The Art of Public Speaking by Stephen Lucas 11 th Edition

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 1 Public Speaking

Communication Process [p. 18] Speaker/Sender Listener/Receiver

Message  content to be communicated Channel  means Feedback  response from listener Interference/noise  distraction Environment/Situation

Multicultural World Cultural Diversity Ethnocentrism

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 2 Ethics & Public Speaking

Ethics Ethics •Speaker’s moral values and personal principle Plagiarism •Presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

Name Calling

Name-Calling and Personal Dignity Name-Calling and Free Speech

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 3 Listening

Types of Listening [p. 49] • Appreciative listening • Empathic listening • Comprehensive listening • Critical listening

Poor Listening caused by… • Lack of concentration • Listening too hard

• Jumping to conclusion • Too much focus on delivery and appearance

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 4 Giving Your First Speech

Prepare Your Speech • Develop – TOPIC • Organize o INTRO o BODY o CONCLUSION

Deliver Your Speech • Speak extemporaneously • Note Cards • Rehearse • Deliver • Gestures • Eye Contact • Voice,

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 5 Topic and Purpose

Adult audience prefers to have information that… • information they can use immediately, • information they can personally relate to, • information to fulfill their needs, • involvement in the learning process.

Select a Topic that you know something about that you want to know more about

After choosing a Topic ••• General Purpose

(Entertain) Inform

Persuade

After you set your general purpose ••• Specific Purpose (p. 82): Single infinitive phrase Central Idea (p. 89):

One-sentence summary

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 6 Audience Analysis

Demographic Analysis • Gender • Culture, ethnicity, race

• Religion • Age

• Education • Group Membership

Situational Analysis Environmental analysis Setting, size of audience, noise, distraction, etc. Attitudinal analysis: Disposition Attitude  likes and dislikes Beliefs  true or false Values  good and bad, right or wrong

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 7 Gathering Material

Evaluating Internet Documents • Authorship - Is the author qualified? • Sponsorship - Is the statement official? • Recency - Posted date?

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 8 Supporting Your Ideas

Types of Supporting Material Examples

Statistics Testimony

Examples • Brief Examples • Extended Examples/ Illustrations • Hypothetical Examples

Evaluating Statistics • Are the statistics representative? • Are the statistical measures used correctly? • Are the statistics from a reliable source?

Citing Sources Orally • Books, magaine, newspaper, website, etc. • Author(s), sponsor • Author’s credential • Date of publication/posting [Sample Oral Citations: p. 161]

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 9 Body of the Speech

Main Points [p. 166] Major points developed in the body of the speech I.

Eating healthy raises your confidence.

II. Eating healthy promotes positive attitude. III. Eating healthy helps to control your weight.

Organization [p. 169-173] • • • • •

Chronological order Spatial order Causal order Problem-solution Topical organization

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 10 Introduction & Conclusion

Introduction Grab attention Related statement Establish credibility Introduce topic Preview main points

Conclusion Signal the ending Reemphasize the central ideas Summarize the main points Provide closure

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 11 Outlining

Outline of the Speech Standard Outline Form

Preparation Outline Speaking Outline Bibliography

Speech Abstract

a brief Speech Summary

Standard Outline Form [Visual Framework] p. 207 NO PARAGRAPHS IN OUTLINE I. First main point in a full sentence A. First sub-point in a full sentence B. Second sub-point in a full sentence 1. First sub-sub-point in key words/phrases II. Second main point in a full sentence A. First sub-point (etc.)

Preparation Outline [Sample Outline on pp. 211-213] • Specific Purpose [review p. 81]

• Central Idea [review p. 87] • Use a Standard Outline Format

Preparation Outline (cont’d) • Main Points in full sentences • Sub-points in full sentences • Sub-sub-points in phrases/key words

Speaking Outline [Sample Outline on p. 216-217] • Maintain Title, Specific Purpose, Central Idea • Maintain Standard Outline Format • Short phrases/key words only • Delivery Cues

Bibliography A list of all the sources used

in preparing a speech [Sample Formats: p. 135]

Bibliographic Formats • MLA (Modern Language Association) “Works Cited” • APA (American Psychological Association) “References”

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 12 Using Language

Effective Words Denotative vs. Connotative Meaning [p. 222] Concrete vs. Abstract Words [p. 225]

Word Structures Create Imagery

Create Rhyme ====================== Create Drama

Imagery [p. 228] Simile Metaphor

========================= Avoid Cliché

Rhyme [p. 230] Parallelism Repetition Alliteration Antithesis

JFK’s Inauguration Address Ask not what your country can do for you,

Ask what you can do for your country.

Appropriate Language [p. 232] Consider appropriateness to: •The Occasion •The Audience •The Topic

Inclusive Language [p. 234] • Avoid the generic “He” • Avoid Stereotyping • Avoid irrelevant personal traits • Use preferred names of groups

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 13 Delivery

Manuscript Speaking - reading from a manuscript -

Can choose words carefully Sense of security No blanking out Lack of eye contact Sound over-rehearsed Limited body movement

Memorized Speech - reciting from memory Strong eye contact Free body language Blanking out Sound over-rehearsed “Stiff” body movement

Impromptu - no advance preparation Conversational tone Effective body movement Lack of organization Hard to time your speech

Extemporaneous Speaking - prepared and rehearsed Carefully prepared: organization, time Live effect with vocal and body usage Stronger connection with audience

