Journal of Simile
THE ANALYSIS OF SIMILE IN PEARL OF CHINA BY ANCHEE MIN Mochammad Ainor Rofiq Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd Abstract : A simile is a figure of speech that uses the words "like" or "as" to compare two objects. There are many sentences that used similes in Pearl of China novel by Anchee Min. The author used simile to give an interest information about one object that is unknown by the reader by comparing to something else that different in literal meaning. It makes beauty of the content or the story and builds the good impression in the mind of the readers. Thus, this novel is chosen to be analyzed. The purpose of this research is to find out the most dominant types and meanings of simile that found in Pearl of China novel. The data source in this research is the novel that written by Anchee Min “Pearl of China” and the data is the simile sentence in the novel. The research method was descriptive qualitative, means that this research does not calculate the data and just gives description about simile that contained in Pearl of China novel by Anchee Min. Descriptive qualitative was done by classifying the types and meanings of simile, and then giving reasons. The data were collected by reading the novel intensively and taking note of the similes found in the novel page by page. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative based on the theory of figurative language, particularly simile. The process of data analysis used conceptually clustered display, it means that the data Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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were classified and was explained based on the same categories. Based on the result of the analysis; first, the writer found 87 similes in all chapter. Second, the writer found two types of simile which divided into four simile markers. Those are 38 open similes with simile markers “like”, 1 open simile with simile markers “as”, and 2 open similes with simile markers “as if”. Whereas close simile there are 35 types with simile markers “like”, 2 close simile with simile markers “as”, 5 close simile with simile markers “as…as”, and 4 close simile with simile markers “as if”. Third, the types of simile influence to the meaning of simile. Open simile is followed by implicit meanings and close simile is followed by explicit meanings. Therefore, close simile and simile markers “like” are dominant types and markers that used by the author. Close simile type makes the meaning of simile become easy to understand in the mind of the reader because close simile automatically shows the similarity that the author means. Key Words :Pearl of China, Figurative Language, Simile I. Introduction There are so many figurative languages that include in Pearl of China novel. These figurative languages makes the reader interested in the content and not bored of reading it, such as simile. A simile is an explicit comparison of dissimilar objects, involving the use of such comparative words as “like” or “as” (Kenney,1966:65). From that definitionwe know that the characteristics of simile is the applied of word “as” and “like” in sentence. For example, “Pearl is like the moon”. When we hear this sentence, there are questions why Pearl compare with the 88
Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
Journal of Simile
moon, not compare with another. The writer compare Pearl with the moon because both of them have same characteristics, so beautiful, so sweet, and everybody happy to see it. Research Problem The analysis of simile in Pearl of China by Anchee Min elaborated the following questions, those are : 1. What types of simile find in Pearl of China by Anchee Min ? 2. What are the meanings of similes in Pearl of China by AncheeMin ? Goal of Study Every discussion has certain purpose. The purposes of the research are : 1. To find out the types of simile in Pearl of China by Anchee Min 2. To find out the meaning of the simile in Pearl of China by Anchee Min. Scope of The Study This study is limited to the analysis the types and the meaning of simile in Pearl of China by Anchee Min, to make the discussion more specifics and to avoid misunderstanding. II. Theoretical Framework and Review of Literature Figurative Language According to Keraf (2009:136) figurative language is formed based on comparison or similarity. Rezai in Fadaee (2011:174) stated that a figure of speech is a way of saying one thing and meaning another. Figurative language can be called figure of speech, according to Tajali in Fadaee (2011:19), the language that Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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uses figures of speech is called “figurative language” and its purpose is to serve three elements of clarity, forth and beauty in the language. Figurative languages describe something by comparing it with another else which the comparison have the same purpose, that is to make beauty in the language, and give interest infomation about one object that is unkown by the reader by comparing it to something with the others that have different meaning but have the same characteristic. However, not all comparison something with another is figurative language. There are differences between figurative language and non-figurative language. Fadaee (2011:19) said figurative languages has some specific features which make it different from non-figurative language. One of the example: 1. Figurative Language : Diky is like a bison (simile). 