few years to follow, more architectural structures will be uncovered, similar to the late Roman bath, and it will certainly undertake any necessary urgent conservation and restoration activities. The best strategy for the resumption of regular archaeological studies in Ratiaria will be an initial clearance of the mounds and the simultaneous undertaking of conservation and restoration of architectural structures, according to the plans of architects and restorers. In support of this strategy, our team has planned out several projects ahead of the excavations.

Fig. 5: Early Christian tomb with semicylindrical vault from the northern necropolis of Ratiaria.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 One of these plans is the urgent conservation that is necessary in the area of the ‘Residence’ and the late Roman bath, which has already been submitted to the foundation “America for Bulgaria”, through the support of the American Research Center in Sofia. Another project is financed by the Vidin district authorities, who will take responsibility for the full protection of the site in 2014. From now until the end of the year, the site is protected by five guards. Prior to the start of the new excavations, NAIM-BAS included Ratiaria in the application for an EU-funded project for the protection of the Roman Limes system as part of the cultural heritage of Europe. Nine cultural heritage sites in the Bulgarian section of the Roman limes are listed in the application. If this project is accepted for funding, the aim is for the limes of the Roman Empire to be fully researched and conserved as cultural and historical sites. In addition, this project leads to the inclusion of nine sites in Bulgaria for admission to the indicative list of UNESCO. Considerable work has already been invested into this project. In Ratiaria, it consists of updating information on the site – positioning, coordinates, update of the borders and guarded zones. At the moment, the archaeological team exploring the site and a team of architects have initiated two new macro-projects. They are related to the construction of a fence in Ratiaria, which should enclose an area of 500 acres, i.e. the largest part of the site that covers approximately 800 acres, conducting excavation in high risk areas, such as the northern necropolis (Fig. 5), the restoration of archaeological structures and the recreation of a lapidarium place. Moreover, two new museum exhibitions will be part of these projects – one in Archar village and the other in the municipality city Dimovo. We are also developing an idea for the realization of a cross-border project for the Danube limes in Upper Moesia by linking researchers, architects and restorers of Ratiaria (Archar, Bulgaria), Felix Romuliana (Zajechar, Serbia) and Drobeta (Turnu Severin, Romania). All of these new initiatives to preserve, protect, restore and exhibit objects from the ancient city of Ratiaria are already underway, under the direction of a ten-year scientific programme to set research priorities for the work of archaeologists from NAIM-BAS, RMH in Vidin and colleagues from Sofia and Shoumen Universities. Amongst the most important aspects of this programme are the plans for future research of the wider Ratiaria region. We need to establish the preservation of the immediate vicinity around Ratiaria and to detect structures from antiquity – vici, villas, the harbour of the Roman fleet, cemeteries, sanctuaries, a possible amphitheatre. Part of these new targets and long-term programmes to study the Danube limes in Vidin region are the new excavations of the Roman castle Bononia (under the modern town of Vidin). We also have plans for the resumption of studies in this centre, probably starting in summer 2014, with the strong support of the Municipality of Vidin. The archaeological team will start its work on the western wall of the fortification system of the Roman military centre in Bononia, located in a very nice place between private buildings and a Danubian park, where it will be possible to uncover the Roman remains. References ATANASOVA, J., and A. POPOVA-ASENOVA, 1987. Il muro di cinta di Ratiaria, lato occidentale. Ricerche archeologiche 1976-1985. Ratiariensia 3-4: 85-96. ATANASOVA, Y., 1995. Archeologicheski prouchvaniya na zapadnata krepostna stena na Ratiaria (19761985). Izvestiya na Museite v Severozapadna Bulgaria 23: 59-85. DINCHEV, V., 2014. RATIARIA. From Colonia Ulpia Traiana Ratiaria to Аnastasiana Ratiaria. In R. Ivanov (ed.). The Roman Cities in Bulgaria, vol. II, in print. DOBRUSKI, V., 1890. Archeologicheski izdirvaniya v Zapadna Bulgaria. Sbornik narodni umotvoreniya I knizhnina 2: 1-46. DYAKOVICH, B., 1900. Belezhki po archeologiya na kraydunavska Bulgaria / Бележки по археологията на крайдунавска България. Sbornik narodni umotvoreniya I knizhnina 16-17: 147-178. FILOV, B., 1910. Izbrani pametnitsi na antichnoto izkustvo v Bulgaria, 2. Sarkofag ot Ratiaria. Izvestiya na bulgarskoto archeologichesko druzhestvo 1: 8-16. GIORGETTI, D., 1987. Res ad topographiam veteris urbis Ratiariae perinentes. Prolegomeni all' urbanistica della citta romana. Ratiariensia 3-4: 33-84. KANITZ, F., 1879. Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan, I. Leipzig: Rengersche Buchhandlung Gebhardt & Wilisch. 34

