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the cambridge companion to cicero Cicero was one of classical antiquity’s most prolific, varied and self-revealing authors. His letters, speeches, treatises and poetry chart a political career marked by personal struggle and failure and the collapse of the republican system of government to which he was intellectually and emotionally committed. They were read, studied and imitated throughout antiquity and subsequently became seminal texts in political theory and in the reception and study of the Classics. This volume discusses the whole range of Cicero’s writings, with particular emphasis on their links with the literary culture of the late Republic, their significance to Cicero’s public career and their reception in later periods. A complete list of books in this series is at the back of the book.

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THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO

CICERO EDITED BY

CATHERINE STEEL Professor of Classics, University of Glasgow

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University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521509930 © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011, 2013 Second Edition 2012 Reprinted 2013 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data The Cambridge companion to Cicero / edited by Catherine Steel, Professor of Classics, University of Glasgow. pages cm. – (Cambridge companions to literature) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-50993-0 (hardback) – isbn 978-0-521-72980-2 (paperback) 1. Cicero, Marcus Tullius – Criticism and interpretation. 2. Cicero, Marcus Tullius – Political and social views. 3. Cicero, Marcus Tullius – Appreciation. I. Steel, C. E. W. pa6320.c29 2013 875΄.01 – dc23 2012035051 isbn 978-0-521-50993-0 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-72980-2 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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To the memory of Sabine MacCormack

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CONTENTS

Map list Notes on contributors List of abbreviations Introduction catherine steel

page x xi xvi 1

part i the greco-roman intellectual 1 Cicero and the intellectual milieu of the late Republic anthony corbeill

9

2 Cicero’s rhetorical theory john dugan

25

3 Cicero’s style j. g. f. powell

41

4 Writing philosophy malcolm schofield

73

5 Cicero’s poetry emma gee

88

6 The law in Cicero’s writings jill harries

107

7 Cicero and Roman identity emma dench

122

vii

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contents part ii the roman politician 8 The political impact of Cicero’s speeches ann vasaly 9 Cicero, oratory and public life catherine steel

141

160

10 Cicero, tradition and performance andrew bell

171

11 Political philosophy james e. g. zetzel

181

12 Writer and addressee in Cicero’s letters ruth morello

196

13 Saviour of the Republic and Father of the Fatherland: Cicero and political crisis jon hall

215

part iii receptions of cicero 14 Tully’s boat: responses to Cicero in the imperial period alain m. gowing

233

15 Cicero in late antiquity sabine maccormack†

251

16 Cicero in the Renaissance david marsh

306

17 Cicero during the Enlightenment matthew fox

318

18 Nineteenth-century Ciceros nicholas p. cole

337

viii

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contents 19 Twentieth/twenty-first-century Cicero(s) lynn s. fotheringham Cicero’s works Bibliography Index locorum General index

350

374 377 410 416

ix

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MAP

Map 1. Rome in the late Republic

page xv

x

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CONTRIBUTORS

a n d r e w b e l l teaches history at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He is the author of Spectacular Power in the Greek and Roman City (2004). n i c h o l a s p . c o l e is Departmental Lecturer in American History at the University of Oxford and a Junior Research Fellow in American History at St Peter’s College, Oxford. He read Ancient and Modern History at University College, where he also completed his M.Phil. in Greek and Roman history and his doctorate, which was titled ‘The Ancient World in Jefferson’s America’. He has been a Visiting Fellow at the International Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello. He works on the history of political thought, the creation of republican government in early America and on the utility of classical learning in the modern world. a n t h o n y c o r b e i l l , Professor of Classics at the University of Kansas, is author of Controlling Laughter: Political Humor in the Late Roman Republic (1996) and Nature Embodied: Gesture in Ancient Rome (2004). He is completing a book on the significance of grammatical gender in Roman society. e m m a d e n c h is Professor of the Classics and of History at Harvard University. Her publications include Romulus’ Asylum: Roman Identities from the Age of Alexander to the Age of Hadrian (2005). Her current research projects include a thematic study of Roman imperial cultures, and an analysis of the retrospective writing of the Republic in the imperial age. j o h n d u g a n is Associate Professor of Classics at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, and co-editor of the interdisciplinary classics journal Arethusa. He is the author of Making a New Man: Ciceronian Self-fashioning in the Rhetorical Works (2005) and articles on Roman rhetoric and oratory. l y n n s . f o t h e r i n g h a m is Lecturer in Classics at the University of Nottingham. Her research deals with rhetorical language and structure, the application of discourse analysis to ancient oratory, and the reception of classical antiquity in contemporary fiction and film. She has published extensively on Cicero’s forensic speeches and is currently completing a commentary on Pro Milone. xi

