Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.1 – 6.3 Study Guide
Name __________________________
The Cell Theory and Prokaryotic Cell Structure Vocabulary Terms Cell theory Electron microscope Light microscope Prokaryote
Eukaryote Nucleus Peptidoglycan Nucleoid
Plasmid Plasma membrane Flagella Cocci, Bacilli, Spirochete
6.1 Cell Study and Technology 1. List the two components of the CELL THEORY _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
2. The discovery of the cell was possible due to the invention of the ______________________.
3. Further understanding of cells and their structures comes from the development of the ________________ electron microscope and the ________________ electron microscope.
Examine Figure 6.2: 4. Transmission electron microscopes can be used to explore [interior / exterior] cell structures whereas scanning electron microscopes produce [2D / 3D / 4D] images of the cell. (circle)
5. What is the major drawback of the electron microscope? _________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
Read p. 159: 6. Who was the first person to see cells?
_______________________________________________
7. Why did he call them cells? ________________________________________________________
8. Who was the first person to see tiny organisms living in water? ____________________________
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.1 – 6.3 Study Guide
Name __________________________
6.2 Two Basic Types of Cells 9. Living cells can be separated into two groups, _________________ and _____________________.
10. What types of organisms are prokaryotes? _____________________________________________
11. Eukaryotic cells are [smaller / larger] than prokaryotes. What is the size of a typical prokaryote? A eukaryote?
12. What types of organisms are classified as eukaryotes?
13. The most obvious difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the _____________________.
14. In fact, cells are categorized depending on whether or not they have a nucleus. Define nucleus:
15. The greek word ‘eu’ means _____________________ whereas ‘pro’ means __________________.
16. What else distinguishes prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
17. Examine Figure 6.6. While prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in the presence or absence of membrane-bound structures, what structures do ALL cells have?
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.1 – 6.3 Study Guide
6.3
Name __________________________
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
18. Prokaryotes have a rigid ____________________________ that surrounds the plasma membrane.
19. What are the cell walls of prokaryotes composed of? How does its composition differ from cell walls found in plants?
20. Prokaryote cells have a single, circular __________________ of DNA that is attached to the plasma membrane in an area of the cell known as the _________________________.
21. Bacteria may also contain one or more smaller DNA molecules called _______________________.
22. Describe the three basic shapes of bacteria. (See Fig 6.8 for more formal names used to describe these shapes.)
23. What is the purpose of flagella in bacteria? Describe the motion of a bacterial flagellum.
24. Describe the various ways bacteria obtain energy and nutrients.
25. Describe the important roles bacteria play in an ecosystem and to human health.
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.4 Study Guide
Name __________________________
Eukaryotic Cell Structure Vocabulary Terms Organelles Cell wall Nucleoli Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Vesicles Cytosol Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Vacuoles Centrioles
Cilia Intermediate filaments Microtubule Endocytosis Chloroplasts mitochondria
Questions 1. Eukaryotic cells are divided into small parts called ______________________________________. Do prokaryotic cells have these structures? 2. Define organelle.
3. Every organelle is surround by its own ________________________________. 4. What is the importance/purpose of organelles in a eukaryotic cell?
5. A plasma membrane encloses both __________________ cells and ________________ cells. However, the plasma membrane of plant, fungal cells, and some unicellular eukaryotes is also surrounded by the ___________________________. 6. What is the cell wall of eukaryotes composed of? ________________________________________ 7. What is the purpose of the cell wall? __________________________________________________ Do animal cells have a cell wall? ______________ 8. The cell wall is the most consistent difference between ______________ and _______________ cells. What is the other organelle animal cells lack? _______________________________ 9. While eukaryotes are subdivided based on the presence of a cell wall and chloroplasts, discerning a prokaryotic from a eukaryotic cell is primarily determined by the absence of the ____________________________________________.
10. What is the envelope that surrounds the nucleus called? _________________________________
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.4 Study Guide
Name __________________________
11. Define nucleoli.
12. Define cytoplasm.
13. What plays a critical role in maintain a cell’s shape?
14. What three types of proteins compose the cytoskeleton?
15. What are some other functions of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells (see p.172 as well)?
16. A common feature of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the presence of ribosomes composed of ________________ and _______________, which catalyze the synthesis of cellular ________________. 17. In which structure (located in the nucleus) are ribosomes assembled?
18. In eukaryotes, ribosomes may be found in the cytoplasm synthesizing proteins or ribosomes may attach themselves to the ________________________________________.
