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THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO

ROUSSEAU Each volume in this series of companions to major philosophers contains specially commissioned essays by an international team of scholars, together with a substantial bibliography, and will serve as a reference work for students and nonspecialists. One aim of the series is to dispel the intimidation such readers often feel when faced with the work of a difficult and challenging thinker. Universally regarded as the greatest French political theorist and philosopher of education of the Enlightenment and probably the greatest French social theorist tout court, Rousseau was an important forerunner of the French Revolution, although his thought was too nuanced and subtle ever to serve as mere ideology. This is the only volume that systematically surveys the full range of Rousseau's activities in politics and education, psychology, anthropology, religion, music, and theater. New readers will find this the most convenient and accessible guide to Rousseau currently available. Advanced students and specialists will find a conspectus of recent developments in the interpretation of Rousseau. Patrick Riley is Oakeshott Professor of Political and Moral Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin - Madison., and Professore a Contratto, Facolta di Giurisprudenza, Universita degli Studi di Bologna.

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The Cambridge Companion to

ROUSSEAU Edited by Patrick Riley University of Wisconsin - Madison and Universita degli Studi di Bologna

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521572651 © Cambridge University Press 2001 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2001 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data The Cambridge companion to Rousseau / edited by Patrick Riley. p. cm. - (Cambridge companions to philosophy) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-57265-7 - isbn 0-521-57615-6 (pbk.) 1. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 1712-1778. I. Riley, Patrick, 1941II. Series. B2137 .C27 2001 194 - dc21 2001018430 isbn 978-0-521-57265-1 Hardback isbn 978-0-521-57615-4 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgments Contributors I

124

Rousseau's Images of Authority (Especially in La Nouvelle HeloIse) JUDITH N. SHKLAR

8

94

Rousseau's General Will PATRICK RILEY

7

78

Rousseau's Political Philosophy: Stoic and Augustinian Origins CHRISTOPHER BROOKE

6

57

Rousseau, Fenelon, and the Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns PATRICK RILEY

5

8

Rousseau, Voltaire, and the Revenge of Pascal MARK HULLIUNG

4

I

A General Overview GEORGE ARMSTRONG KELLY

3

xi

Introduction: Life and Works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) PATRICK RILEY

2

page ix

154

The Religious Thought VICTOR GOUREVITCH

193

vii

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viii 9

CONTENTS

Emile: Learning to Be Men, Women, and Citizens 247

GERAINT PARRY

10

Emile: Nature and the Education of Sophie 272

SUSAN MELD SHELL II

Rousseau's Confessions 302

CHRISTOPHER KELLY

12

Music, Politics, Theater, and Representation in Rousseau 32 9

C.N. DUGAN AND TRACY B. STRONG

13

The Motto Vitam impendere vero and the Question of Lying 365

JEAN ST AROBINSKI

14

Rousseau's The Levite of EphraIm: Synthesis within A "Minor" Work THOMAS KAVANAGH

15

397

Ancient Postmodernism in the Philosophy of Rousseau ROBERT WOKLER

418

Bibliography

445

Index

451

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My chief debt is to Terence Moore, senior Humanities Editor at Cambridge University Press (New York office), who asked me to edit The Cambridge Companion to Rousseau in 1995 and who has displayed an admirably long-suffering patience in waiting for the volume to materialize. It is a real joy to work with so understanding and helpful an editor. (I am particularly grateful to him for bending the rules of the Cambridge Companion series by permitting republication of celebrated Rousseau essays by the late Judith N. Shklar and George A. Kelly; I learned everything I know about Rousseau from them (and from John Rawls) and was determined to have them in the present Companion. ill health prevented Rawls himself from contributing what would have been a splendid chapter.) I am of course grateful to all the other contributors to the Companion; many of them put aside pressing work to produce their contributions. No editorial uniformity was imposed on them: I simply asked each to do what he or she knows and loves best, and I think that the outcome justifies such faith and confidence. I am grateful to my son, Professor Patrick Riley, Jr., of the Department of French at Colgate University, for undertaking his fine translation of Jean Starobinski's remarkable chapter, "The Motto Vitam Impendere Vero and the Question of Lying." For typing and other technical help I am grateful to Ms. Laura Weeks, who has taken on more than a fair share of labor for this Companion. Without her constant effort the book would not exist. I am grateful to the National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, for kindly permitting the reproduction of the Ramsay portrait of Rousseau that adorns the Companion's cover. ix

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X

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Finally I acknowledge my own companion, Joan A. Riley, who for 35 years has made all of my work possiblej without her support I would have achieved little indeed. Patrick Riley Cambridge, Massachusetts October, 2000

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CONTRIBUTORS

CHRISTOPHER BROOKE is Senior Tutor in Political and Moral Philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford University. His work is on early-modern Stoicism and on 17th-century Augustinianism. C.N. DUGAN isa Tutor at St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland. His dissertation was on political education in Plato's Laws, and he is presently preparing a version of this work for publication.

is Professor (Emeritus) of Political Philosophy at Wesleyan University. He is the editor of the Rousseau volumes in the Series, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, and the author of numerous chapters and articles on Rousseau.

VICTOR GOUREVITCH

MARK HULLIUNG is Professor of History at Brandeis University. He is the author of Rousseau: The Autocritique of Enlightenment (Harvard University Press) and of a book on Machiavelli. THOMAS KAVANAGH is Professor of French Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of Writing the Truth: Authority and Desire in Rousseau (University of California Press).

is Professor of Political Science at Boston College. He is the author of Rousseau's Exemplary Life: The Confessions as Political Philosophy (Cornell University Press) and is coeditor (with Roger D. Masters) of Rousseau's Collected Writings (University Press of New England). CHRISTOPHER KELLY

was Visiting Professor of Political Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University. He was the author of Idealism, Politics and History (Cambridge University THE LATE GEORGE ARMSTRONG KELLY

xi

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xii

CONTRIBUTORS

Press), Hegel's Retreat from Eleusis (Princeton University Press), and many chapters and articles. GERAINT PARRY is Professor of Government at the University of Manchester, England. He is the author of numerous works on the philosophy of education (especially on Rousseau).

is Oakeshott Professor of Political and Moral Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin (Madison). He is the author of The General Will before Rousseau (Princeton University Press) and of Leibniz' Universal Jurisprudence: Justice as the Charity of the Wise (Harvard University Press). PATRICK RILEY

is Professor of Political Science at Boston College. She is the author of several books on Kant (Toronto and Chicago) and is at work on a book on Punishment.

SUSAN MELD SHELL

was Professor of Government at Harvard University. She was the author of Men and Citizens: A Study of Rousseau's Social Theory (Cambridge University Press), of Ordinary Vices (Harvard University Press), and of a study of Hegel's Phenomenology (Cambridge).

THE LATE JUDITH N. SHKLAR

is Professor in the Department of Modern French Language and Literature at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. He is the author of Transparence et l'Obstacle, a psychological and even psychoanalytical study of Rousseau.

JEAN

ST AROBINSKI

is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego. He is the author of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Politics of the Ordinary (Sage) and of numerous Nietzsche studies. He was for many years the editor of Political Theory.

TRACY STRONG

ROBERT WOKLER is Senior Lecturer at the University of Exeter, England. He is the author or editor of four books on Rousseau, including Rousseau (Oxford Unviersity Press) and Rousseau and Liberty (University of Manchester Press).

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