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 KAZAROV, G., 1911. Rimski nahodki pri s. Archar. Periodichno spisanie na Bulgarskoto knizhovno druzhestvo 71: 853-862. KUZMANOV, G., 2000. A Residence from Late Antiquity in Ratiaria (Dacia Ripensis). Archaeologia Bulgarica IV, 1: 27-43. KUZMANOV, G. and J. VALEVA, 2001. Mosaïque d’une salle d’audience de Ratiaria (Dacia Ripensis). In D. Paunier and Chr. Schmidt (eds). La Mosaïque Greco-Romaine, VIII. Actes du VIIIème colloque international pour l’étude de la mosaïque antique et médiévale: 355-368. Lausanne: Cahiers d'archéologie romande. KUZMANOV, G., 2002. Rimski i kusnoantichni lampi ot Ratiaria. Godishnik na archeologicheskiya institut s Musei 2: 242-261. MARTELLI, F., 1984. La fine di Ratiaria in Teofilatto Symocatta. Ratiariensia 2: 123-126. VALEVA, J., 2000. An Audience Hall Mosaic from Ratiaria: a Lost Picture of Orpheus? Archaeologia Bulgarica IV, 1: 45-57. VELKOV, V., 1965. Prinosi kum istoriyata na rimskite gradove v Bulgaria, I. Ratiaria. Trudove na visshiya pedagogicheski institute “Bratya Kiril I Metodii” - Veliko Turnovo II, 1: 1-24. VELKOV, V., 1966. Ratiaria (Eine römische Stadt in Bulgarien). Eirene (Praha) V: 155-175. VELKOV, V., 1985. Frühbyzantinische Inschriften aus Dacia Ripensis. Byzantina (Tessaloniki) 13: 883891.

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Books Philippe Della Casa and Constanze Witt (eds.) 2013. Tattoos and Body Modifications in Antiquity. Proceedings of the sessions at the EAA annual meetings in The Hague and Oslo, 2010/11, Zurich Studies in Archaeology 9. From Ötzi the Iceman to today‘s full-sleeved and pierced urbanite, it seems that body modification has always formed an integral part of the human animal‘s relationship to its body. Some adornments are temporary or purely situational, such as particular body paints, jewelry or hair treatments, while others – such as tattoos – are quite permanent and, when we are very lucky, preserved in the archaeological record. The papers presented in this volume result from two thematic sessions on «Tattoos and Body Modifications in Antiquity» organized during the annual meetings of the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) in The Hague and Oslo in 2010/11. They deal with a variety of topics, from the Pacific to the American continents and to Eurasia, including early evidences of tattooing and methods of detection, tattoo implements and experiments, as well as iconographic contexts and cultural meanings of tattoos and other body modifications, such as cranial deformations or cosmetic applications. Many new finds are discussed, and presented for the first time to an English speaking audience. Hans Kamermans, Martin Gojda and Axel G. Posluschny (eds.) 2014. A Sense of the Past. Studies in current archaeological applications of remote sensing and noninvasive prospection methods. BAR S2588. Oxford: Archaeopress. This volume groups together papers presented at a Commission 4 session at the XVI UISPP World Congress in Florianópolis, Brazil (4-10 September 2011), a UISPP Commission 4 session in Leiden, The Netherlands (2 November 2012) and at a session entitled ‘Advanced Prospection Methods for Cultural Heritage Management – Experiences and Challenges’ during the EAA Annual Meeting in Helsinki, Finland (29 August – 1 September 2012). Eric C. De Sena and Halina Dobrzanska (eds.) 2011. The Roman Empire and Beyond: Archaeological and Historical Research on the Romans and Native Cultures in Central Europe. BAR S2236. Oxford: Archaeopress. In 2006 and 2007, the editors of this volume organized sessions at the annual meetings of the EAA (Cracow, Poland and Zadar, Croatia) entitled ‘The Roman Empire and Beyond’ in response to the increasing amount of archaeological work being conducted in Central and Eastern Europe – areas where the Roman Empire met the Barbaricum. The sessions concerned three general themes: the development of Rome’s older Central/Eastern provinces, Roman-Native interactions within the Empire and along Rome’s frontier zone, and Native-Roman interactions in the Barbaricum. This book is based upon the two EAA sessions with additional papers. 36

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 Manuel Fernández-Götz 2014. Identity and Power. The Transformation of Iron Age Societies in Northeast Gaul. Amsterdam University Press. This book traces the evolution of Iron Age communities in northeast Gaul with a particular focus on the Middle RhineMoselle region. Charting the transformation of social identity in these communities, Manuel Fernández-Götz examines their social and political organization; their cycles of centralization and decentralization; the origins of the La Tène culture; the emergence of the oppida, or fortified settlements; and the significance of sanctuaries. Drawing on archaeological data, historical references, and anthropological observation, he makes an important contribution to our knowledge of Iron Age societies. Publication of excavations at Perth High Street 1975-1977 The Perth High Street excavations of 1975-77 (commonly known as Marks and Spencer) still remain the largest excavations to take place in the core of the medieval burgh. Directed by the late Nicholas Bogdan they located the remains of up to 50 medieval timber buildings and deep anaerobic midden deposits which contained a wide range of artefacts that do not often survive from medieval Scotland. The results of these excavations provide the opportunity to understand and reconstruct what life was like in a vibrant, cosmopolitan Scottish medieval town. Finally more than 35 years on thanks to the support and funding of Historic Scotland and other grant aiding bodies this site has now been published by the Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee. The site is revealed in a series of four fascicules which deal with the historical background, the complicated deep stratigraphy, the ceramics, metalwork and wooden objects, the leather and textiles and finally the zooarchaeological and environmental remains. Perth’s archaeological finds still possess the ability to surprise both archaeologist and layman alike and this is reflected in the types of artefacts that are reported on in these publications. Whether it is an ornately carved walrus ivory knife handle, a scallop shell from Santiago de Compestela or sherds of decorated and highly glazed ceramic from Northern England and Continental Europe there is much to inform and interest the reader. Uniquely in a Scottish context the textile and leather assemblages provide important new evidence for clothing and footwear in medieval Scotland and there are also intriguing glimpses of evidence for settlement in Perth before it is granted its 12th century charter. This is probably best exemplified by sherds from Shelly Sandy ware cooking vessels from South Eastern England which have been recently carbon dated to the mid-11th century, at least 100 years earlier than the published chronology from London. It has been a long wait but these publications finally confirm Perth’s archaeological status on the British and European stage.

