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I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Martin Luther King. Jr.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
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The Problem We All Share,
by Norman Rockwell
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RUBY BRIDGES
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Make Up of the
Civil Rights Movement N.A.A.C.P. Legal battle in the courts against segregation & discrimination
Grass Roots Movements Everyday people standing up to fight injustice.
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BACKGROUND
AFRICAN-AMERICAN ACTIVISM
N.A.A.C.P. W.E.B. du Bois James Weldon Johnson Marcus Garvey A. Phillip Randolph
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CHANGES AFTER WORLD WAR II
Defense Plants under orders to hire regardless of race African-American G.I.’s
Segregated battalions with few Black officers Red Cross segregated blood Greeted as heroes by Europeans
G.I. Bill enabled AfricanAmericans veterans to go to college, own their own business, own their own home, but discrimination blocked their way
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THE MOVEMENT BEGAN…
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N.A.A.C.P. LEGAL DEFENSE FUND
N.A.A.C.P.’s Legal Defense Fund
Walter White head of NAACP Charles Houston head of Legal Defense Fund
Howard University Law School Professor
Began to challenge Plessy v. Ferguson in the courts
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TRUMAN DESEGREGATED THE ARMY, 1948: EXECUTIVE ORDER 9981
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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, 1954
Case based on 3 lower court decisions
Oliver Brown in Topeka, Kansas Barbara Johns & fellow students in Virginia Parents in Clarendon County, South Carolina
Warren Court reversed Plessy’s Separate but Equal decision Segregation is unconstitutional Schools must desegregate with ―all deliberate speed
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MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT, 1955-56
Rosa Parks arrested for sitting in white section Martin Luther King, Jr. organized boycott using nonviolent protest lasted 381 days Montgomery, Alabama busses desegregated
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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957
Set up congressional committee to investigate voting violations in the south.
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THE MOVEMENT GREW
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LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, 1957
Board of Education voted to admit 9 black student to H.S. Gov. Faubus orderd Arkansas Nation Guard to stop students from attending. Pres. Eisenhower ordered Faubus to stop, sent Federal troops to enforce order. School is integrated with 9 students receiving Federal protection
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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960
Provided federal aid for African American voter registration in the south.
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SIT-INS, 1960-61
African American College students in the south desegregated eating places by staging sit-ins.
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FREEDOM RIDERS
Black & white students from the north & south integrate bus terminals Railroads & Airlines voluntarily desegregate.
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DESEGREGATION OF UNIVERSITIES, 1950-66
James Meridith: University of Mississippi, 1962 Pres. Kennedy ordered federal marshals to enforce law University of Alabama, 1963 Gov. George Wallace brought Alabama state troopers Personally blocked 2 African-Americans from attending Kennedy ordered in Alabama National Guard
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HEIGHT OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
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BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA: MAY 1963
King led peaceful protest of segregation & Jim Crow Laws Police Commissioner Bull Connor set dogs, tear gas, & fire hoses on protesters King jailed President Kennedy intervened
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MARCH ON WASHINGTON: AUGUST, 1963
Organized by A. Phillip Randolph as march for jobs & freedom 200,000 marchers (60,000 white) met at Lincoln Memorial King delivered his ―I Have a Dream‖ Speech
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VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Outlawed poll tax
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CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
outlawed discrimination in public places no federal funds would be given to local or state programs that discriminated government would start & finance lawsuits to desegregate schools established the E.E. O.C.— Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of job discrimination.
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FREEDOM SUMMER, 1964
Massive voter registration campaign launched by several civil rights groups in Mississippi Fannie Lou Hamer & the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party challenged the all white Mississippi delegation at the Democratic National Convention James Chaney, Michael Scherner, & Andrew Goodman--3 Civil Rights workers—are murdered by Klansmen in Mississippi
Tried for murder by aquitted by all white jury Federal Judge sentenced them to 10 years in prison for civil rights violations.