2. Non Figurative Language : The cow is like bison (ordinarysentence). The first example Diky compare with a bison, in literal meaning Diky and a bison are different, but the characteristics of them have similarity. A bison is an animal, it is known as strong animal, and Diky is a man. Thus, “Diky is like a bison” means that Diky is a strong person. The second example is not a figurative language, because cow and bison are similar, that is animal. Simile Simile is comparison between two objects that different in literal meaning but have same characteristics. Fadaee (2011:22) said the word simile is derived from the Latin word “simile”, meaning “resemblance and likenesses”, technically it means the comparison of two objects with some similarities. Simile is one type of figurative language commonly include in poem, novel, movies, and drama. It used when the authors describe about a person, place, ideas, and things by comparing something with something else that connected with word “like or “as”. 90
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Miller in Sabiha (2013:16) stated that simile is a metaphor with a part of left out. Leech (1969:156) stated simile is an overt, and metaphor a covert comparison. This means that for each metaphor, we can devise a roughly corresponding simile, by writing out tenor and vehicle side by side, and indicating (by like or some other formal indicator) the similarity between them. For example of metaphor: “Absalom is an ox”. It can be a simile as follows: “Absalom is like an ox”. Potter in Masruri (2012:22) stated simile is comparison which has explisit characteristic, it means that the state something similar with each other directly that use word likes “as” and “like”. One of the example is John is like a bull. John compare with a bull, in literal meaning John is a man and abull an animal, but the characteristic of them have similarity. The characteristic of a bull is a strong animal. It means that John is a strong person. In a simile, the two things to be compared and (sometimes) the ground of the comparison are spelt out in succession: the comparison itself, too, is made explicit by means of such constructional elements as like, as...as, more . . . than (Leech, 1969:153).For example: Her face was as white as a sheet. Her face (tenor), sheet (vehicle), as…as (simile markers), and white (ground) has been mentioned. It means that Pearl have a white face. According to Keraf (2009:138) likeness or simile is comparison that have explicit characteristics. An explicit comparison is characteristic which directly says one thing as the same as another. Therefore, it is need the way to show the similarity by words: like, as, seem,similar to, as if/though ”Persamaanatau simile adalahperbandingan yang bersifat explicit. Yang dimaksud dengan perbandingan explisit ialah bahwa langsung menyatakan sesuatu sama dengan dengan hal yang lain. Untuk itu, ia memerlukan upaya yang secara explisit menunjukkan persamaan itu, yaitu, kata-kata; seperti, sebagai, bagaikan, laksana.” One of the example is “Her eyes is like star in the east”. The characteristic of star in the east it is seems with her eyes Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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characteristics. The meaning is her eyes bright and beautiful. Most definition of simile is comparison between two things or actions which connected by word “like” or “as”. It is used by the authors to make beauty in the language, and give interest information about objects which is unknown by the reader by comparing it to something with another that have different in literal meaning but have similarity. III. Methodology This research used qualitative descriptive analysis method. It meant that it just gave description about content of this research and it did not calculate the data of this research (Azwar in Masruri, 2012:18). Descriptive method was done by describing facts, and then continued by analysis and reasons. IV. Analysis Types of Simile in Pearl of China by Anchee Min Open Simile Open simile is a comparison that do not mentions about the characteristics of similarity; the reader expected to search on dictionary or interpret the characteristics of similarity. The writer gives some example about the process to find out the open similes type which the explanation are divided into three simile markers. Those are; “like”, “as”, and “as if”. PC3:4 : He had a pair of sheep eyes, a garlic-shaped nose that sat on his face like a gentle hill, and a mouth that was always ready to smile The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective like. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is nose that sat on his face, and the vehicle is a gentle hill. The type of simile above is open simile because do not mentions the 92
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Journal of Simile
