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C H A© PJones T E R& Bartlett 2 Learning, LLC

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The Importance of Water © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Describe the hydrological cycle and where EVERYONE NEEDS WATER humans interact directly with it. 70%& of Bartlett the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Water LLC is essential for life. Approximately © Jones Learning, • List the major uses of water in the Earth’s surface is covered with water, yet little of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION household. it is potable. Most is seawater and undrinkable • Define the saturated and vadose zones of (Figure 2-1). However, about 3% of the water on groundwater. Earth is freshwater found in lakes, rivers, under• Identify the characteristics of surface ground, as rainwater, and in the polar ice caps. An water and groundwater, and why the disadequate supply of freshwater is necessary for the © Jones &tinctions Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC are important. health of the population, and therefore great care is • Learn howOR water is obtained. NOT FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION taken in the stewardship of this natural resource. In the past this was not always the case, and water sources were often polluted with many kinds of KEY TERMS waste. However, changes in laws and in human • Artesian well attitudes have decreased water pollution greatly. • Community water While there is currently sufficient LLC water in the Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, • Groundwater United States, there is reason to be concerned OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTabout FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Lentic the future. Demand for water has increased, • Lotic while supplies are finite. More effective use of water • Noncommunity water system and cleaning of water once it has been used, will be • Nontransient noncommunity water needed. system The importance of water is self-evident. Without ©water Jones & Bartlett Learning, itLLC © Jones Bartlett Learning, • Public system life cannot exist. NASA has devoted major&proj• Run-off ects to the detection of water elsewhere in our solar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Saturated zone system, notably on Mars. If water is detected, then • Surface water perhaps life exists there as well, but we are reason• Transient noncommunity water systems ably certain that without water there is no possibil• Unsaturated ity of life. Human beings have always intrinsically • Vadose zone understood the of water (Figure 2-2). Settle© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © value Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Water table ments were created near a stable supply of water, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION such as a river or a natural spring. Ancient cities created cisterns to hold water against times of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

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10 Chapter 2: The Importance of Water

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FIGURE 2-1

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A lighthouse.

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drought (and especially while besieged by invadget out of control. For instance, the Israelis and the ers). The city of Rome was founded on the banks Palestinians must share water resources, Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCand they of the Tiber River, but it gradually outgrew this wahave endured longstanding animosity. But their OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTconflict FORover SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ter supply. The Romans constructed a vast aquewater remains far down on the list of duct system to supply the city with fresh water from grievances. In practice, nations adapt to water isnearby mountains. By some estimates the popula- sues by promoting industries that correspond to tion of Rome during this time exceeded one million. realistic water availability and use trade to make up Many other Roman cities constructed aqueducts as the water difference. This has proved to be a work© Jones & Bartlett Learning, able LLCapproach so far, but in the © Jones Bartlett Learning, well. future water & shortAs precious as water is, national conflicts over age may become even more acute. Rivers are good NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION water rights are relatively rare. It is not at all unsources of water, especially if the water is moving usual to see low-intensity conflict between difswiftly. Egypt became one of the first great nations ferent claimants to the same water supply, and in because of the Nile River and its supply of fresh westernized countries this often presents as legal water. The important Chinese cities of Wuhan, Nanchallenges, but full-scale wars are rare. Perhaps jing, and Shanghai are all lo along the Yangtze © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &cated Bartlett Learning, LLC this is because everyone understands the imporRiver. Paris is located along the Seine River; LonNOT tance FORofSALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION fresh water and that the issue can quickly don along the Thames. In North America major

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FIGURE 2-2

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Water is essential every day. It is used for (a) drinking, (b) cooking, (c) recreation, and (d) decorative fountains, among other uses.