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Announcements First Textiles. The Beginnings of Textile Manufacture in Europe and the Mediterranean In 2013, the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research at the University of Copenhagen started the new collaborative research project ‘First Textiles. The Beginnings of Textile Manufacture in Europe and the Mediterranean’. Initiated by Małgorzata Siennicka (University of Copenhagen / University of Warsaw) this project focuses on the beginnings of textile manufacture, tools and techniques, principally in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in Europe and the Mediterranean. Despite the extensive knowledge about late prehistoric textile production (especially in the Middle and Late Bronze Age) supported by numerous archaeological, textual and iconographic evidence, the beginnings and early history of thread and fabric manufacture still need to be explored. One of the main objectives of the project is to review and systematize the recent achievements in the research field of the most ancient textiles and textile techniques and to set the agenda for further research. Methods A multitude of interdisciplinary methods of systematic analysis of textiles will be applied, which will offer important and new insights into the oldest textile techniques, their beginnings and development throughout prehistory. Approaches and methods will include: • studies of ancient textile remains, basketry, mat and textile imprints in clay, • studies of textile tools (e.g. spindle whorls, loom weights, spools, needles, shuttles, and combs), • studies of iconographic sources, • experiments with copies of ancient textile implements, • recently developed scientific methods of analyzing textiles and recognizing the provenience of plant and animal fibres, e.g. through DNA analysis and strontium isotope tracing. More specifically, the project will focus on the following questions: • What sources are available to study early textile technology? • What were the early textile techniques and how did they change and develop during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age? • When were spindle whorls and loom weights invented and attested, how did they spread through distant regions and cultures and how were they used? • What fibres were preferred during the early prehistoric periods? Which scientific and other analytic methods are available to recognize them? • What can the first textiles or textile implements tell us about society, household production, work organization and specialization, social status, gender? • Can textile implements and techniques tell us more about cultural changes during the prehistoric times? Network of international researchers The purpose of the project is to create a dynamic network of international researchers, students and Ph.D. students who wish to exchange their knowledge and present recent advances in the study of the 38

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 beginnings of textile manufacture. The project will provide a platform for all members of the academic community who share an interest in archaeological textiles, ancient textile techniques and tools. The research project will group scholars from different counties, institutions, museums, and universities. The director of the project, Małgorzata Siennicka, was awarded a Marie Curie Mobility Fellowship for 2013-2015 and currently works as associate professor at the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre of Textile Research at the University of Copenhagen. Her research project, ‘Greek Textile Tools. Continuity and Changes in Textile Production in Early Bronze Age Greece’, deals with textile production in the Aegean during the Early Bronze Age (http://ctr.hum.ku.dk/economy/greek_textile_tools/). Activities in 2013-2016 1. Participation in the international workshop ‘The Distinction of Fibers: Methods and Approaches’ organized by TOPOI-Research Group ‘Textile Revolution’ in Berlin, Germany (17-18 February 2014). 2. A regular session ‘Textile production in Europe and the Mediterranean in the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE’ during the EAA annual conference in Istanbul (10-14 September 2014). The session is being organized by Małgorzata Siennicka (University of Copenhagen / University of Warsaw), Lorenz Rahmstorf (University of Mainz) and Agata Ulanowska (University of Warsaw). 3. The conference ‘First Textiles’ at the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research at the University of Copenhagen will be hosted in spring 2015. The aim of the conference will be to summarize the recent research on the beginnings of textile manufacture mainly in Europe and the Mediterranean and to present current studies. Collaborators from various institutions and independent researchers are encouraged to participate. 4. The proceedings of the regular session at the EAA conference in Istanbul (September 2014) and of the ‘First Textiles’ conference at CTR (spring 2015) is planned to be published in 2016 as a joint volume in the ‘Ancient Textile Series’, edited by Marie-Louise Nosch of CTR and published by Oxbow Books. For more information and updates on the conferences and publications please see: http://ctr.hum.ku.dk/economy/first_textiles/ All interested colleagues and students are welcome to contact us. Contact Małgorzata Siennicka Associate Professor. Marie Skłodowska Curie Fellow The Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Textile Research SAXO Institute University of Copenhagen Amagerfælledvej 56 DK - 2300 København S Phone: +45 21 17 95 60 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: http://ctr.hum.ku.dk/

Summer School ‘History Takes Place – Dynamics of Urban Change’ Call for applications Rome, 1–10 September 2014 Roma aeterna – the eternal city. In antiquity, people were convinced that Rome would exist forever. As the centre of an empire and as a metropolis, Rome was a manifestation of sheer indomitable power that seemed to promise eternity. Even until the late 19th century, empires and states, politicians and philosophers continued to look to Rome and its history to justify their actions and find inspiration. 39