characteristic of similarity, the reader needs to search the characteristics of gentle hill on Cambridge dictionary and then interpret to get the clear picture about the characteristic of similarity that the author means. Nose in this sentence is Papa’s nose, he is a handsome man. It can be viewed in the sentence “Papa was a handsome man in his thirties. He had what a fortuneteller would describe as “the look of an ancient king” or “the matching energy of sky and earth,” meaning he had a square forehead and a broad chin. He had a pair of sheep eyes, a garlicshaped nose that sat on his face like a gentle hill, and a mouth that was always ready to smile. His hair was thick and silky black.” In literal meaning his nose is different with a gentle hill, but they have the same characteristics. Gentle is calm, kind, soft and Hill is an area of land that is higher than the surrounding land (Cambridge, 2008). The characteristic a gentle hill is a calm area of land that lower than mountain, in the area usually grow some weeds in the area that make a beautiful place and everyone feels peace be in this place. Therefore, the tenor (his nose) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (a gentle hill), but the characteristic of similarity do not mentions by the author. PC90:45 : We danced as the butterflies, swinging our arms up and down. The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective as. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is we danced and the vehicle is the butterflies. The type of simile above is open simile because do not mentions the characteristic of similarity, the reader needs to interpret about the characteristics of similarity to get the clear picture about the characteristic of similarity that the author means. The word “we” is Pearls and Willow.In this simile the author describe the actions of two characters. It can be viewed in the sentence “Pearl and I talked about the opera on our way back. We entertained ourselves with the Wan-Wan tune and the opera’s theme song. We danced as the Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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butterflies, swinging our arms up and down.” In literal meaning they are different with the butterflies, but they have the same characteristics. The characteristic of the butterfly that we know is a beauty animal, they have a variation color that make beauty. The butterfly can fly with swinging the wings up and down. Therefore, the tenor (we danced) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (the butterflies), but the characteristic of similarity do not mentions by the author. PC86:224 : I could still hear the sound of Pearl and me chewing beans as if our teeth were made of steel. The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective as if. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is Pearl and mechewing beans and the vehicle is our teeth were made of steel. The type of simile above is open simile because do not mentions the characteristic of similarity, the reader needs to search the characteristics of the vehicle in Cambridge dictionary and then interpret to get the clear picture about the characteristic of similarity that the author means. The story told about the memories of Willow with Pearl when they were child. It can be viewed in the sentence “I dreamed of Pearl’s play stove, a real one built by Carie’s gardener. It was located behind the hillside. It was there that we cooked real food. Wang Ah-ma taught us to bake yams and roast soybeans and peanuts. I could still hear the sound of Pearl and me chewing beans as if our teeth were made of steel.” Steel isa strong metal which is a mixture of iron and carbon, and which is used for making things which need a strong structure, especially vehicles and buildings (Cambridge, 2008). Therefore, the characteristic “our teeth were made of steel” is strong teeth, it can be known by the characteristic of steel. The tenor (Pearl and me chewing beans) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (our teeth were made of steel), but the characteristic of similarity do not mentions by the author. 94
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Based on the explanation above, open simile is one type of simile that do not mentioned about the characteristic of similarity. The ways to find out the open simile type, the reader must be understand the structure of simile. Open simile can be known by searching the characteristics of the vehicle are showed or not. Open simile is not shows the characteristics of similarity. To find out the characteristic of similarity the reader needs to search the characteristics in Google search or dictionary, and then interpret the characteristics to get the clear picture about the characteristic of similarity that the author means. Close Simile Close simile is a comparison between two items that mentions about the characteristics of similarity. The writer gives some example about the process to find out the open similes type which the explanation is divided into four simile markers. Those are; “like”, “as”, “as…as”, and “as if”. PC1:4 : NaiNai moved like an animal on all fours. The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective like. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is NaiNai, and the vehicle is an animal. The type of simile above is close simile because mentions the characteristic of similarity. That is the word “moved”. In this story told about the NaNai’saction in the night when she was being to steal something in the temple. In literal meaning NaiNai different with an animal, but they have the same characteristics. The author categories an animal in this sentences is an animal that has four legs such us cow, sheep, elephant, etc. Usually an animal use four legs to move. Therefore, the tenor (NaiNai) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (an animal) which is explained by the word “moved”.