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (a)

(b)

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(c)

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (d)

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12 Chapter 2: The Importance of Water

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

cities have grown up alongside rivers (Figure 2-3): to purify water for the entire town. Additional cities NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE ORatDISTRIBUTION Boston on the Charles River, Montreal the junc- followed suit over the next half-century. Usually ture of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, Pittsthese developments were implemented to improve burgh at the meeting point of three rivers (the the aesthetic qualities of the water. In 1854 a subAllegheny River, the Monongahela River, and the stantial outbreak of cholera hit London, one of Ohio River). many such outbreaks over the years. Dr. John Snow © Jones & Bartlett Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Quantity of water Learning, was obviouslyLLC important, but analyzed the© affected population and concluded water was a major concern. While that the water supply was to blame.OR He identified NOT quality FOR of SALE OR also DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION the link between fresh water and health was not the public water pump at Broad Street as the likely appreciated for many years, the idea of different source and stopped the outbreak by removing the levels of acceptable water based on taste and smell handle of the pump. However, Snow based his conwas quite obvious. Water from mountain streams clusions on an analysis of illness (and thus became was generally considered to be of high quality and the father of epidemiology) rather than describing Jones & Bartlettcold Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC as well. River water or well water (the ancients the cause of the illness. It was not until 1885 that OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTRobert FORKoch SALE OR Vibrio DISTRIBUTION could dig shallow wells by hand) was also consididentified cholerae as the causered potable. Lake water was usually suitable only ative agent of cholera (Figure 2-4). for cattle feeding, although various methods were Although it seems obvious to us today, the idea proposed that would reduce the turbidity of the of small living creatures causing disease is a modwater and make it drinkable. For example, there is ern concept. Two hundred years ago it was more evidence that the Egyptians used alum to clarify common or divine& judg© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC to believe that “bad air” © Jones Bartlett Learning, water. ment was the cause of disease. One of the pioneers NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION But water treatment is really a relatively modern of microbiology, Robert Koch, probably did more invention, in common use only within the last 200 than anyone else to prove the germ theory of disto 300 years. The use of sand filters for water puriease—the idea that specific microorganisms caused fication appears to have started in the 1700s. By specific illnesses. Koch’s Postulates established the 1804, the city of Paisley, Scotland used sand filters rules for assigning disease to microbes, and they

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FIGURE 2-3

The city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was founded at the confluence Menomonee, and theLLC Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of three rivers, the Milwaukee, © Jones the & Bartlett Learning, Kinnickinnic. OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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FIGURE 2-4

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An electron micrograph of Vibrio cholerae, causative agent of Cholera. For many years it was one of the most feared infectious diseases.

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SOURCE: Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Image Library.

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are still very much in use today. After the general 146,000 gallons annually. Household uses of wa-

acceptance of the germ theory of disease, many more ter include personal hygiene (e.g., brushing teeth, researchers examined water as a vector for com- showering, and bathing), drinking, cooking, clothes municable disease, and public authorities began to washing, dishwashing, and outdoor activities such address these threats with engineering techniques. as lawn sprinkling, car washing, and water used in Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, During this © time it was & also discovered that the swimming pools (Box 2-1). However, household sand filters NOT that had been used were also good at water use is a small fraction of the total fresh NOT FORwater SALE OR DISTRIB FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION removing bacteria. Of course, killing the bacteria is that is needed. Nonhousehold uses include irrigajust as good as removing them. In 1902 Belgium tion of farm fields (by far the largest use, requiring instituted chlorine addition specifically for the treatabout 80% of freshwater use in the United States), ment of biological threats in the water supply. These industrial and commercial use, and livestock watertechniques are still in use. ing. Other uses of water include coolingLearning, water for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett LLC According to the U.S. Environmental Protection thermoelectric generation of power, navigation, recNOT Agency FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (EPA), the average American family of four reational use, and support of the fishing industry uses about 400 gallons of water per day, or about (Figure 2-5). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

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14 Chapter 2: The Importance of Water

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, eventually spilling into lakes and oceans. Sunlight NOTevaporation. FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION warms the water and leads to water BOX 2-1 Water Quality