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 Every day, visitors are awed by the city’s dimensions, its architecture and the rich range of its urban features, both ancient and modern. Modern Rome is the result of many transformations, affected by European history, political ideas, and clerical power. The summer school ‘History Takes Place – Dynamics of Urban Change’ in September 2014 in Rome will bring together twenty young historians, cultural and social scientists, city planners and architects. The ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin und Gerd Bucerius and the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, both in Germany, invite the participants to investigate the historical urban architecture and the ever-changing urban structures. Participants’ contributions in politics, theory, literature, art, music, and film will provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of the history and the extraordinary character of Rome. Through discussions and the physical experience of the urban spaces, the summer school aims to make participants aware of Rome as a whole, both as an architectural and as a represented space. Academic Director: Martin Zimmermann, Chair of Ancient History, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany Please send your application, including a statement of interest, CV and suggested presentation topic to the programme director at ZEIT-Stiftung, Anna Hofmann [email protected] Application deadline: 15 May 2014. Further information: www.history-takes-place.de

Isotope analysis of well dated cattle and red deer bones from Swiss Neolithic lakeshore settlements as indicator for herd management, dairying, environment and human impact This project (April 2013 to March 2016), based at the University of Basel, Switzerland, aims at studying cattle economy and cattle management on the one hand and the human impact on the red deer population on the other, as represented in the archaeology of the Swiss lakeshore dwellings. These dwellings – dated between 4300 and 2400 BC – have the richest and most detailed archaeological record in Europe, and provide a unique background for the examination of models of subsistence, intensification, cultural adaptations to climatic changes and human impact to the prehistoric environment. Waterlogged deposits have preserved many organic remains, such as wood, seeds, animal dung, and hundreds of thousands of animal bones have been recovered. Based on dendrochronology, the archaeological finds can be dated precisely, at least to decades, but even to single years, allowing a longitudinal study with unprecedented time resolution. We focus our research on the eastern area of Switzerland, especially on the lakeshore settlement of Arbon Bleiche 3 at Lake Constance and sites in the lower Lake Zurich region, where vast and well-documented archaeozoological collections cover a long chronological sequence of settlements in a small and clearly defined region. The research questions will be addressed using carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium isotope analyses on animal bones and high-crowned cattle and deer molars. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation and supported by different institutions in Switzerland, Germany and Great Britain. Head of the project is Jörg Schibler, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPNA), University of Basel. For further information see www.i-bone.ch. 40

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The Day of Archaeology 2014 will be held on Friday 11 July

Interested in taking part? We are looking for people working, studying or volunteering in the archaeological world to participate with us in a ‘Day of Archaeology’ in July 2014. The resulting Day of Archaeology website will (and already does!) demonstrate the wide variety of work our profession undertakes day-to-day across the globe, and help to raise public awareness of the relevance and importance of archaeology to the modern world. We want anyone with a personal, professional or voluntary interest in archaeology to get involved, and help show the world why archaeology is vital to protect the past and inform our futures. How You Can Help We are looking for archaeologists who are able to document their day and send it to us to publish here on the Day of Archaeology website. You can do this through any medium that you are comfortable with, be it writing, filming, recording or photographing your day. We also welcome contributions in any other languages, so please don't feel constrained by contributions in English. If you can’t make the date in July 2014, you can still contribute up to a week before or after the Day of Archaeology itself. If you would like to take part, but don’t feel confident writing a blog or uploading photos, audio or film, please get in touch with us at the email address below, and we will help. You can register your interest and email address through our Eventbrite page here: https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/the-day-of-archaeology-2014-registration11278886453?ref=estwenivte001. We’ll then contact you nearer the time with log-in details and passwords, as well as further instructions on how to participate. You can find out more on the Day of Archaeology website: www.dayofarchaeology.com or by emailing us at [email protected].

Heritage Values Network The Heritage Values Network (H@V) is a research collaboration that is funded in the framework of the EU Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage. The network is designed to start a European crossdisciplinary discussion between heritage practitioners, researchers and policy-makers on “heritage values” through the conduct of three workshops in Eindhoven, Oslo and Barcelona. The consortium partners of the project; University College London, Leiden University, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research in Oslo and the University of Barcelona, will examine the ways in which a conceptual and methodological framework for identifying, assessing and measuring the values that individuals or groups of people apply to heritage (“heritage values”) can be developed and shared among heritage organizations and researchers across Europe. More information in regards to the project and those involved can be found at www.heritagevalues.net.

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Conference Announcements The Baltic Sea a Mediterranean of North Europe 4 – 7 June 2014 Polish Maritime Museum, Gdańsk, Poland http://www.konferencjabaltycka.pl/ The reason for the call of this international session were reflections upon the Baltic See as an connecting element of utmost importance between countries and populations scattered around its shores. The Conference will be devoted to the presentation of results of research on the Archaeological, Historical and Natural Sciences of the Baltic Sea region. The objective of the conference is to bring together palaeobotanists, geologists, geographers, archeologists and historians and provide a platform for exchange of scientific information and experience among the participants as well as broadening the scope of interdisciplinary collaboration.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Engaging with the Dead: Exploring Changing Human Beliefs about Death, Mortality and the Human Body 6 – 8 June 2014 University of Durham, UK https://www.dur.ac.uk/archaeology/conferences/current/invisibledead/ Formal disposal of the dead is widely practised today and this is often assumed to have been the case in the past. However, for some periods and geographical regions so few burials are encountered that it appears to have been the exception rather than the rule. Universal formalised burial may not have been a widespread expectation among communities of the prehistoric and early historic periods, and its adoption in more recent centuries may have fundamental implications for changing attitudes to death, the body, and issues of identity. This interdisciplinary conference will bring together academics working on a range of different aspects of ‘death studies’ from two main study regions; Britain and the Levant. Together we will explore the different theoretical and methodological issues faced by researchers examining the mortuary record and how it may be possible to account for large portions of potentially ‘invisible dead’. Can adopting a broad framework and long term perspective help us to identify changing attitudes to death, and what implications does this have for the ways in which we understand and conceptualise mortality within the contemporary world?