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PC89:17 : “Pearl eats what I eat. She is strong as an ox.” The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective as. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is Pearl and the vehicle is an ox. The type of simile above is close simile because mentions the characteristic of similarity, that is the word “strong”. Pearl is a girl and ox is an animal, both of them have different in literal meaning but have same characteristic. The characteristic an ox has mentioned. That is strong. We know an ox is a strong animal. The sentence of simile above described about Pearl’s characteristics. Therefore, the tenor (Pearl) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (an ox) which is explained by the word “strong”. PC92:16 : Mother was as beautiful asa Chinese Goddess. The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective as…as. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is Mother and the vehicle is a Chinese Goddess. The type of simile above is close simile because mentions the characteristic of similarity, that is the word “beautiful”. The word “Mother” in this sentence is Willow’s mother. Mother is a woman and a Chinese Goddess is a female God. Both of them have different in literal meaning but have same characteristic. The characteristic a Chinese Goddess is a female God who has known as a beautiful God. Therefore, the tenor (mother) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (a Chinese Goddess) which is explained by the word “beautiful”. PC83:13 : Her skin was white, as if bleached. The sentence above applied figure of speech simile which is marked by connective as if. If it is viewed from structure the tenor is her skin and the vehicle is bleached. The type of simile above is close simile because mentions the characteristic of similarity, that is the word “white”. Her skin in this sentence is Pearl’s skin and bleach is things. Both of them have different in literal meaning but 96
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have similarity. The characteristic of bleached is a strong chemical used for cleaning things or removing color from things. All of the color of bleached is white. Therefore, the tenor (her skin) has similarities with the features of the vehicle (bleached) which explained by the word “white”. Based on the explanation above, close simile is comparison that mentions about the characteristics of similarity. The ways to find out the close simile types is easy. The reader can be known by searching the characteristics of the vehicle are showed or not. Close simile shows the characteristic of similarity. The simile marker “as…as” automatically shows the characteristics of similarity. Meaning of Simile in Pearl of China by Anchee Min Explicit Meaning Explicit meaning is the meaning of simile that shows the characteristics of the similarity clearly. The reader will be automatically understood about the meaning that the author means. PC1:4 : NaiNai moved like an animal on all fours. This simile sentence describes of the character, NaiNai’s action. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be search the characteristics of the vehicle (an animal) and then transfer the characteristics into the tenor (NaiNai). An animal in this sentence is an animal that has four legs such us cow, sheep, elephant, etc. The characteristic an animal on all four is explained by the word “moved”. The word “moved” makes the characteristic of similarity to be clear. Thus, the writer categorizes this sentence into simile with explicit meaning. The meaning of simile sentence above is NaiNai crawls on hands and knees while she was being to steal. PC89:17 : “Pearl eats what I eat. She is strong as an ox.” This simile sentence describes the Pearl’s action. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be search the Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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characteristics of the vehicle (an ox) and then transfer into the tenor (Pearl). An ox that we know is a strong animal. The characteristic an ox is explained by the word “strong”. The word “strong” makes the characteristic of similarity to be clear. Thus, the writer categorizes this sentence into simile with explicit meaning. The meaning of simile sentence above; Pearl is a strong girl. PC92:16 : Mother was as beautiful asa Chinese Goddess. This simile sentence describes the narrator’s mother. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be search the characteristics of the vehicle (a Chinese goddess) and then transfer the characteristics into the tenor (mother). A Chinese Goddess is a female God who has known as a beautiful God. The characteristic a Chinese Goddess is explained by the word “beautiful”. The word “beautiful” makes the characteristic of similarity to be clear. Thus, the writer categorizes this sentence into simile with explicit meaning. The meaning of simile sentence above; the narrator have a beautiful mother. PC83:13 : Her skin was white, as if bleached. This simile sentence describes the Pearl’s skin. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be search the characteristics of the vehicle (bleached) and then transfer the characteristics into the tenor (her skin), her skin in this sentence is Pearl’s skin. Bleached is a strong chemical used for cleaning things or removing color from things. All of the color of bleached is white. The characteristic bleached is explained by the word “white”. The word “white” makes the characteristic of similarity to be clear. Thus, the writer categorizes this sentence into simile with explicit meaning. The meaning of simile sentence above; Pearl have a white skin. Based on the explanation above, the meaning of simile can be found by searching the characteristic of the vehicle and then transfer into the tenor. If it the characteristic of the tenor in showed 98