When sufficient water vapor collects in the atmosphere, clouds form, and the rain falls once again (Figure 2-6). Some water percolates into the soil, also due to We demand high-quality household water, © Jones &though Bartlett LLC © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC gravity. Whether it enters&the soil and how far it even most Learning, of it does not need to be penetrates is NOT dependent on soil porosity. that NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE ORWater DISTRIBUTION drinking-water quality. It is arguable whether collects below the ground surface will pool at a low water that is used for drinking and food prepalevel called the saturated zone. In this zone the ration and water that is in close contact with soil has acquired as much water as its porosity will the body should be potable. But water that is permit. A conventional well bores into the ground used in the toilets, for washing clothes, or for in search of the saturated zone of water (Figure 2-7). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC & Bartlett Learning, LLC outdoor use does not need to be as clean. By © Jones The empty hole of the well then fills with water and OT FOR SALE OR some DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION estimates toilets account for over 40% NOTcan be pumped out. Many communities still rely on of indoor household water use, so toilet water conventional wells; drilling costs are a significant cost of this resource, as is the cost of pumping the represents a large use of water that does not water out of the well. need to be potable. Above the saturated zone, and proceeding to the saturated&with © Jones & Bartlett Learning, ground LLC surface is soil that is not © Jones Bartlett Learning, water. This is the unsaturated or vadose NOT FORzone. SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The soil in this layer has some moisture content, SOURCES OF WATER but it is usually unsuitable for wells. The line beWater is a renewable resource (Box 2-2). Water tween the saturated and unsaturated zones is falls to the earth as precipitation (i.e., rain or snow), referred to as the water table. The water table and then gravity guides it downhill where it seeks changes constantly as water drains away or as © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the lowest point and forms streams and rivers, more water percolates through the soil. In times of

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FIGURE 2-5

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Water is needed for every area of our lives.

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Fish, shellfish

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Industrial © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Agricultural (irrigation) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

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Cooling water for power plants

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, land surface. Some of it will eventually percolate SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION through the soil, and some willNOT followFOR the easiest BOX 2-2 All Rivers Run to the Sea . . .

downhill course until it meets a receiving water supply, such as a lake. The fact that groundwater is not typically affected by run-off is important because run-off can carry contaminants. Although “All the rivers run to the sea, yet the seas are © Jonesnot&filled Bartlett LLC Jonesreaches & Bartlett Learning, LLC some run-off© eventually the groundwater, up. FromLearning, the place where the water the soil typically filters out the contaminants. NotaNOT FOR flows, SALE OR NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION there theDISTRIBUTION waters return again.” bly, groundwater contains a microbial community, Ecclesiastes 1:7 but typically in low concentrations of bacteria and viruses. Rarely are pathogens found. Sources of The above quotation was written long ago, groundwater include wells and aquifers (Figure 2-8). perhaps 1000 bce, and is usually attributed to One example of groundwater is natural springs, in Jones & Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC King Solomon.LLC In a simple statement the which the water emerges from the ground at a speOT FOR SALE OR author DISTRIBUTION NOTcific FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION accurately describes the hydrologic point. cycle. That is, the idea that water falls as rain, The advantage of using groundwater as a water supply is that the water is often very clean. It will collects in streams that run downhill, finally pick up mineral content as it percolates through emptying into a large body of water (in this rock, giving the water “hardness.” Notably, howcase, the Mediterranean) and then, through ever, dissolved © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCwater that is completely free ©ofJones &minBartlett Learning, the process we call evaporation, returns to the erals (such as distilled water) is not particularly NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT OR DISTRIBUTION atmosphere andFOR falls as SALE rain again. appealing, having a “flat” flavor. Many bottled waTo the ancients, knowledge of water was ters, including expensive boutique varieties, are natabsolutely critical. They had to know where to ural types of groundwater that impart a distinctive find drinkable (potable) water. Wells were taste. One disadvantage of groundwater is its limgood sources of water, and occasionally disited availability. Groundwater recharges as rain © Jones & Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC putes over the ownership of a wellLLC or access and snow seep into the land above and percolate NOT FOR SALE FORthe SALE DISTRIBUTION to a well wouldOR leadDISTRIBUTION to warfare. Rivers were through the NOT soil to reach waterOR table. This is a slow process, and over-pumping of wells evenalso good sources of water, especially if the tually drains the resource. Many aquifers in the source of the river was a nearby mountain United States are in danger of overuse (Alley et al., range. A mountain stream is typically a good 1999). This source of water should be considered place to get fresh, cold water. as nonrenewable for Learning, any meaningful time frame Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett LLC (Figure 2-9). OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Below the saturated zone is a layer of nonporous rock, and for many years it was considered untenable to drill through this very hard rock. drought the water table may drop below the bottom However, another source of groundwater is found of the well, causing the well to run dry. here—aquifer water. This water has been trapped © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Bartlett Learning, Water sources are typically divided into two be tween confining layers of rock for a very&long types, depending on where they are located: ground time, in many cases hundreds of thousands of years. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION water and surface water (Table 2-1). This is a useThe water is not found in the rock itself but within ful distinction because the two types of water have gravel, sand, or other unconsolidated materials. different rules associated with their use as drinkingThat is, a material with a significant porosity and water sources. Groundwater is defined as water free volume. that is& not open to the atmosphere LLC and is not subThe advantage of aquifer is thatLearning, it is often © Jones Bartlett Learning, © Jones & water Bartlett LLC ject to run-off. Water run-off occurs when rain falls under pressure, which means that it will be forced NOT or FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION snow and ice melt and the water runs over the upward toward the surface when the aquifer is