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Culture, Climate and Environment Interactions at Prehistoric Wetland Sites 11 – 14 June 2014 University of Bern, Switzerland http://www.oeschger.unibe.ch/events/conferences/cultureclimate/ The interdisciplinary conference will gather researchers working in palaeoecology, climate change research and prehistory. The main themes will cover: • Holocene climate and environmental changes in the cultural context; impacts of climate and environmental change on humans; 42

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 • •

Holocene ecology, economy and the use of resources at prehistoric wetland sites; anthropogenic impacts on wetland environments, ecosystems and regional climate. Prehistoric wetland sites in the regional context: migration, mobility, trade and exchange.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5th International Scientific Conference of Doctoral Candidates: The City and the Newcomers: Adaptation of an Individual and a Group 13 June 2014 University of Ostrava, Czech Republic http://conferenceuo.naproti.cz/ The aim of the conference is to provide graduate students of history and cultural history an opportunity to present partial results of their Theses before an international audience. General and specific considerations on the theme are welcomed, mainly from the period of Modern history to the present, but does not exclude interesting topics from the earlier periods. The conference will address the historical view of socially excluded neighborhoods and the problem of immigration of people in cities (urban environment), its history and its reflection in media, memos, and customs and traditions. We would like to focus on the differences in viewing various social categories, such as exiles, wage labourers, beggars, gypsies, itinerant performers, Jews and others. The conference organizers wish to focus on everyday life and institutions which helped the immigrants to adapt in the urban environment (police, social care) and on traditional symbols of social segregation, such as ghettos, newspaper caricatures, anecdotes, segregated shops and restaurants, etc.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ New Approaches to Heritage Ethics: Interdisciplinary Conversations on Heritage, Crime, Conflicts and Rights 23 -24 June 2014 University of Kent, UK http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/researchcentres/centre-for-heritage/events/event2014-06-23.html Heritage and ethics are too often considered through the lens of a single, specific theme. For instance, analyses commonly focus on separate topics like crime and heritage (e.g. unlawful excavations, vandalism and the removal or theft of cultural property), conflict and heritage (e.g. war, civil unrest, iconoclasm as well as disputes over competing visions of the past), and rights and heritage (e.g. access to cultural and socio-economic rights through heritage initiatives, in particular for disfranchised groups). Integrating and expanding upon this prior scholarship, the aim of this conference is to consider these three topics of crime, conflict and rights in relation to heritage in an interrelated and holistic manner. Such a comprehensive framework will result in novel approaches to understanding and conceptualizing each of these issues, as well as lay the groundwork for new practical approaches to protecting various rights while mitigating heritage crime and conflicts. This conference also aims to enable academics, heritage, museum and law enforcement professionals, students and community leaders to engage in an innovative and productive conversation with one another. In working across the traditional boundaries that separate the great diversity of academic and professional disciplines whose work all touches upon this burgeoning field – including archaeology, anthropology, sociology, criminology, history, economics, human rights, law, and heritage conservation and management – this conference will open up new and important lines of cooperation and inquiry. 43

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ISPRS Technical Commission V Symposium Close-range Imaging, Ranging and Applications 23 – 25 June 2014 Riva del Garda, Italy http://isprs-commission5.fbk.eu/ The Symposium will feature 3 days with plenary and parallel sessions, invited speakers from research and commercial domains and an exhibition of the most important business players in the close-range domain. The main topics of the Symposium are: • Vision metrology and industrial applications • Cultural Heritage data acquisition and processing • Terrestrial 3D imaging and sensors • Algorithms and methods for terrestrial 3D modeling • Mobile mapping and unmanned vehicle systems (UAV/RPAS) for 3D surveying and mapping More information is available at the conference website: http://isprs-commission5.fbk.eu/

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Workshop: Regional Survey and Land Use Reconstruction in the Levant 25 – 27 June 2014 Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan http://www.acorjordan.org/index.php/en/yarmouk-workshop The workshop topics are: • Methods of archaeological survey and land use reconstruction; • Geophysics (electrics, magnetic, seismic, and geo-radar) and their application for land use reconstruction; • Soil science: soils and sediments as archives for land use and landscape change.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CHeriScape Conference I: Landscape as Heritage in Policy 1 – 2 July 2014 University of Ghent, Belgium http://www.cheriscape.ugent.be/conferences/ghent/ The first CHeriScape conference will set the scene for the series by getting to the heart of the issue: how can the idea of landscape as heritage begin to ‘make a difference’. Assisted by well-informed and influential speakers from both landscape and heritage fields, participants at this two day conference will be able to use the forum offered by the conference to consider how landscape can be reflected in heritage policy at European and national levels and conversely, how can policy be made to reflect landscape and heritage in mainstream areas of social, economic and environmental policy.