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directly, the writer categorized the simile with explicit meanings. Explicit meaning make the reader understand automatically about story that the author means. Implicit Meaning Implicit meanings is the meaning of simile that not shows the characteristics of similarity clearly, the reader needs to search on dictionary or interpret about the meaning itself. PC3:4 : He had a pair of sheep eyes, a garlic-shaped nose that sat on his face like a gentle hill, and a mouth that was always ready to smile This simile sentence describes the appearance of Papa. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be search on Cambridge dictionary and interpret about the characteristics of the vehicle (a gentle hill) and then transfer the characteristics into the tenor (nose that sat on his face), nose in this sentence is Papa’s nose. Gentle is calm, kind, soft and Hill is an area of land that is higher than the surrounding land (Cambridge, 2008). Thus, a gentle hill is a calm area of land that lower than mountain, in the area usually grow some weeds in the area that make a beautiful place and everyone feels peace be in this place. It means that Papa have a good nose which makes everyone happy to see it. The writer categorizes this sentence into simile with implicit meaning because the characteristic of the vehicle (a gentle hill) is not clear, the reader needs to search on Cambridge dictionary and then interpret about the meaning itself. PC96:45 : We danced as the butterflies, swinging our arms up and down. This simile sentence describes the action of two character, those are Willow and Pearl when she was young. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be interpret about the characteristics of the vehicle (the butterfly) and then transfer the Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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characteristics into the tenor (we danced). “We” in this sentence are Pearl and Willow. The characteristic the butterfly that we know is a beauty animal, they have a variation color that make beauty. The butterfly can fly with swinging the wings up and down. It means that Pearl and Willow danced beautifully with swinging their arms up and down. The writer categorizes this sentence into simile with implicit meaning because the characteristic of the vehicle (the butterfly) is not clear, the reader needs to interpret about the meaning itself. PC87:224 : I could still hear the sound of Pearl and me chewing beans as if our teeth were made of steel. This simile sentence describes the memories of Willow with her best friend when she was young. The ways to find the meaning of this simile, the readers must be search on Cambridge dictionary and interpret about the characteristics of the vehicle (our teeth were made of steel) and then transfer the characteristics into the tenor (Pearls and me). Steel isa strong metal which is a mixture of iron and carbon, and which is used for making things which need a strong structure, especially vehicles and buildings (Cambridge, 2008). Thus, the characteristic “our teeth were made of steel” is strong teeth, it can be known by the characteristic of steel. It means that they had the strong teeth while they were young. The writer categorizes this sentence into simile with implicit meaning because the characteristic of the vehicle (our teeth were made of steel) is not clear, the reader needs to search on Cambridge dictionary and interpret about the meaning itself. Based on the explanation above, the meaning of simile can be found by searching the characteristic of the vehicle and then transfer into the tenor. If it the characteristic of the tenor is not showed directly, the writer categorized the simile with implicit meanings. The way to find out the meaning the reader needs to search the characteristic of the vehicle in dictionary, or interpret to get the clear pictures about the characteristic of similarity. 100 Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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Dominant of Simile in Pearl of China To make easy to understand about the dominant simile markers, types, and meaning of similes in Pearl of China the writer gives table about the finding results. Those are; Simile Markers
Type of Simile
Like
As
As…as
As if
Open Simile
38
1
-
2
41
Close Simile
35
2
5
4
46
Total of Simile