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16 Chapter 2: The Importance of Water

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FIGURE 2-6

The hydrological cycle. Water falls in the form of rain and snow and then washes downhill by the force of gravity. As it collects, it makes small streams that eventually result in rivers. When the water encounters a flat area of land, a lake & can form. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Bartlett Eventually the water will find its lowest point in an ocean. Water NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION returns to the atmosphere through evaporation from land and water bodies and through transpiration of plants. Clouds form and precipitation starts the cycle again.

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tapped. This is then known as an artesian well. the watershed. Some watersheds have a vast geoThe disadvantage is that the water must be pumped graphic extent. a long distance if it is not under pressure and, more Flowing water is referred to as a lotic system, Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC still water is referred to©asJones &sys Bartlett Learning, importantly,© the water is& typically recharged very, while a lentic very slowly.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tem. Different ecological factors,NOT biotic FOR and abiotic, SALE OR DISTRIB Surface waters are very visible and varied, rangpredominate in each. Surface water is defined as ing from fast-moving mountain streams to flowing water that is open to the atmosphere and subject to rivers to quiet ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Not surwater run-off. As the water moves, it can pick up prisingly, the quality of the water and the dissolved many kinds of contaminants, which makes this disand suspended material in it also vary. The area tinction for surface water& very important. Run-off © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC comprising the water source—the rivers which water that crosses agricultural fields may pick up NOT carry FORit SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and its final destination—are referred to as pesticide residues and fecal material from animals.

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FIGURE 2-7

A well takes advantage of the saturated zone of soil, in which water fills up the available soil pore space. Above this is the vadose, or unsaturated zone of soil. The line between them is the water table. from the well a “cone of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC As water is pumped © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC depression” is formed, in which the unsaturated zone is below NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the water table. If too much water is pumped from the well, or if the water table drops, the well will go dry.

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Water Table Cone of depression

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Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 2-1

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Characteristics of Surface Water and Groundwater

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Groundwater

Open to the atmosphere Subject to run-off Easy to contaminate Jones & Bartlett Learning, Easy to clean

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Not open to the atmosphere Not subject to run-off Hard to contaminate © Jones & Hard to clean

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Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 18 Chapter 2: The Importance of Water

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FIGURE 2-8

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Aquifers and wells. The aquifer resides between an upper and lower confining layer of impermeable rock. Shallow wells are drilled until the saturated zone of groundwater is found.