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The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 We will investigate the practical and symbiotic links between the two Council of Europe conventions that cover this area – the European Landscape Convention (2000, Florence) and the Faro Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (2005, Faro) – and the cooperative possibilities they offer for facing societal and environmental challenges both locally and through landscape’s global framework. The conference will explore different national and disciplinary traditions, identities and through dialogue between researchers, policy makers, local people and other stakeholders illuminate better ways for the European common cultural heritage to help address current and future the major challenges at all policy levels. The conference covers three themes: • Session 1: Landscape and Heritage – concepts and ideas • Session 2: ELC and Faro interconnections and synergies • Session 3: Landscape as heritage in mainstream policy

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The 14th Congress of the Pan African Archaeological Association for Prehistory and Related Studies The 22nd Biennial Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists 14 – 18 July 2014 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa http://www.safa.rice.edu/ The aims of the 2014 joint meeting are: • to bring together Africanist archaeologists and colleagues from one all continents; • to provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas; • to create contacts between students, researchers and practitioners across Africa in multiple disciplines; • to forge links and friendships that otherwise would not exist; • and to facilitate and promote inter-African collaboration. To this end, the theme is ‘African Archaeology without Frontiers.’ The conference will cover all aspects of African archaeology and all periods from earliest hominins to the historical period.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 12th Annual International Conference on History & Archaeology: From Ancient to Modern 28 – 31 July 2014 Athens, Greece http://www.atiner.gr/history.htm The aim of the conference is to bring together scholars and students of all areas of history, archaeology and other related disciplines. The Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER) was established in 1995 as an independent academic association with the mission to become a forum, where academics and researchers - from all over the world - could meet in Athens to exchange ideas on their research and to discuss future developments in their disciplines. Since 1995, ATINER has organized more than 200 international conferences, symposiums and events. It has also published approximately 150 books. Academics and researchers are more than welcome to become members and contribute to ATINER's objectives. 45

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PECSRL 2014 Unraveling the Logics of Landscape 8 – 12 September 2014 University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg and Mariestad, Sweden http://www.pecsrl2014.com/ The conference brings together geographers, landscape architects, historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, ecologists, rural planners, landscape managers and other scholars interested in European landscapes. The conference offers ample facilities to meet colleagues from all parts of Europe, to get informed about various aspects of European landscape research and to initiate new projects. Besides paper sessions, poster presentations, workshops and plenary sessions there will be one full day of field trips to provide the PECSRL-participants with a detailed knowledge of some rural landscapes in the region of Västra Götaland. The leading topic, which we hope will become an impulse for a fruitful exchange of thoughts, is: "Unraveling the Logics of Landscape". Despite conceptual oscillations through times, the concept of landscape remains highly subjective, whereupon unraveling its 'logics' opens up to a plurality of interpretations. Accordingly, by focusing on the interconnections present in the non-haphazard production of landscape, the conference will elaborate on how the rural landscape is valued, monitored, changed, harbored, used and misused, be it through actions, representations or metaphors. Conference themes: • Biosphere reserves and other international landscape labels • Ecosystem services: limits and possibilities • Landscape and gardens • Landscape as heritage • Landscape character assessments and the nature-culture integration • Landscape management and practical knowledge • Models and techniques in landscaping • Planned landscapes and historical perspectives on landscape planning • Rural landscapes: concepts and approaches

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1st International Symposium on Pottery and Glass: Pottery and Glass in Ancient and Medieval European Culture 17 – 19 September 2014 Wrocław, Poland http://www.arch.pan.wroc.pl/index.php?lang=pl&dzial=artykuly&k=&p=2014_04_28_1st_international_sy mposium_on_pottery_and_glass_ostrakon_pottery Finds of ceramics and glass, common at archaeological sites, provide a valuable source for a research on production, use and significance of pottery and glassware throughout history. Careful studies on shapes of products made of clay or glass, their production techniques and types of decorations, complemented with physicochemical analysis enable scientists to specify the provenance of products or indicate a presumable production site, however, they are also priceless and sometimes the only chronological indicators. Such research is crucial in an attempt to reconstruct various areas of the everyday life of past societies and it considerably increases our knowledge about cultural and economical connections of a town, a stronghold or a settlement with other centers, sometimes quite distant. Additionally, these studies give us some indirect information about social status or preferences of the inhabitants and about specific fashions. Thus, ceramic and glass artifacts might be helpful in resolving more significant historical issues. 46

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The conference will address a wide range of research subjects, related to production technology, forms, use and cultural significance of pottery and glassware, as well as their restoration and reconstruction. The aim is to provide an interdisciplinary forum for representatives of various disciplines – archaeologists, anthropologists, glassmakers, historians, art historians, artists, technologists and specialists in restoration and reconstruction of glass and ceramics. Thematic sections: • Glass and ceramic technology. Research methods; • Symbolism, aesthetics and function; • Discoveries; • Conservation, restoration, reconstruction

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3rd International Landscape Archaeology Conference: LAC 2014 17 – 20 September 2014 The Netherlands and Swedish Institutes in Rome, Italy http://www.let.vu.nl/en/research/conferences/lac-2014/index.asp Landscape archaeology is a rapidly expanding field of research that is covered by scholars from an increasing number of disciplines, such as archaeology, earth sciences, historical geography, ecology and anthropology. In order to stimulate international debate and exchange of research experiences and theoretical ideas between these disciplines, in 2010 it was decided to start a series conferences at two years intervals. Themes of the Conference: • Landscape Archaeology and Contemporary Society • Integrated Approaches in Landscape Archaeology • Mediterranean Landscape Archaeology • Social Dimensions in Landscape Archaeology • Digital Landscape Archaeology