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SELMA, ALABAMA: 1965
Violent opposition to efforts register African-American voters
Only 350 of 15,000 registered Demonstrators attacked by sheriff Murder of demonstrator
Bloody Sunday, March 7th
to
600 peaceful protesters marched through Selma At Bridge attacked by sheriff & his posse who used whips, billy clubs, & tear gas Martin Luther King led second March, Tuesday, March 9th 25,000 march from Selma to Montgomery 300 white clergy participate National coverage of March protected King
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VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
outlawed literacy tests federal examiners to supervise at polls government would fund lawsuits to end poll tax
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AFRICAN-AMERICAN LEADERSHIP IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:
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N.A.A.C.P.
Founded 1909 Leader: Roy Wilkins Methods: lobbying, education, legal action, against violence
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URBAN LEAGUE
Founded: 1910 Leader: A. Whitney Young Methods: nonviolent community action
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S.C.L.C.—SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE
Founded: 1957 Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr. Methods: nonviolent civil disobedience & protest to end segregation in public facilities, & end discrimination in voting and employment
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C.O.R.E.—CONGRESS FOR RACIAL EQUALITY
Founded: 1942 Leader: James Farmer Methods: nonviolent civil disobedience, sit-ins, freedom riders, voter registration
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S.N.C.C.—STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE
Founded: 1960 Leader: John Lewis, Diane Nash, Ella Baker Methods: nonviolent civil disobedience, sit-ins, freedom riders, voter registration
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S.N.C.C.—STUDENT NONVIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE
Redirected: 1966
Leader: Stokely Carmichael Methods: slogan ―Black Power‖, expelled white members, advocated use of violence in response to violence
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BLACK MUSLIMS/NATION OF ISLAM
Founded: 1930’s Leaders: Malcolm X, Elisha Mohammed Methods: favored separation of the races & Black Empowerment
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BLACK PANTHERS
Founded: 1966 Leader: Huey Newton, Bobby Seale Eldridge Cleaver – Soul on Ice Methods: direct confrontation, carried guns for self-defense, organized ghetto youth, created programs to help poor
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VIOLENCE WEAKENED THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
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THE LONG HOT SUMMERS, 1964-65
Race Riots in Northern Cities
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THE LONG HOT SUMMERS: WATTS, 1965
Overcrowded 27.3 people per acre (L.A. average 7.4), 1,000 African-Americans moved to L.A. every month White policeman attempted to arrest Black youth for suspicion of drunken driving Crowd attacked cop, began to riot Rioting for 8 solid blocks Two hours later, entire area of Watts— 2,000 rioters Next day 5,000 rioters in 150 block area Riot ended after 6 days, 34 dead, 898 wounded, 4,000 arrested, 45 million in losses
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MALCOLM X ASSASSINATED: FEB. 21, 1965
Rift with Black Muslims killed by Black Muslims F.B. I. knew of danger, did not intervene
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MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. ASSASSINATED: APRIL 4, 1968
in Memphis to help garbage workers strike shot by James Earl Ray (white) F.B.I. investigation of shooting questionable
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CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT SPREAD TO OTHER GROUPS
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WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Betty Friedan wrote Feminine Mystique
Told how society had assigned women to the role of subservient to the needs of their husband & children
N.O.W.—Gloria Steinem Movement Goals
Full equality with men End discrimination in economic & social life— employment, education, society Reproductive freedom & government support of child care
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E.R.A. - Equal Rights Amendment
―Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.‖ Passed by Congress, sent to states for ratification Opposition organized fear campaign Ratification failed, 3 states short
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HISPANIC CIVIL RIGHTS
Past history of discrimination
Cesar Chavez organized the United Farm Workers Union
in pay, employment, housing Operation Wetback— rounding up Mexican Americans and dumping them back into Mexico regardless of their citizenship National boycott on grapes & lettuce Partial success, weakened by teamsters
Chicano Movement spread to education, voting, etc.
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A.I.M.—AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT
Problems High rates of poverty, alcoholism, suicide, infant mortality Bureau of Indian Affairs control of Reservation Land Goals: Reclaim Indian Lands by force if necessary Self-determination on ReservationsEnd Corrupt alliance between Indian Leaders and Bureau of Indian Affairs 2nd Battle of Wounded Knee – violence among the Lakota
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