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Recharged groundwater

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Upper confining layer

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Run-off in urban areas may pick up antifreeze, oils photosynthetic microorganisms (i.e., true algae and or other petroleum products, and litter. This is espethe cyanobacteria). The depth of this niche is depencially important in urban areas where asphalt and dent on the penetrating power of sunlight and, concrete cover much of the land, stopping rain and because different wavelengths of light penetrate to from seeping different the photosynthetic communities Jones & Bartlettsnowmelt Learning, LLC into the ground. Run-off © Jones &depths, Bartlett Learning, LLC may travel for long distances before reaching anvary with depth of the water column. Solid structures OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTwithin FORtheSALE OR DISTRIBUTION other water source and may thereby pick up sigwater are home to biofilms of bacteria, nificant amounts of contaminants. The biota of which are typically highly differentiated and home surface water are typically very robust, and may to a variety of microorganisms, and also support include fish, crustaceans, amphibians, algae, pro- many types of stalked and appendaged bacteria tozoa, fungi and yeasts, and many, many species of (e.g., Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium) that depend ©viruses. JonesOther & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning, bacteria and animal species (e.g., on the movement of water to © bring nutrients to mammals, reptiles, and birds) may visit the surface them. The sediments at the bottom of the water supNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION water to drink and leave behind their waste prodply are also teeming with life due to the nutrients ucts. Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and parathat settle here. Anaerobic zones in the sediment sites) are a risk in these water supplies. Determining can support many different communities, such as flow of nutrients in such a complex web of life bethe sulfate-reducing bacteria and, in swampy recomes difficult, and the picture changes with seagions, the methanogens. currents begin © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Convection & Bartlett Learning, LLC sons and daily weather conditions in this dynamic with the warming of the surface of the water by sunNOT environment. FOR SALEThe OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION water surface is the habitat for light and lead to the mixing of surface and deep

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Sources of Water 19

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FIGURE 2-9

The Ogallala Aquifer is massive, part of 8 states west of the Mississippi River. It has been used for many years as a water resource in the nation’s farmland, and is directly responsible for the high productivity of the area. However, it is a&nonrenewable © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC resource, and water levels within the aquifer have been declining. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The two views in this figure show different aspects of the decline. B

105

105

100

WYOMING

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No

Pla

Riv er

r th

Pla

tte

NEBRASKA

Riv er

ER

tte

PL

IV

AT T

AT T

R

PL

NEBRASKA

ER

r th

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Sou

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KANSAS

COLORADO

ARK

ANS

ANS

AS

RIV

AS

RIV

ER

ER

CANADIAN

CANADIAN

OKLAHOMA

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION RIVER

EXPLANATION

Water-level change, in feet

35

TEXAS

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 0 0

150 MILES

Less than 10-foot change Boundary of the High Plains aquifer

OKLAHOMA

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION RIVER

EXPLANATION

Saturated-thickness change, in percent

35

Declines More than 150 100 to 150 50 to 100 10 to 50 Rises More than 10

NEW MEXICO

R

VE

KANSAS

R

VE

ARK

RI

RI

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION COLORADO

REPUBLICAN

latte

REPUBLICAN

th P

latte

er Riv

th P

40

IV

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

100

WYOMING

SOUTH DAKOTA

R

A

Decreases More than 150 25 to 50 10 to 25 Increases More than 10

NEW MEXICO

TEXAS

Less than 10-percent change

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Boundary of the High Plains aquifer

0

0

150 KILOMETERS

150 MILES

150 KILOMETERS

SOURCE: From McGuire and Sharp, 1997. Figure courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION waters and the nutrients in each. If the surface water is a river, then rapid mixing of the water and a high degree of oxygenation results as the water is transported downhill. Another distinction between groundwater and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC surface water is that surface water is easy to conNOT taminate FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION but relatively easy to clean. The extensive

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biota and exposure to the environment provides the means for degradation of contaminants. The availability of oxygen and sunlight helps in the degradation process. Groundwater is difficult to contaminate, but©once it is contaminated very difJones & Bartlettit is Learning, LLC ficult to decontaminate. Past practices of dumping NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION toxic wastes led to infiltration of the groundwater

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20 Chapter 2: The Importance of Water