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notes on contributors m a t t h e w f o x ’ s work focuses mainly on how the Romans used history as an arena for intellectual and political reflection. Author of Roman Historical Myths (1996) and Cicero’s Philosophy of History (2007), his interest in hermeneutics has led him to publish on a variety of other topics: sexuality in Greece and Rome, the dialogue form and recently the nature of scholarly discourse in the eighteenth century. Since 2007 he has been Professor of Classics at the University of Glasgow. e m m a g e e lectures in Classics at St Andrews. She was educated at the universities of Sydney and Cambridge and has previously worked in Exeter and in Sydney, where she held the Kevin Lee Lectureship in Ancient Greek. Her main interest is Latin and Greek literature and science, in particular Aratus and his legacy. Ovid, Aratus, and Augustus (Cambridge, 2000) is to be followed by a broader study of Aratus, Aratus and the Astronomical Tradition. With the help of research grants from the Leverhulme Trust and the Loeb Foundation she is currently working on a book on ‘Mapping the Afterlife in Greece and Rome’. a l a i n m . g o w i n g is Professor of Classics at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he has been on the faculty since 1988 after receiving his PhD from Bryn Mawr College. His chief interests lie in the area of Roman historiography and literature, especially of the imperial period. His most recent book is Empire and Memory: The Representation of the Roman Republic in Imperial Culture (Cambridge, 2005), and he is currently working on a book-length study of the role of Rome and urban space in Sallust, Livy and Tacitus. j o n h a l l is Associate Professor in the Department of Classics at the University of Otago, New Zealand. He has published various articles on Cicero’s oratory and rhetorical treatises, and a book on the correspondence entitled Politeness and Politics in Cicero’s Letters (2009). j i l l h a r r i e s is the Professor of Ancient History at the University of St Andrews. She is the author of various books, including Cicero and the Jurists (2006) and Law and Crime in the Roman World (Cambridge, 2007). s a b i n e m a c c o r m a c k † was the Rev. Theodore Hesburgh Professor of Arts and Letters at the University of Notre Dame. She worked on Roman and late Roman history, the reception of classical traditions, particularly in the Spanish world, and the history of the indigenous peoples of the Andes. Her recent books include The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine (1998) and On the Wings of Time: Rome, the Incas, Spain and Peru (2007). d a v i d m a r s h studied classics and comparative literature at Yale and Harvard, and is now Professor of Italian at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. He is the author of The Quattrocento Dialogue: Classical Tradition and Humanist Innovation (1980) and Lucian and the Latins: Humor and Humanism in the xii

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notes on contributors Early Renaissance (1998). He has translated Leon Battista Alberti’s Dinner Pieces (1987), Giambattista Vico’s New Science (1999) and Paolo Zellini’s Brief History of Infinity (2004). His editions of humanist Latin texts include Francesco Petrarca’s Invectives (2003) and the anthology Renaissance Fables: Aesopic Prose by Leon Battista Alberti, Bartolomeo Scala, Leonardo da Vinci, and Bernardino Baldi (2004). r u t h m o r e l l o is Lecturer in Classics at the University of Manchester. She is the co-editor with Andrew Morrison of Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography (2007) and with Roy Gibson of Re-imagining Pliny the Younger (Arethusa special edition 36.2 (2003)) and is currently working on a book on encomium in the late Republic and early Empire. j . g . f . p o w e l l is Professor of Latin at Royal Holloway, University of London. He has edited Cicero’s Cato Maior De Senectute (1988), Laelius de Amicitia and Somnium Scipionis (1990) and De re Publica and De Legibus (2006), and was editor or co-editor of the volumes Author and Audience in Latin Literature (1992), Cicero the Philosopher (1995), Cicero’s Republic (2001), Cicero the Advocate (2004) and Logos: Rational Argument in Classical Rhetoric (2007). He is currently working on a new Latin grammar and a study of Latin word order. m a l c o l m s c h o f i e l d has spent the last forty years teaching Classics at Cambridge, where he is now Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy, but continuing as a Fellow of St John’s College. He has published work in many areas of his subject, but mostly over the last two decades ancient political philosophy. He is co-editor of The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (Cambridge, 2000), author of Plato: Political Philosophy (2006), and in 2012 delivered in Oxford the Carlyle Lectures on: ‘A republican political philosophy: Cicero and Rome’. c a t h e r i n e s t e e l is Professor of Classics at the University of Glasgow. She has written extensively on Roman oratory, Cicero and political life in the Republic, including Cicero, Rhetoric, and Empire (2001), Reading Cicero: Genre and Performance in Late Republican Rome (2005) and Roman Oratory (2006). a n n v a s a l y is Associate Professor of Classical Studies at Boston University. Her research focuses on Ciceronian rhetoric and Latin historiography. She is the author of Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory (1993), as well as a number of articles and book chapters dealing with aspects of Cicero and Livy. She is currently completing a book on Livy’s first pentad. j a m e s e . g . z e t z e l is the Charles Anthon Professor of the Latin Language and Literature at Columbia University; he has written extensively about republican and xiii

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notes on contributors Augustan literature, textual criticism and the transmission of Latin texts, and the reception of Cicero in antiquity and the nineteenth century. He has also published translations of De re publica and De legibus (Cambridge, 1999) and Ten Speeches (2009). His current project is ‘Critics, compilers, and commentators: a guide to Roman textual and grammatical scholarship’.

xiv

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IA APP VIA

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ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations of ancient authors and works follow the fourth edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford 2012). Other abbreviations used are: AJPh American Journal of Philology Anc. Soc. Ancient Society ¨ ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies CAH Cambridge Ancient History CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CJ Classical Journal ClAnt Classical Antiquity CPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review CW Classical World G&R Greece and Rome HRR Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JRS Journal of Roman Studies MEFRA M´elanges de l’Ecole franc¸aise de Rome: Antiquit´e MEFRM M´elanges de l’Ecole franc¸aise de Rome: Moyen Age OCT Oxford Classical Text P&P Past and Present PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society ´ REL Revue des Etudes Latines ¨ Philologie RhM Rheinisches Museum fur SCI Scripta Classicala Israelica TAPhA Transactions of the American Philological Association WS Wiener Studien xvi

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