The correlation between the dominant type and meaning with the author style in writing the Pearl of China novel makes the reader easy to understand about the story with comparison. Close simile that followed by explicit meaning will be easy to understand about the story on the novel that they read by comparing something with something else that familiar which the characteristic of similarity is showed directly by the author, it makes the readers understand automatically about the meaning that the author means. Whereas open simile that followed by implicit meaning will be difficult to understand about the story on the novel, because the characteristic of similarity is not showed by the author. It makes the reader interpret about the meaning that the author means with the reader mind. Open simile will create a new meaning that depending to the mind of the readers. It makes open simile more interested than close simile. Nevertheless, close simile makes the reader easy to understand about the meanings that the author means, because of that close simile dominant in this novel. Conclusion Based on the analysis, the writer found eighty seven similes in Pearl of China. The simile divide into two types, those are open Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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and close similes. There are forty one open similes and forty eight close similes. Open simile with simile markers “like” are thirty eight similes, “as” one simile, “as if” two similes. Meanwhile, close simile with simile markers “like” are thirty five similes, “as” two similes, “as…as” five similes, “as if” four similes. Close simile and simile markers “like” are dominant in Pearl of China. Second, the types of simile influence to the meaning of similes. Open simile is followed by implicit meaning and close simile is followed explicit meaning. Open simile is the comparisons between two items that different in literal meaning which the characteristics of similarity is not stated, the reader need to interpret to get the clear picture about the characteristic of similarity that the author means. Whereas, close simile is the comparisons between two items that different in literal meaning which the characteristics of similarity is stated directly. The explicit meanings are dominant in Pearl of China, because explicit meaning makes the reader easy to understand about the meaning that the author means through comparison. Third, the writer concludes that the simile used in this novel intended to show the deep meaning of the story and to make the story become more interesting. Additionally, A simile is a figure of speech which one thing is compared to something else which connected by the words like or as and the purpose to give an interest information about the story and build good impression in the mind of reader through comparison. However not all sentences contain the word “like” or “as” are similes. It must be examined the two things compared are different thing or not, the simile is comparison between two items that different in literal meaning but have similarity. Bibliography Amanda. 2008. Cambridge :Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press. 102 Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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Fadaee, E. 2011. Symbol, Metaphor, and Simile in Literature : A Case Study of “Animal Farm” Journal of English and Literature Vol. 2(2), pp. 19-27. Fadaee, E. 2011.Translation Techniques of Figures of Speech: A Case Study of George Orwell's "1984 and Animal Farm". Journal of English and Literature Vol.2(8), pp. 174-181, 25 October 2011. Halima, B. 2006. The Use of Simile in Charles Dickens’ Novel Hard times. DisertasiOuargla: Faculty of Art and Human Sciences Department of Foreign Languages English Division KasdiMerbah University. Keraf, Gorys. 2009. Diksidan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta:PT GramediaPustakaUtamaKompasGramedia Building. Kenney, William. 1966. How to Analyze Fiction. New York: Monarch Press. Leech, G. N. (1969). A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. New York: Longman Group Ltd. Min, Anchee. 2010. Pearl of China. New York: Bloomsbury USA. Masruri, Muh. 2012. Figurative Language Analysis in Letto’s Song “Truth, Cry and Lie” album. Thesis Salatiga: English Department of Educational Faculty State Institute For Islamic Studies (Stain). Ortony, Andrew. 2nd ed. 1993.Methapor and thought. New York: Cambridge University Press. Patton, M. Q. & Cochran M.. 2002. A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology. United Kingdom: MedecinsSansFrontieres. Sabiha, M. 2013. The Use of Simile in William Golding’s Novel Lord of The Flies. DisertasiOuargla: Faculty of Letters and Mochammad Ainor Rofiq : Student of Abdurachman Saleh University Dwi Taurina Mila W. M.Pd : Lecturer of Abdurachman Saleh Unversity
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Languages Department of Foreign Languages English Section KasdiMerbah University. Siswantoro, 2010. MetodePenelitianSastra, AnalisisStrukturPuisi. Yogyakarta: PustakaPelajar. Supriyadi, FaridzAbdillah. 2014. Analisis Gaya Bahasa Simile pada Novel MiskinKok Mau Sekolah!!! Sekolah Dari Hongkong!!! KaryaWiwidPrasetyo. Thesis Surakarta: Program StudiPendidikanBahasa, Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah UniversitasMuhammadiyah. Thahara, Yopi. 2014. AnalisisTerjemahan Simile dalam The Novel Angels and Demons kedalamMalaikatdanIblis. Thesis Surakarta: English Department of Linguistic Translation, SebelasMaret University. Walaszewska, Ewa. 2013. Like in Similes – A Relevance-Theoretic View.Research in Language, vol. 11:3. Williams, Carrie. 2007. Research Methods. Journal of Business & Economic
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