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning,

supply. This created cubic miles of contaminated well is poorly designed or maintained (cracks and FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR ORthere. DISTRIBUTION soil and contaminated theSALE water held There holes in the well casing), thereNOT is the suspicion of is no practical way to dig up and treat so much soil. water mixing. The best options employ a variety of techniques to treat the soil in place, often through bioremediation and the pretreatment of water that is pumped from © Jones &This Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the site. can be expensive. Surface water often WATER SYSTEMS ac quires contaminants through illegal dumping from a well on yourOR property or if NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of If you draw water NOT FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION waste materials or from run-off. This is particularly you collect rainwater in a cistern, you have a pritrue in areas where the surface of the land is renvate water system. Very few people are served by dered impermeable to water by structures such as these systems, although in rural areas it is not unhouses and roads. common to have a household well. The public About 60% of the water distributed through pubwater system supplies the water to most people. Jones & BartlettlicLearning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC water supplies comes from a surface water That is, a water source is tapped for a large number OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION source, while the other 40% is groundwater. But of people SALE who pay OR a small fee for the treatment and groundwater and surface water are not always mudistribution of the water by a water utility. Typically tually exclusive; sometimes one affects the other. In the system is linked to wastewater removal, and the practice groundwater can become contaminated two items are charged to the customer on the same with run-off, as occurs when local flooding infiltrates bill. a wellhead. Because groundwater is typically cleaner Public water systems can be©either community © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning, than surfaceNOT water, FOR a special designation is reserved water systems or noncommunity water systems. A NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for groundwater that is (or can be) infiltrated by surcommunity water system provides water to a disface water: groundwater under the direct influence tinct population (at least 25 people) throughout the (GWUDI) of surface water. Such sources can some- year. The typical city or suburban system is a comtimes be easily seen if the groundwater supply is munity water system. The vast majority of Americontaminated by insects, algae, pathogens like cans receive their drinking water from (often very © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Giardia, or if the physical characteristics of the water large) community water systems. NOT (e.g., FORpH, SALE ORtemperature, DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE ORisDISTRIBUTION turbidity, or conductivity) A noncommunity water system further change rapidly and in apparent correlation with divided into transient and nontransient systems. changes in local surface-water sources. Transient noncommunity water systems typiNearby surface-water supply might recharge the cally involve businesses, such as campgrounds, gas groundwater supply. If the bedrock is sufficiently stations, or restaurants that are not on a commufractured, or if the underlying material is coarse nity water system andLearning, that serve individuals Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett LLC for a sand, gravel, or boulders, water has a greater opshort time rather than on a continuous basis. They OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION portunity to travel to the groundwater source. Rain may be open year-round but serve different people and snow recharges groundwater by seeping through during that time. A nontransient noncommunity the soil, which acts as a filter for most contamiwater system supplies water to a specific populanants. However, improper disposal of hazardous tion, but only for part of the year. Schools, which wastes has been known to contaminate the vast are typically open only 9 months per year, would be Jones &which Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, reservoir of © groundwater, can result in cubic aLLC typical example. The distinction with noncommiles of contaminated soil and water. Finally, if munity water systems is that they either serve a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION there is evidence that the aquifer is unconfined, or variable group of people or are not available yearthat the vadose zone is highly permeable, or if the round.

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION References 21

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, 3. Why are wells dug so that the bottom is in the QUESTIONS DISCUSSION NOT SALE OR DISTRIB NOTFOR FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION saturated zone? Why can these wellsFOR sometimes

1. If you wanted freshwater, where would you be likely to find it? 2. Define each of these terms: a. Groundwater b. & Surface water Learning, LLC © Jones Bartlett c. Vadose zone NOT FOR SALE d. Water tableOR DISTRIBUTION e. Saturated zone f. Aquifer g. Community water system

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References

go dry? 4. Which contaminants would you expect to find in run-off from a city? From a farm? 5. What is GWUDI and how is it treated? © source Jonesfor&theBartlett LLC 6. What is the water in Learning, your own home? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7. Where are issues of water availability likely to emerge in the near future?

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Alley, W.M., T.E. Reilly, and O.L. Franke. 1999. Sustainability of Ground-Water Resources. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1186. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1186/ pdf/circ1186.pdf

McGuire, V.L. and J.B. Sharpe. 1997. Water-level changes

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in the High Plains Aquifer—predevelopment © Jones & Bartlett Learning, to 1995. US Geological Survey Water-Resources InvesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tigations Report Number 97-4081. http://pubs.er .usgs.gov/usgspubs/wri/wri974081

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