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ sOpA14: 2nd International Congress for Heritage Education and Socialisation in Rural Areas 22 – 27 September 2014 Celanova, Galicia, Spain http://sopa14.redsopa.org/?lang=en https://www.facebook.com/sOpA14CONGRESS sOpA’14: What is it? • Educating in the ordinary, contact, facilitating access and transmission heritage in the rural areas. • Work in a collective sense, with people who want to engage with the community, who want to change the way of relating to our culture. • Emancipate the knowledge through the expansion of knowledge and co-creation of content and methodologies. We believe that, from our position as managers and educators, the main strategy in order to create common values related to cultural heritage consists of providing an economic development for rural 47

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 areas, to reinforce the appreciation for this mentioned heritage. Due to this fact, an idea of a creative process open to everybody seems very interesting to us. Within this matter, some subjects are considered, such as the possibility to tell an own history, to make the people from these towns and cities play the leading role, and to help developing their own identity. Deadline for abstracts of papers, extended to 5 June. [email protected]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ EXAR Yearly Conference on Experimental Archaeology 2 – 5 October 2014 Neues Rathaus, Rosengasse 2, 56727 Mayen, Germany www.exar.org Paper submission deadline: 15 June.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8. Deutscher Archäologiekongress 6 – 10 October 2014 Henry-Ford-Bau, Garystraße 35, Berlin http://mova-online.de/anmeldung-8-deutscher-achaologiekongress/ Conference fees (before 31 July 2014): • full: 90€ • reduced: 60€ • day ticket: 50 € Organized by the Mittel- und Ostdeutscher Verband für Altertumsforschung (MOVA)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25th edition International Festival of Archaeological Film 7 – 11 October 2014 Museo Civico di Rovereto, Italy http://www.mfc.com.mt/page.asp?n=newsdetails&i=15696&c=festivals The event takes place once a year, it is not a competition and it is open to any producer, director and film and TV author in the field of archaeological, historical, pale-ethnological, anthropological research, aimed at preserving and valuing the cultural heritage. For the Film Festival we would first select the most recent productions and documentaries presenting new archaeological discoveries. All films selected for our Festival can receive the "Città di RoveretoArcheologia Viva" Prize given by the public to the most appreciated film. For the admission and the selection, all the entry forms must come with 2 DVDs and, for the foreign ones, a copy of the text, preferably in Italian. If not possible, in English, in German or French.

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ICAHM 2014 Annual Conference: Universal Standards for Archaeological Heritage Management 20 – 22 October 2014 Jishou University, China http://www.icomos.org/icahm/jishou_home.html The goal of this meeting is to both showcase exemplary case studies of heritage management and develop a comprehensive set of standards for building these practices into future nomination dossiers and management plans. While there will be considerable focus on Chinese case studies, the scope of this meeting is international, and we welcome scholars and topics from around the globe. Other focal points of the 2014 Annual Conference will be: • The integration of research along the Silk Road from the Roman Limes to the Great Wall; • The application of aerial and satellite remote sensing to archaeological research and heritage management; • Representation and preservation of minority cultures; • New finds at the Laosicheng archaeological site in Yongshun County, Hunan.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 19th International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies Urban Archaeology and Processing… Analysing the data 3 – 5 November 2014 City Hall of Vienna, Austria http://fmrsi.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/cfp-19th-international-conference-on-cultural-heritage-and-newtechnologies-vienna/ Excavation, field walking, watching briefs, survey – in fact any archaeological activity accrues “things” – notes, plans, photos, data and any number of finds. To make sense of them and use the information they contain to contribute to the archaeological narrative they must be processed, analysed, and interpreted.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5th EuroMed2014: Cultural Heritage Documentation, Preservation and Protection 3 – 8 November 2014 Limassol, Cyprus www.euromed2014.eu The conference brings together researchers, policy makers, professionals and practitioners to explore some of the more pressing issues concerning cultural heritage today. In particular, the main goal of the conference is to focus on interdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary research on tangible and intangible Cultural Heritage, the use of cutting edge technologies for the protection, restoration, preservation, massive digitalization, documentation and presentation of the CH content. At the same time, the event is intended to cover topics of research ready for exploitation, demonstrating the acceptability of new sustainable approaches and new technologies by the user community, SME’s, owners, managers and conservators of cultural patrimony. Several organizations and EU running projects have decided to join together in order to create an optimal environment for the discussion, explanation of new technologies, exchange of modern ideas and 49

The European Archaeologist – Issue No. 41: Summer 2014 in general to allow the transfer of knowledge between a maximum number of professionals and participants during one common time period.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2nd ArchaeoTourism2012 Conference: Bathing Culture – Touristic heritage and cultural historical potential 27 – 29 November 2014 Berufsfachschule BBB Baden, Switzerland http://archaeotourism2012en.weebly.com/conference-baden-2014.html Today, wellness and bathing tourism form an important element in the Swiss tourism industry, like it was in Roman times. Mineral springs and thermal baths served then, like they do now, to promote health and relaxation. Baths and bathing culture are among of the most significant culture historical achievements from ancient times that still exist in the mineral springs and spas of today. The baths of Baden (the ancient Aquae Helveticae) and other spas were until the beginning of the Alpine tourism in the 19th century the first touristic destinations in Switzerland. The relation between bathing tourism and recent developments corresponding to an important phase of Baden’s 2000-year old history forms the background of this conference. Presentations of examples from Switzerland and abroad as well as workshops will allow an exchange of information and ideas not only between archaeologists/historians/cultural managers and tourism- and marketing experts but also with bath operators and investors to the mentioned topic of ''bathing culture".