19. Proteins synthesized on ER-associated ribosomes end up where?
20. Look on p. 165 and describe the function and structure of the ER.
21. Describe the function and structure of the Golgi apparatus.
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.4 Study Guide
Name __________________________
22. Cargo from the Golgi are often packaged into _______________________ that may release contents to the ______________________ of the cell or to other ___________________ within the cell.
23. What three structures form a connected internal membrane system in eukaryotic cells?
24. What is the overall function of this system?
25. One function of ___________________________ is the digestion, or breakdown the cell’s old ____________________________ (i.e. lipids, protein, carbohydrates) for recycling. Plant cells lack these structures and instead contain _______________________.
26. _____________________ and _____________________ are organelles involved in energy reactions in the cell. An interesting bit of info, these are the only organelles that contain their own ______________. (see Figure 6.9)
27. ____________________________ participate in eukaryotic cell reproduction (division) and are not present in plant cells. 28. What class of proteins composes centrioles? What other structure are these proteins found?
29. Do eukaryotic cells have flagella? What is the purpose of a flagellum to a eukaryotic cell?
30. What class of proteins composes flagella?
31. What are cilia? Describe their structure and function.
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.4 Study Guide
Name __________________________
Test Your Knowledge Write the word or phrase the best completes the statement. 1. A structure outside the plasma membrane in some cells is the _____________________________. 2. The functions of a eukaryotic cell are managed by the ____________________________________. 3. In a cell, the tangles of long strands of DNA form the _____________________________________.
4. The folded system of membranes that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell is called the _______________________________________________. 5. In plants, the structures that transform light energy into chemical energy are called _____________. 6. _____________________________ make up the selectively permeable membrane that controls which molecules enter and leave the cell. 7. Short, hair like projections used for locomotion are _____________________________. 8. Organelles in which cellular respiration occurs and ATP is produced are _____________________. 9. In a cell, the sites of protein synthesis are the _____________________________. 10. Cell structures that contain digestive enzymes are _________________________________. 11. Meshlike network of protein fibers that support the shape of the cell is the ____________________. 12.
Cylindrical,
microtubule-based
structures
that
function
in
cellular
________________.
Comparing Cells – In the table below, check if the structure is present in: Check if present Plant Cell Animal Cell Prokaryotes Plasma membrane Nucleus Lysosomes Golgi Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Centrioles Flagella Cell Wall Chloroplasts
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reproduction
are
Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.5 – 6.7 Study Guide
Name __________________________
Multicellular Organization Vocabulary Terms Colonial Biofilm Volvox Epidermis
Organs Tissue Systems Extracellular matrix
Tight junctions Gap junctions desmosome
6.5 Cooperation Among Cells 1. Define colony.
2.
Are the Anabaena bacteria pictured in Figure 6.21 a colony or a multicellular organism?
3.
What are the advantages of living within a colony?
4.
Why is a biofilm of bacteria considered a colony? How do the bacteria benefit from this lifestyle?
5.
What type of organism is Volvox? What mode of nutrition does Volvox utilize?
6.
Explain why Volvox is considered a colonial organism.
7.
What features also categorize Volvox as a primitive example of a multicellular organism.
6.6 - Division of Labor 8. What limits cell growth? Why can’t a large organism just exist as a single cell?
9.
How do large organisms such as plants and animals solved the problem above?
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.5 – 6.7 Study Guide
Name __________________________
10.
What development does this solution require?
11.
How does true multicelluarity differ from an organism that exists as a colony?
12.
List some examples of specialized cells found in plants and animals.
13.
Define tissue and provide an example from your text.
14.
Define organ and provide an example from your text.
15.
Define system and provide an example from your text.
16.
A multicellular organism requires that cells come into contact with each other and function together in tissues, organs, and body systems. Therefore, when cells contact each other, three types of cellular junctions are found. List the three types of cellular junctions.
17.
Which types of animal cell junctions would function best to hold tissue together and maintain the integrity of the epithelial lining internal organs?
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Honors Biology Chapter 6, Sections 6.5 – 6.7 Study Guide
Name __________________________
18.
Which type of junction would function best as means to transport materials between adjacent cells in a tissue or organ?
19.
What types of macromolecules compose the extracellular matrix of cells?
20.
The extracellular matrix of plant and fungal cells is called the ___________________________.
Section 6.7 – Systems 21. Why are specialized systems necessary in multicellular organisms?
22.
List some example of systems found in animals and plants.
23.
Arrange these terms in order of complexity: cells, systems, organs, tissues, organisms.
24.
Can a single cell form a system or a tissue? Explain your answer.
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