 Need to develop Outline/Note cards Requires rehearsal

Nonverbal Communication Vocal Delivery Use of Body (body language)

Vocal Delivery Volume – loudness or softness Pitch – highness or lowness Rate - speed [Vocal Variety  volume, pitch, rate]

Vocalized pause = filler

Vocal Delivery (cont’d) Pronunciation

Articulation Dialect / Accent

Body Language [p. 248] Personal Appearance Movement Gestures Eye Contact

Body Language (cont’d) Gestures MUST NOT distract or draw attention Gestures MUST be natural & spontaneous

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 14 Visual Aids

Advantages of Visual Aids • Clarify information

• Make information interesting • Help retain information

• Help combat stage fright • Increase speaker’s credibility

Types of Visual Aids Two Dimensional • Drawings, photographs • Films • Maps, graphs, charts • Flip charts, chalkboard • Slides, overhead transparencies. Etc.

Types of Visual Aids (cont’d) Three Dimensional • Objects • Models • Speaker

Tips for Preparing Visual Aids • Prepare in advance – rehearse w/VAs • Keep VAs simple • Maximum visibility (font size, font type) • Consider timing

• Use colors effectively • Use images strategically

Tips for Using Visual Aids • • • • • • •

Avoid chalkboard Display where visible Avoid passing visual aids Display only while discussing them Avoid reading VAs – keep eye contact Explain your VAs Be prepared for “the unexpected” ANYTHING CAN GO WRONG!

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 15 Speaking to Inform

Types of Informative Speech • Speech about PEOPLE/OBJECTS • Speech about PROCESSES

• Speech about EVENTS • Speech about CONCEPTS

Strategies for Informative Speaking • Relate the subject to the Audience • Avoid technical terms • Personalized ideas • Be creative!

Strategies for Informative Speaking (cont’d) Build information in redundancy • Tell them what you’re going to tell them • Tell them • Tell them what you’ve just told them Reinforce ideas verbally & nonverbally

Change a Common Misconception 1. State the common misconception 2. State why it seems reasonable 3. Refute it with evidence 4. State the accurate information

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 16 Speaking to Persuade

Persuasion Create, reinforce, change people’s beliefs or actions

Questions of Fact [p. 305] Whether something is true or false Whether it did or did not happen Examples: - Children who were abused by their parents are more likely to abuse their own children - There is no general deterioration of our environment.

Questions of Value [p. 307] Whether something is right, moral, good Calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of the issue Examples: • A private school education is more valuable than a public school education •

Capital punishment is good for the country.

Questions of Policy [p. 309] Advocates a specific action: changing a policy, procedure, or behavior Examples: - Senior citizens should pay for more of their medical costs. - Each student at our school should receive a new personal computer.

Types of Policy Speeches • Passive Agreement Convince the audience to support • Immediate Action Convince the audience to take action

Analyzing Questions of Policy • Need Is there a problem? Is there need for solution? • Plan Do we have a plan for solution?

• Practicality Will the plan work?

Motivated Sequence [p. 315] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ATTENTION NEED (Problem) SATISFACTION (Solution) VISUALIZATION ACTION

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 17 Methods of Persuasion

Aristotle’s Rhetoric Ethos (credibility) Logos (logic, reasoning) Pathos (emotion)

Factors of Credibility

Competence Character

Credibility (ethos) [p. 327] Initial Credibility Derived Credibility Terminal Credibility

Reasoning (logos) The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Fallacies (error in reasoning) Hasty Generalization [p. 338] False Cause: Post Hoc, ergo propter hoc [p. 338]

Fallacies (cont’d) [p. 338-] • Red Herring • Attacking the Person (ad hominem) • Either-or • Bandwagon • Slippery Slope

Emotional Appeal (pathos) • Emotional language • Vivid, descriptive examples

• Sincerity

Fear Appeal “if-then” statement Example:

If you don’t do X, then awful things will happen to you.

Fear Appeal (cont’d)  Strong threat to loved ones  Speaker credibility: Competent, Trustworthy, Respectful  Realistic threat

Receptive Audience [Friendly]

Identify with your audience State your objective Request immediate support Emotional appeals

Neutral Audience [Undecided]  Grab attention early in speech  Refer to common beliefs  Relate to audience’s loved ones  Be realistic

Unreceptive Audience [Hostile] Hold your speech goal Begin with agreement Acknowledge the opposing view Establish ethos Don’t expect a major shift in attitude

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 18 Special Occasion

Special Occasions  Award Presentation  Acceptance  Commemorative/ceremonial

Special Occasions Introduction • • • • • •

Build enthusiasm Boost credibility Be brief Accuracy – Information/pronunciation Adapt remarks to Speaker/Occasion/Audience Create a sense of drama

PUBLIC SPEAKING CHAPTER 19 Small Group

Leadership [p. 367] Implied leader

Emergent leader Designated leader

Functions of Leadership [p. 368]  Procedural Needs

 Task Needs Maintenance Needs

Responsibilities in a Small Group [p. 368]  Procedural Needs “house-keeping”  Task Needs “action ” requirements Maintenance Needs “interpersonal communication”

Reflective Thinking [p. 373] 1. Define problem 2. Analyze 3. Criteria setting 4. Generate possible solutions 5. Select the best solution

Presentation Format Oral Report

Symposium Panel Discussion

Q & A [refer to pp. 252-255] • Clarify the format • Do not discredit listeners

• Listen • Answer to the entire audience

• Be honest and straightforward • Stay on track