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sensing the Past New Approaches to European Landscapes 24 – 26 February 2015 University of Frankfurt, Germany http://www.archaeolandscapes.eu/ An international conference on the achievements of the ArchaeoLandscapes Europe (ArcLand) Project, one of the largest initiatives in the years between 2010 and 2015 within the Culture Programme of the European Union. The conference will report on 5 years of pan-European cooperation and networking between over 70 organisations and institutions on ‘remote sensing’ in the exploration, interpretation and conservation of heritage sites and landscapes across Europe. Sessions will be themed around ‘community and outreach’, ‘case studies’ and ‘activity reports’ and ‘technical advances’. The meeting will also look to the future and will be open to the public as well as to specialists in landscape and archaeological studies. The discussions will focus on the aims and structure of the project and on its activities within international networking, outreach activities, education and training, the exchange of skills and experience across Europe, the exploitation of existing remote-sensing archives, support for survey projects, the use of advanced techniques and the preparation of guides to best practice.

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Settlements, Culture and Population Dynamics in Balkan Prehistory 13 – 14 March 2015 Skopje, Macedonia http://balkanprehistory2015.com/ The prehistoric period in the Balkans undoubtedly attracts attention related to the questions about the spatial and temporal boundaries of the ancient societies, showing the common patterns, or maybe interweaving cultures. The conference theme is designed to encourage and inspire different ways of thinking about the past in the prehistory of the Balkan peninsula. The main aim of the conference is to gather the experts from the Balkans and wider, and to discuss the latest achievements in the field of archeology. The topics will be focused on main aspects of Balkan prehistory: methodological and theoretical frameworks for interpreting the archaeological record, artifact analyses and related disciplines. The conference offers the opportunity to get up close to Balkan prehistory and to discover some of the mysteries or challenges about this enigmatic period.

The main topics of the conference are: • • • • • • • •

Landscape, settlements and human interaction Social relation and cultural dynamics of societies Interpretation of cults, rites and symbols Technological achievements Art and material culture Bio-archaeological perspectives Managing archaeological heritage Current research

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9th International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe (MESO 2015) 14 – 18 September 2015 Belgrade, Serbia http://www.meso2015.com/ The MESO2015 Committee invites speakers to submit abstract for papers and poster presentations on any subject related to Mesolithic archaeology. Proposed sessions: • • • • • • • • • •

People in their environment; Colonization; Landscapes and territories; Settlements; Technology; Regional identities; Social relations and communication; Rites and symbols; Transitions; Current research.

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President of Honour: HM the Queen of Spain Congress President: Dr. Emiliano Aguirre President of the Scientific Committee: Dr. Martín Almagro Secretary General: Dr. Eudald Carbonell Organizer: Atapuerca Foundation

CONGRESS DATES 1-7 September 2014 Important dates: 31 May 2014: deadline to indicate in which session you want to take part 28 August 2014: deadline for registrations 1-7 September 2014: congress dates 2015-2016: publication of Sessions Proceedings Technical information: [email protected] Scientific information: [email protected] CONGRESS VENUE University of Burgos, Spain

ICAHM 2014 ANNUAL CONFERENCE Jishou City, Hunan Provence, China October 20 – 22, 2014 The International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management is holding its Annual Conference in Jishou, China this year to present and discuss:

Universal Standards for Archaeological Heritage Management

The ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Archaeological Heritage Management (ICAHM) thanks ICOMOS China for co-sponsoring the 2014 Annual ICAHM conference, which will be held at the Jishou University. The university is located in Jishou City, which is the capital of Tujia and Miao Nationalities Autonomous Prefecture of Western Hunan.

Call for papers and posters is now open Your abstract must be 100-300 words in length. The deadline for submission is June 15, 2014. For detailed information please visit the website. Abstracts should be submitted via the website. www.icomos.org/icahm/jishou_home.html

In the Year of the Horse, ICAHM hopes to both showcase exemplary case studies of heritage management and develop a comprehensive set of standards for building these practices into future nomination dossiers and management plans.

Registration Foreign participants from developed countries

$ 175

Foreign participants from developing countries

$ 60

Participants from China

$ 100

Students from developed countries

$ 100

Students from developing countries

$ 40

The registration deadline is July 15, 2014.Please register via: www.icomos.org/icahm/jishou_home.html

Tours There will be ample opportunities of tours. Highlights include pre-conference tours to the Jinsha Archaeological Park, the Guanghan Sanxingdui Museum for participants flying through Chengdu; a visit to the stunning Wulingyuan UNESCO World Heritage Site in Zhangjiajie City; and the Buddhist shrines of the Mogao Grottos of Dunhuang and the famous terracotta army of Xi’an as extended tours post-conference.

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ShowRoom Where archaeology is made

Office of Eszter Bánffy, Frankfurt.

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